Seed filling dynamic traits of oil flax in response to nitrogen and phosphorus

Crop yield is primarily seed-filling-limited in production system under field conditions.This study was aimed to determine whether seed filling traits of oil flax(Linum usitatissimum L.)could be controlled by phosphorus(P),nitrogen(N),and phosphorus and nitrogen(NP)supply.Effects on seed filling traits were investigated in 2 years including capsule diameter,capsule height,capsule dry matter(DM),seed DM per capsule,pericarp DM per capsule,protein content and oil content.DM translocation from pericarps to seed,translocation efficiency,and contribution of photoassimilates during seed filling period were also detected.In a randomized complete block design,cultivar'Longyaza 1'was grown under P(33 kg P/ha),N(75 kg N/ha),and NP(33 kg P/ha and 75 kg N/ha)along with a zerofertilizer(CK)treatment in 2013 and 2014.Results suggested that DM translocation efficiency and contribution efficiency increased to different extent due to P,N or NP application.At 42 DAA(days after anthesis),seed DM per capsule reached the greatest,while protein content and pericarp DM obtained the least level.However,the highest oil content was detected at 35 DAA.A significant positive linear relationship was observed between seed DM,capsule DM and DM translocation in both years.Protein content showed inconsistent relation with oil content.The results indicated that appropriate N and P management could be an effective approach to increase oil flax production.

氮钾肥施用次数对夏直播棉花干物质积累、产量和养分利用率的影响

【目的】探究氮钾肥施用次数对棉花的影响,为进一步提高长江流域棉区夏直播棉花产量提供参考。【方法】于2021―2022年开展大田试验,采用裂区设计,主区为钾肥(210 kg·hm^(-2))施用次数:K1[播种前(PP)100%]和K2[PP 50%+见花(FF)0 d 50%];副区为氮肥(210 kg·hm^(-2))施用次数:N2[PP 20%+FF 0 d 80%]、N3[PP 20%+FF 0 d 60%+FF 21 d 20%]和N4[PP 10%+FF 0 d 50%+FF 7 d 30%+FF 21 d 10%]。分析不同处理对棉花干物质积累与分配、氮钾积累与分配、产量及其构成因素和养分利用率的影响。【结果】K2N3处理下棉株和源、流、库器官拔秆期的干物质质量和氮、钾积累量以及干物质快速积累期的持续时间和平均积累速率均低于K2N4处理,但干物质以及氮钾向库器官的分配比例较K2N4处理高。K2N3处理可获得较高的籽棉产量和皮棉产量,较K1N2处理(产量最低)分别显著提高31.4%和31.9%,进一步增加施氮次数(K2N4处理)没有显著提高棉花产量。K2N3和K2N4处理的氮肥和钾肥偏生产力无显著差异,但二者均显著高于其他处理。主成分分析结果显示棉花产量的差异主要来源于铃数,促进干物质和氮钾养分向库器官分配有利于提高棉花产量。【结论】长江流域棉区麦后直播棉花,2次施钾配合3次施氮能促进棉株对氮钾的吸收,促进干物质和氮钾养分向库器官分配,增加铃数,提高棉花产量。

杂交棉干物质积累与养分吸收分配特点

【目的】研究杂交棉干物质积累与养分吸收及分配特点,为结合棉花生育特性制定高产施肥措施提供理论依据。【方法】以杂交棉标杂A1、新陆早43号为试验材料,常规棉新陆早13号为对照,单因素随机区组设计大田试验,结合室内常规分析方法测定植株干物质和氮、磷、钾含量。【结果】标杂A1和新陆早43号在整个生育期内植株干物质积累量较对照品种新陆早13号高20.6%、15.5%,吸氮量高16.1%、10.5%,吸磷量高16.4%、11.4%,吸钾量高21.0%、18.5%;蕾、花、铃的干物质积累量较对照高20.7%、15.4%,吸氮量高16.9%、10.7%,吸磷量高18.1%、11.5%,吸钾量高20.7%、18.3%。2个杂交棉品种干物质和养分在叶片中的分配全生育期一直高于对照,在茎中的分配前中期高于对照,在蕾、花、铃中的分配在后期高于对照。生育后期杂交棉茎、叶的养分吸收速率低于对照,蕾、花、铃则高于对照。【结论】2个杂交棉品种的干物质积累和养分吸收量均大于常规棉且差异显著。本试验条件下,标杂A1和新陆早43号在生育期内氮吸收量为302.7和288.1 kg.hm-2,磷吸收量(P2O5)为138.2和132.3 kg.hm-2,钾吸收量(K2O)为459.2和449.7 kg.hm-2。

