Evaluation of Lethal Effects of Chlorantraniliprole on Chilo suppressalis and Its Larval Parasitoid, Cotesia chilonis

Chlorantraniliprole was introduced into China from 2008 as a novel insecticide to control the rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis （Walker）. Cotesia chilonis （Matsumura） is the major parasitoid of C. suppressalis. We collected seven populations of C. suppressalis and two populations of C. chilonis in different locations in China in 2009 to investigate the lethal effects of chlorantraniliprole on them. The populations of C. suppressalis from different regions showed various LD50 values ranging from 2.00 to 18.70 ng per larva. Chlorantraniliprole has negligible acute contact toxicity （LC50500 mg L-1） to C. chilonis and its oral toxicity is also much lower than that of fipronil （2 800-fold difference in LC50）. The results indicated that chlorantraniliprole is a good alterative in rice integrated pest management （IPM） programs. The susceptibility data of C. suppressalis will be useful for monitoring resistance levels in future.

Genes encoding heat shock proteins in the endoparasitoid wasp,Cotesia chilonis,and their expression in response to temperatures

Five genes encoding heat shock proteins（HSPs）, Cchsp40, Cchsp60, Cchsp70, Cchsc70 and Cchsp90, were cloned and sequenced from Cotesia chilonis using RT-PCR and RACE. The c DNA sequences of Cchsp40, Cchsp60, Cchsp70, Cchsc70 and Cchsp90 were 1 265, 2 551, 2 094, 2 297 and 2 635 bp in length, respectively, with a molecular weight（MW） of 39.1, 60.6, 71.45, 70.19 and 82.92 k Da, respectively. The predicted amino acid sequences of these proteins showed high similarities with published HSPs of other insects in Hymenoptera. Analysis of genomic DNAs indicated that Cchsp40, Cchsp60, Cchsp70 and Cchsp90 lacked introns, but Cchsc70 contained an intron. The results also suggested that CcH SP40 in C. chilonis was the Type II HSP40, Cc HSP60 was a member of the mitochondrial HSP60 family, and Cc HSP90 was a part of cytoplasmic HSP90 A family. Expression patterns varied in the five Cchsps in response to temperature. Expression of Cchsp40 and Cchsp60 was induced significantly by cold but not heat stress. Cchsp70 and Cchsc70 showed similar response to the thermal stress and could be induced by both cold and heat, but their expression levels were consistently lower than that of Cchsp40 and Cchsp60. Cchsp90 could be induced by heat stress and mild cold, but not cold stress. In addition, the results demonstrated Cchsc70 might be constitutive and inducible protein that was expressed during normal cell functioning and also up-regulated in response to stressful stimuli while Cchsp70 was solely inducible protein induced by temperature changes. Overall, results generated from this study could significantly advance the understanding of Cchsps in response to temperature and provide important biological information for C. chilonis insects that reared under different temperatures.

Malpighian Tubules in Larvae of Diatraea saccharalis (Lepidoptera;Crambidae): A Morphological Comparison between Non-Parasitized and Parasitized by Cotesia flavipes (Hymenoptera;Braconidae)

In Diatraea saccharalis larvae, the Malpighian tubules are found along the digestive tube, extending from the middle mesenteric region to the end of the posterior intestine, where they come in contact with the rectum to form the cryptonephridium. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy of non-parasitized and parasitized larvae by Cotesia flavipes have indicated that the tubules consist of secretory and reabsorption cells. In parasitized larvae, the occurrence of hemocytes and teratocytes around the tubules is indicative of their role in immunological defense;however, they were not observed in non-parasitized larvae. At day 9 of parasitism, the mitochondria-containing vacuoles and myelin-like figures show signs of degeneration. The results of this study have confirmed that C. flavipes manipulates the physiology and biochemistry of D. saccharalis because the Malpighian tubules of the parasitized larvae remain active until the parasitoid completes its pupal stage and is released from the host organism.