不同氮磷钾配施对棉花干物质积累、养分吸收及产量的影响

研究不同氮磷钾配施下棉花干物质积累与养分吸收分配的特点,为结合棉花生育特性制定高产施肥措施提供理论依据。不同施肥处理在整个生育期内植株干物质积累量较对照高9.68%～119.70%,氮、磷、钾吸收量分别较对照高12.52%～231.80%、14.92%～170.15%和13.00%～263.10%;各施肥处理籽棉和皮棉产量分别较对照提高9.42%～81.71%和15.51%～136.96%。不同处理干物质积累和养分吸收量均大于对照,且差异显著(P<0.05),干物质积累以N3P2(N 360kg.hm-2,P2O5135kg.hm-2)处理最高,氮、磷素吸收以N3P2处理最高,钾素吸收以N2P2K2(300kg.hm-2,P2O5135kg.hm-2,K2O 75kg.hm-2)处理最高,籽棉和皮棉产量以N3P2处理最高。N3P2处理在生育期内干物质总积累为23 218.00kg.hm-2,氮总吸收量为548.11 kg.hm-2,磷(P2O5)总吸收量为183.62 kg.hm-2,钾(K2O)总吸收量为668.98kg.hm-2。籽棉产量为5 627.00kg.hm-2,皮棉产量为2 622.33kg.hm-2。每生产100kg皮棉,适宜氮磷钾的养分吸收量分别为N 2.21kg、P2O50.91kg和K2O 1.41kg,植株吸收养分适宜比例[m(N)∶m(P2O5)∶m(K2O)]为2.42∶1.00∶1.55。

滴灌施肥量对棉花生长、养分吸收及产量的影响

2012年以新陆早33号棉花为供试作物,利用田间小区试验研究了大田膜下滴灌施肥条件下,不同滴灌施肥量对棉花植株氮、磷、钾养分的吸收、干物质积累及籽棉产量的影响。设置了5个N-P2O5-K2O施肥水平150-60-30、200-80-40、250-100-50、300-120-60 kg·hm-2和350-140-70 kg·hm-2(分别记为F1、F2、F3、F4和F5),灌水量为100%ETc(作物蒸发蒸腾量)。结果表明:在新疆膜下滴灌条件下,棉花干物质积累与氮、磷、钾养分吸收和吸收速率均随着滴灌施肥量的增加呈增大的趋势,施肥量达到F4时,棉花的干物质累积和氮、磷、钾的吸收和吸收速率最大;随着施肥量的增加,棉花产量有增加的趋势,但当施肥量大于F3,棉花产量随施肥量的增加(F3,F4,F5)无显著性差异;F3施肥水平下的氮肥农学效率、磷肥农学效率、钾肥农学效率和肥料偏生产力显著大于F4与F5施肥水平。从节肥和生态可持续发展角度来看,F3施肥水平,即250-100-50 kg·hm-2(NP2O5-K2O)为最佳滴灌施肥量。

灌淤土壤有机质、全量氮磷钾空间变异性初探

运用地统计学方法 ,初步研究了灌淤土壤 0～ 2 0 cm有机质和全量氮磷钾养分的空间变异特性及其与棉花生长关系。结果表明 :土壤有机质及全量氮磷钾养分的田间合理取样数目分别为 15 ,13,2和 3;土壤有机质、全氮属于中等变异性 ,全磷、全钾属于弱变异性 ;随着棉花的生长发育 ,土壤有机质呈现出减弱的时间变异特性 ,采用直线或曲线拟合方程拟合了它们的半方差图及其参数 ,并绘制了其相应的等值线图 。

高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基分子标记在小麦品种改良中的应用

为了同时对产量和品质进行改良,以面包小麦品种豫麦34为优质供体,与高产品种轮选987杂交,并结合高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基(HMW-GS)7+8和5+10的分子标记鉴定,回交两次,育成12个同时含有7+8和5+10亚基的BC2F5品系,并以这12个品系为材料,研究了对轮选987品质和产量的改良效果。结果表明,9个品系的主要品质指标,如粉质仪形成时间、稳定时间,拉伸仪最大抗延阻力,和面仪和面时间、峰值面积、8min带宽,面包体积和面包评分,均较轮选987明显增加,增幅依次为0.5～4.3min、2.6～12.4min、118.4～315.3BU、0.7～3.5min、23.6%TQ·min～134.9%TQ·min、6.1%～9.7%、80～165cm3、12.5～30分。1BL/1RS易位对品质负向影响较大,但也有例外。11个品系比轮选987增产,增幅为3.3%～19.5%,其中CA1063、CA1062和CA1061三个品系达显著水平,且比对照中麦175分别增产4.1%、3.5%和1.9%;8个品系产量与中麦175差异不显著,品质明显优于轮选987和中麦175。这说明通过分子标记辅助选择可以实现产量与面包品质的同步改良。

Soil Nutrient Variance by Slope Position in a Mollisol Farmland Area of Northeast China