Parasitism-induced effects on host growth and metabolic efficiency in Plutella xylostella larvae parasitized by Cotesia vestalis or Diadegma semiclausum

The nutritional physiology of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella, larvae was examined after parasitization by the solitary endoparasitoids Cotesia vestalis or Diadegma semiclausum. Examinations were performed in two phases, one was examined at the time point of 24 h post-parasitization, and the other was done at the end of the 4th instar larvae of host. Rates of growth, food consumption, assimilation, excretion, and respiration were calculated as well as approximate digestibility and the rate ratios ECI （percent efficiency of conversion of ingested food to body substance）, and ECD （percent efficiency of conversion of digested food to body substance）. Parasitization by C. vestalis resulted in significant decrease in the rates of growth, feeding, excretion, assimilation, and respiration, but the final dry rate of respiration at the end of last larval stadium was elevated. The ECI and ECD were also reduced as the result of parasitization, but digestibility was increased. All these parameters in the larvae parasitized by D. semiclausum at 24 h post-parasitization were also significantly changed compared to the control; however, these differences were quantitatively, but not qualitatively before pupation, similar to those resulted from parasitization by C. vestalis. In spite of the similarities of the parasitism-induced effects caused by these endoparasitoids, the final metabolic rate, that is, the rate of intake of nutrients required to compensate for metabolism, was much lower in the larvae parasitized by C. vestalis than that of the larvae parasitized by D. semiclausum. All of the results discussed here will contribute toward explaining the different ways these two wasps regulate the parasitoid-host relationship.

Electroantennogram and behavioral responses of Cotesia plutellae to plant volatiles

Plant volatiles have been demonstrated to play an important role in regulat- ing the behavior of Cotesia plutellae, a major larval parasitoid of the diamondback moth （DBM）, Plutella xylostella, but little is currently known about the function of each volatile and their mixtures. We selected 13 volatiles of the DBM host plant, a cruciferous veg- etable, to study the electroantennogram （EAG） and behavioral responses of C. plutellae. EAG responses to each of the compounds generally increased with concentration. Strong EAG responses were to 100 μL/mL of trans-2-hexenal, benzaldehyde, nonanal and cis-3- hexenol, and 10/zL/mL of trans-2-hexenal and benzaldehyde with the strongest response provoked by trans-2-hexenal at 100μL/mL. In the Y-tube olfactometer, C. plutellae, was significantly attracted by 1μL/mL of trans-2-hexenal and benzaldehyde.β-caryophyllene, cis-3-hexenol or trans-2-hexenal significantly attracted C. plutellae at 10μL/mL, while nonanal, benzyl alcohol, cis-3-hexenol or benzyl cyanide at 100μL/mL significantly at- tracted C. plutellae. Trans-2-hexenal significantly repelled C. plutellae at 100 μL/mL. EAG of C. plutellae showed strong responses to all mixtures made of five various com- pounds with mixtures 3 （trans-2-hexenal, benzaldehyde, nonanal, cis-3-hexenol, benzyl cyanide, farnesene, eucalyptol） and 4 （trans-2-hexenal, benzaldehyde, benzyl alcohol, （R）- （＋）-limonene,β-ionone, farnesene, eucalyptol） significantly attracting C. plutellae. These findings demonstrate that the behavior of C. plutellae can be affected either by individual compounds or mixtures of plant volatiles, suggesting a potential of using plant volatiles to improve the efficiency of this parasitoid for biocontrol ofP. xylostella.

Expression and functional characterization of odorant-binding protein genes in the endoparasitic wasp Cotesia vestalis

Odorant-binding proteins(OBPs)are crucial in insect's olfactory perception,which participate in the initial step of odorant molecules transporting from the external environment to olfactory receptor neurons.To better understand the roles for OBPs in olfactory perception in Cotesia vestalis,a solitary larval endoparasitoid of diamondback moth,Plutella xylostella,we have comprehensively screened the genome of C.vestalis,and obtained 20 CvesOBPs,including 18 classic OBPs and two minus-C OBPs.Motif-pattern analysis indicates that the motifs of C.vestalis OBPs are highly conserved in Hymenoptera.The results of tissue expression analysis show that five OBPs(CvesOBP1/11/12/14/16)are highly expressed in male antennae,whereas six other OBP genes(CvesOBP7/8/13/17/18/19)are significantly transcriptionally enriched in female antennae.The results of RNA interference experiments for three most highly expressed OBP genes(CvesOBP17/18/19)in female antennae demonstrate that they are likely involved in parasitic processes of female wasps,as the wasps take a longer time to target the hosts when they are knoc ked down.

Baculoviral p94 homologs encoded in Cotesia plutellae bracovirus suppress both immunity and development of the diamondback moth, Plutellae xylostella

Polydnaviruses （PDVs） are a group of insect DNA viruses, which exhibit a mutual symbiotic relationship with their specific host wasps. Moreover, most encapsidated genes identified so far in PDVs share homologies with insect-originated genes, but not with virus-originated genes. In the meantime, PDVs associated with 2 wasp genera Cotesia and Glytapanteles encode some genes presumably originated from other viruses. Cotesia plutellae bracovirus （CpBV） encodes 4 genes homologous to baculoviral p94： CpBV- E94k1, CpB V-E94k2, CpB V-E94k3, and CpB V-E94k4. This study was conducted to predict the origin of CpB V-E94ks by comparing their sequences with those ofbaculoviral orthologs and to determine the physiological functions by their transient expressions in nonparasitized larvae and subsequent specific RNA interference. Our phylogenetic analysis indicated that CpBV-E94ks were clustered with other E94ks originated from different PDVs and shared high similarity with betabaculoviral p94s. These 4 CpBV genes were expressed during most developmental stages of the larvae of Plutella xylostella parasitized by C. plutellae. Expression of these 4 E94ks was mainly detected in hemocytes and fat body. Subsequent functional analysis by in vivo transient expression showed that all 4 viral genes significantly inhibited both host immune and developmental processes. These results suggest that CpB 11- E94ks share an origin with betabaculoviral p94s and play parasitic roles in suppressing host immune and developmental processes.

Seasonal changes of resistance to fenvalerate and cypermethrin in the larval parasitoid Cotesia plutellae （Hymenoptera： Braconidae）

在 hymenopteranCotesia plutellae 的杀虫药剂抵抗和稳定性的季节的变化，从 Jianxin， Fuzhou 城市，和 Shangjie 镇定， Minhou 县，福建，中国，被使用一个干燥剩余电影方法估计。抵抗到在 C 的地人口的二杀虫药剂。plutellae 不在在养虫室的没有杀虫药剂的条件下面是稳定的。与 C 的易受影响的 F_(11 ) 子孙相比。在养虫室的 plutellae ，在 F_0 父母的抵抗比率( RR )为氰戊菊酯是 18.4 并且 11.4 为氯氰菊酯基于在 9 个小时的LC_( 50 )，并且 32.8 为氰戊菊酯并且 28.5 分别地在 第9a 24 个小时为基于在 24 点的LC_( 50 )， theparasitoids 是左的在的小时与杀虫药剂联系 1 个小时和死亡的氯氰菊酯被记录。然而，在 C 的一张地人口的 RR。plutellae 是 9.2 forfenvalerate 并且 12.7 为氯氰菊酯，如果 parasitoids 在与杀虫药剂的接触是左的 24 个小时了。到在另外的地人口的二 pyrethroids 的电阻从 2000 年 11 月收集了 fromJianxin 和 Shangjie， 2004 年 7 月也被决定。到在 C 的地人口的二杀虫药剂的抵抗的重要季节变化。plutellae 被发现。RR 是 3.0—18.4 为氰戊菊酯并且 4.8—20.6 为在到 2002 年 4 月的从 2000 年 11 月的 Jianxin 人口的氯氰菊酯基于在为在到 2004 年 7 月的从 2002 年 5 月的 Shangjie 人口的氰戊菊酯和 3.6-16.0for 氯氰菊酯的 9 h，和 2.3-13.6 的 LC_(50 ) 基于在 24 个小时的 LC_(50 ) 。抵抗层次在春天和秋天高并且在夏天严厉地减少了。另外，重要恢复从组合式由杀虫药剂引起了在 F_0 和 C 的地人口被发现。如果 parasitoidswere 在与 pyrethroids 的接触离开了 1 个小时，对氰戊菊酯和氯氰菊酯抵抗的 plutellae。然而，没有恢复在 susceptibleF_(11 ) 被发现子孙。

GENOMIC FEATURES OF COTESIA PLUTELLAE POLYDNAVIRUS

Polydnavirus was purified from the calyx fluid of Cotesia plutellae ovary. The genomic features of C. plutellae polydnavirus (CpPDV) were investigated. The viral genome consists of at least 12 different segments and the aggregate genome size is a lower estimate of 80kbp. By partial digestion of CpPDV DNA with BamHI and subsequent ligation with BamHI-cut plasmid Bluescript, a representative library of CpPDV genome was obtained.

草地贪夜蛾寄生蜂螟蛉盘绒茧蜂的个体发育

草地贪夜蛾自2019年入侵我国以来,已对我国农业生产和粮食安全构成了严重威胁。挖掘、筛选和评估本地天敌资源,对开展草地贪夜蛾生物防治具有重要意义。2020年在陕西省玉米主产区开展草地贪夜蛾及其天敌资源调查时首次发现被螟蛉盘绒茧蜂寄生的草地贪夜蛾幼虫,这也是我国首次报道本地寄生蜂螟蛉盘绒茧蜂寄生草地贪夜蛾幼虫。本文详细报道了螟蛉盘绒茧蜂的个体发育史和各个发育阶段的发育历期,以期为今后利用螟蛉盘绒茧蜂开展草地贪夜蛾生物防治提供参考。螟蛉盘绒茧蜂的个体发育包括卵、幼虫、蛹和成虫。卵有柄,发育3 d后孵化为幼虫;幼虫3龄,1龄幼虫具有角质化的颚,2龄幼虫具有发达的尾囊,3龄幼虫尾囊退化;3龄幼虫咬破寄主体壁爬出体外并就近结茧化蛹;化蛹3 d后即羽化为成虫。螟蛉盘绒茧蜂卵期3.1 d,1龄幼虫期2.1 d,2龄幼虫期3.2 d,3龄幼虫期1.0 d,蛹期3.0 d,卵~成虫发育历期12.4 d。

草地贪夜蛾寄生蜂螟蛉盘绒茧蜂成蜂触角感器的扫描电镜观察

【目的】探明农业重大入侵害虫草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda的中国本土寄生性天敌螟蛉盘绒茧蜂Cotesia ruficrus雌雄成蜂触角感器的种类、形态、数量和分布,为深入探究螟蛉盘绒茧蜂各类感器的功能和嗅觉机制提供理论支持。【方法】采用扫描电镜技术对螟蛉盘绒茧蜂雌的雄成蜂触角感器进行超微结构观察。【结果】螟蛉盘绒茧成蜂雄成蜂触角鞭节各亚节呈长念珠状,雌成蜂触角的端部5节呈短念珠状;雄成蜂触角长度显著大于雌成蜂的。雌雄成蜂触角上共发现了分泌孔和11种感器,分别为Bohm氏鬃毛、毛形感器、板形感器、锥形感器、刺形感器、腔锥形感器、钟形感器、鳞形感器、芽孢形感器、腔形感器和柱形感器;其中,毛形感器、板形感器和锥形感器具有2种亚型。毛形感器和板形感器是螟蛉盘绒茧蜂触角上的主要感器,分布广,数量多;腔形感器只在梗节上成对分布;柱形感器仅在雄成蜂鞭节上发现;芽孢形感器为茧蜂科昆虫中首次发现。【结论】螟蛉盘绒茧蜂雌雄成蜂触角共有11种感器,多于其他已报道茧蜂的触角感器,其中芽孢形感器为茧蜂科昆虫中首次报道,推测它们可能在寄主定位和搜寻配偶过程中发挥重要作用。

产卵次数和寄主幼虫龄期对草地贪夜蛾寄生蜂螟蛉盘绒茧蜂生物学特性的影响

【目的】评价本地寄生性天敌昆虫螟蛉盘绒茧蜂Cotesia ruficrus对重大入侵农业害虫草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda幼虫的寄生潜能。【方法】采用选择性试验研究螟蛉盘绒茧蜂羽化后24 h已交配雌成蜂对草地贪夜蛾1-3龄幼虫的寄生偏好性;采用非选择性试验研究螟蛉盘绒茧蜂羽化后24 h已交配雌成蜂寄生草地贪夜蛾1,2或3龄幼虫后子代蜂的发育历期、出茧数、羽化率、性比(雌性占比)、成蜂寿命及个体大小;通过直接观察法确定羽化后24 h已交配螟蛉盘绒茧蜂雌成蜂对草地贪夜蛾2龄幼虫的产卵次数,测定不同产卵次数对螟蛉盘绒茧蜂子代的发育历期、出茧数、羽化率、性比、成蜂寿命和个体大小的影响;采用小叶碟法测定羽化后24 h已交配的螟蛉盘绒茧蜂雌成蜂对草地贪夜蛾2龄幼虫的寄生功能反应。【结果】羽化后24 h已交配的螟蛉盘绒茧蜂雌成蜂寄生草地贪夜蛾1-3龄幼虫时,寄生率为34%~54%,卵-幼虫历期为8.7~9.9 d,蛹历期为3.9~4.1 d,每头寄主出茧数为19.7~41.2粒,羽化率为84.4%~92.0%,雌性占比为31.5%~38.8%;子代雌成蜂的个体均大于雄成蜂的;寄生草地贪夜蛾1或3龄幼虫时子代雌成蜂的寿命明显长于雄成蜂的。螟蛉盘绒茧蜂羽化后24 h已交配雌成蜂在草地贪夜蛾2龄幼虫上的产卵次数对子代蜂生物学特性影响显著。随产卵次数增加螟蛉盘绒茧蜂子代雄成蜂寿命缩短,个体变小;与羽化后24 h已交配的螟蛉盘绒茧蜂雌成蜂寄生草地贪夜蛾2龄幼虫1次的相比,寄生3次后,螟蛉盘绒茧蜂子代蜂卵-幼虫历期显著延长了0.7 d,蛹历期缩短了0.4 d,每头寄主出茧数显著增加了25粒,雌性占比显著降低了58.8%。螟蛉盘绒茧蜂羽化后24 h已交配雌成蜂对草地贪夜蛾2龄幼虫的寄生功能反应为HollingⅡ型,日最大寄生量为17.5头,瞬时攻击率为0.043,平均处理时间为1.368。【结论】本研究首次评价了螟蛉盘绒茧蜂对草地贪夜蛾幼虫的寄生潜能,表明该寄生蜂是草地贪夜蛾的有效本地天敌,为进一步利用本地天敌控制入侵害虫提供了技术储备和理论依据。

菜蛾盘绒茧蜂畸形细胞发育及其超微形态结构

首次以菜蛾盘绒茧蜂[Cotesiaplutellae(Kurdjumov)]—小菜蛾[Plutellaxylostella(Linnaeus)]为体系研究了畸形细胞的发生和发育.结果表明,畸形细胞来源于卵的浆膜层;雌蜂产卵后33～36h,幼蜂孵化时,每胚胎平均释放192个畸形细胞;畸形细胞的直径可随寄生日龄的增加,由初始的(15.31±3.06)μm,增大到(63.25±12.65)μm,最大可达118.75μm;但其数目却呈明显下降的趋势.扫描电镜显示:畸形细胞表面覆有微绒毛,4日龄比1日龄的更长、更密,预示着强的吸收和分泌功能.透射电镜显示:成熟的畸形细胞细胞核树状分枝明显、较初形成的细胞含有更多的内质网和丰富的线粒体.发育后期,溶酶体大量出现,且糖原、脂滴的积累增加,这表明畸形细胞代谢活动旺盛,具有合成和分泌蛋白质的能力.本文对畸形细胞的发生来源进行了探讨.

菜蛾盘绒茧蜂多分DNA病毒的特性及其对小菜蛾幼虫的生理效应

对菜蛾盘绒茧蜂Cotesiaplutellae多分DNA病毒的特性及其对寄主小菜蛾Plutellaxylostella幼虫的生理效应进行了研究。结果表明 :菜蛾盘绒茧蜂雌蜂输卵管萼中含有大量的多分DNA病毒 (polydnavirus ,PDV) ;一个PDV内含多个核衣壳 ,最多可达 16个 ;核衣壳长 4 0～ 16 8nm ,直径 39～ 4 0nm ;PDV仅在输卵管萼细胞内复制 ;雌蜂产卵时 ,随蜂卵将PDV注入寄主血腔 ,并扩散到寄主的许多组织中 ;PDV可能先通过脱膜再侵染寄主组织。雌蜂经Co6 0 辐射处理后再寄生 (即假寄生 )小菜蛾 2龄、 3龄和 4龄初期的幼虫 ,被寄生后的寄主幼虫几乎全部不能化蛹 ,但末龄 (即 4龄 )幼虫期显著延长 ,并在寄生后期 ,幼虫胸部有褐色的短翅芽出现 ;即将化蛹的 4龄末小菜蛾幼虫被假寄生后 ,即使每头寄主被过寄生 9次 ,依然能正常化蛹 ,但不能羽化。假寄生与正常寄生后寄主的脂肪体数量和形态结构有明显的不同 ,推测在正常寄生的情况下蜂卵孵化时释放的畸形细胞及随后的幼蜂可能对脂肪体的结构产生了作用。

菜蛾盘绒茧蜂主要寄生因子导致的寄主小菜蛾幼虫脂肪体结构的变化

在不同的寄生状态下, 菜蛾盘绒茧蜂 Cotesia plutellae 不同的寄生因子可引起寄主小菜蛾Plutella xylostella幼虫脂肪体结构发生相应的改变。显微和亚显微形态结构显示: 假寄生后多分DNA病毒和毒液对脂肪体结构的完整性没有显著影响, 但细胞内脂质体变得小而密集, 线粒体和内质网丰富, 并有糖原积累; 正常寄生后, 脂肪体结构被破坏, 多数线粒体内嵴紊乱, 脂质体也变得不规则, 特别是当幼蜂完成在寄主体内发育时, 寄主体内几乎无完整脂肪体存在。与此同时, 同批未被寄生的小菜蛾幼虫发育到4龄末期时, 体内脂肪体细胞发育正常, 已开始向蛹期细胞形态转化, 细胞内脂质体很大, 细胞器数量较多、糖原积累丰富, 而且部分细胞已成为游离态细胞。由此证明, 寄生蜂携带的寄生因子, 如多分DNA病毒、毒液、畸形细胞和幼蜂等, 均对寄主脂肪体结构的改变产生影响, 但程度明显不同。

二化螟绒茧蜂对二化螟及其寄主植物挥发物的趋性反应

利用Y 型嗅觉仪研究了二化螟绒茧蜂Cotesiachilonis对寄主植物 (水稻或茭白 )、二化螟Chilosuppressalis幼虫、虫粪及虫害苗挥发物的行为反应。健康植株、二化螟幼虫和虫粪的挥发物对二化螟绒茧蜂具有显著引诱作用。在虫害苗与健康苗挥发物之间 ,二化螟绒茧蜂显著地偏好虫害苗 ,但当去除虫害苗中的幼虫和虫粪后 ,寄生蜂对去虫苗与机械损伤苗的选择无显著差异 ;在虫害苗与有虫健康苗之间 ,寄生蜂显著趋向虫害苗 ,表明虫害苗本身释放的挥发物对二化螟绒茧蜂引诱作用与机械损伤苗无显著差异 ,但与二化螟幼虫或虫粪挥发物之间可能具有协同增效作用。水稻苗经机械损伤或损伤后以二化螟幼虫唾液处理 ,其挥发物对二化螟绒茧蜂的引诱作用无显著改变。二化螟绒茧蜂对不同为害程度水稻挥发物的选择无显著差异。二化螟绒茧蜂对两种寄主植物的健康苗、虫害苗、取食两种植物的幼虫及虫粪的挥发物的选择无显著差异。结果表明 ,二化螟绒茧蜂栖境定位和寄主选择过程中所利用的挥发物主要来自寄主植物、二化螟幼虫和虫粪以及虫害苗与幼虫和虫粪的协同作用。

寄主昆虫及被害水稻的挥发物对螟蛉绒茧蜂寄主选择行为的影响

利用Y-型嗅觉仪研究了螟蛉绒茧蜂对水稻、二化螟和稻纵卷叶螟幼虫及虫粪挥发物的行为反应。健康水稻苗、两种害虫的幼虫及虫粪的挥发物对螟蛉绒茧蜂雌成蜂都有显著引诱作用。在两种害虫为害水稻苗与健康水稻苗之间,螟蛉绒茧蜂雌成蜂显著地选择虫害苗,但当去除虫害苗中的幼虫和虫粪后,寄生蜂对二者的选择无显著差异。水稻苗以两种害虫唾液处理或机械损伤处理后,其挥发物对螟蛉绒茧蜂的吸引作用无显著改变。在两种害虫幼虫、虫粪及其为害苗的挥发物之间,螟蛉绒茧蜂显著地趋向稻纵卷叶螟幼虫、虫粪及其为害苗。结果表明,螟蛉绒茧蜂栖境定位和寄主选择过程中所利用的挥发物主要来自寄主植物、寄主幼虫和虫粪。

半闭弯尾姬蜂与菜蛾盘绒茧蜂寄生菜蛾幼虫时的种间竞争

在室内 2 5℃下 ,以菜蛾 3龄初幼虫作寄主 ,研究了菜蛾盘绒茧蜂Cotesiaplutellae和半闭弯尾姬蜂Diadegmasemiclausum的种间竞争。当寄主供 2种蜂同时产卵寄生时 ,2种蜂各自的寄生率与其单独寄生时无显著差异 ,合计寄生率比一种蜂单独存在时有所提高 ,但差异不显著。 2种蜂均能产卵寄生已被另一种蜂寄生了的寄主幼虫。当寄主被 2种蜂寄生的间隔时间很短(少于 10h)时 ,所育出的蜂绝大部分 (80 %以上 )为绒茧蜂 ;当寄主先被绒茧蜂寄生 ,并饲养 2天以上再供弯尾姬蜂寄生时 ,所育出的全为绒茧蜂 ;当寄主先被弯尾姬蜂寄生 ,并饲养 2天以上再供绒茧蜂寄生时 ,寄主幼虫绝大部分不能存活 ,只有少部分能育出寄生蜂 ,且多为弯尾姬蜂。当 2种蜂的幼虫存在于同一寄主体内时 ,2种蜂的发育均受到另一种蜂的抑制 ;绒茧蜂 1龄幼虫具有物理攻击能力 ,能将弯尾姬蜂卵或幼虫致死。这些结果表明 ,菜蛾盘绒茧蜂与半闭弯尾姬蜂在同一寄主中发育时 ,前者具有明显的竞争优势。

高效液相色谱法检测菜蛾绒茧蜂幼虫体内多杀菌素残留

应用高效液相色谱法检测施用于寄主幼虫的多杀菌素可否传递到在其体内发育的寄生蜂幼虫。以对多杀菌素高抗的小菜蛾Plutellaxylostella幼虫作为菜蛾绒茧蜂Cotesiaplutellae的寄主,待绒茧蜂发育到1龄幼虫时,将浓度为50mgL的多杀菌素点滴到寄主幼虫背板上,随后让寄主幼虫取食经50mgL多杀菌素处理过的甘蓝叶片,寄主幼虫和其体内的蜂幼虫再发育3天后,将寄主幼虫解剖取出蜂幼虫,用高效液相色谱法对经多杀菌素处理的小菜蛾幼虫体液以及绒茧蜂幼虫匀浆液进行检测,结果多杀菌素的2个活性成分spinosynA和spinosynD均被检测到,两者的多杀菌素残留浓度分别是2.79mgL和0.94mgL。这表明,通过寄主幼虫体壁接触和取食进入其体内的多杀菌素,可通过寄生蜂幼虫体壁浸透、蜂幼虫对寄主血淋巴的取食,或这两种途经一起进入蜂幼虫的体内,对蜂幼虫产生作用。