In order to generate scientifically-based comparative information to improve fertilization efficiency and reduce nutrient loss, 610 samples of 122 soil profiles were collected at the 0–60 cm depth to compare soil nutrient contents including soil organic matter(SOM), total nitrogen(TN), total phosphorus(TP), available phosphorus(AP), and available potassium(AK) among different slope positions in a Mollisol farmland area of Northeast China. The contents of SOM and TN typically decreased with increased soil depth at back and bottom slope. Soil loss and deposition tended to decrease SOM and TN at the 0–20 cm soil depth on both the back slope and the slope bottom. The TP firstly decreased from 0–20 cm to 30–40 cm, and then not constantly increased at the back slope and the bottom slope. Due to the characteristics of soil nutrients and crop absorption, the contents of both AP and AK were typically the highest at the summit, followed by the slope bottom and the back slope in the 0–20 cm layer. Generally, in order to sustain the high soil productivity and protect the environment, attention should be paid to soil conservation on back slope; in addition, additional N and P fertilizer is necessary on the back slope.

Effects of ontogenetic stage and leaf age on leaf functional traits and the relationships between traits in Pinus koraiensis

Investigating the effects of ontogenetic stage and leaf age on leaf traits is important for understanding the utilization and distribution of resources in the process of plant growth.However,few studies have been conducted to show how traits and trait-trait relationships change across a range of ontogenetic stage and leaf age for evergreen coniferous species.We divided 67 Pinus koraiensis Sieb.et Zucc.of various sizes(0.3-100 cm diameter at breast height,DBH)into four ontogenetic stages,i.e.,young trees,middle-aged trees,mature trees and over-mature trees,and measured the leaf mass per area(LMA),leaf dry matter content(LDMC),and mass-based leaf nitrogen content(N)and phosphorus content(P)of each leaf age group for each sampled tree.One-way analysis of variance(ANOVA)was used to describe the variation in leaf traits by ontogenetic stage and leaf age.The standardized major axis method was used to explore the effects of ontogenetic stage and leaf age on trait-trait relationships.We found that LMA and LDMC increased significantly and N and P decreased significantly with increases in the ontogenetic stage and leaf age.Most trait-trait relationships were consistent with the leaf economic spectrum(LES)at a global scale.Among them,leaf N content and LDMC showed a significant negative correlation,leaf N and P contents showed a significant positive correlation,and the absolute value of the slopes of the trait-trait relationships showed a gradually increasing trend with an increasing ontogenetic stage.LMA and LDMC showed a significant positive correlation,and the slopes of the trait-trait relationships showed a gradually decreasing trend with leaf age.Additionally,there were no significant relationships between leaf N content and LMA in most groups,which is contrary to the expectation of the LES.Overall,in the early ontogenetic stages and leaf ages,the leaf traits tend to be related to a"low investment-quick returns"resource strategy.In contrast,in the late ontogenetic stages and leaf ages,they tend to be related to a"high investment-slow returns"resource strategy.Our results reflect the optimal allocation of resources in Pinus koraiensis according to its functional needs during tree and leaf ontogeny.

Heterogeneity of Soil Nutrients:A Review of Methodology,Variability and Impact Factors

Soil nutrient heterogeneity highly correlates to plant growth and development of environmen-tal quality.In order to better understand nutrient cycling,heterogeneity’of soil nutrients and their driving mechanism in different land use types were summarized from 1945 to 2016.By grouping keywords indexed in the titles of articles from the data base of Web of Science,two hundred and thirty’one publications related to our topics were used for analysis.Soil sampling and statistical method were compared,and spatial dependence and the impact factors for soil organic matter(SOM),Nitrogen(N),Phosphorus(P)and Potassium(K).The results showed that soil nutrient heterogeneity was influenced by different factors at different scales.The spa-tial dependence of SOM,N and P were mainly at the moderate level(48.9-59.0%)and strong level(33.3-42.2%),while for K was at strong level(63.6-84.6%)and moderate level(15.4-36.4%).This was mainly influenced by topography,soil loss,weather condition,parent materi-al,soil type,soil texture,land use,human activities,soil moisture,mineral element,soil struc-ture,animal and plant.These impact factors were summarized separately,and the influence of factors at different spatiotemporal scales was discussed.At the end of the review,the ideas for further research were postulated.

Growth and nitrogen status of cotton(Gossypium hirsutum L.)under salt stress revealed using^(15)N-labeled fertilizer

Salt stress is a vital factor limiting nitrogen uptake and cotton growth in arid regions.The mechanisms underlying salt stress tolerance in cotton plants under high soil salinity have not been fully elucidated.Therefore,the aim of this study was to examine the proportion and mechanism of cotton nitrogen uptake under salt stress using the^(15)N isotope labeling technique.Cotton plants were grown in four undisturbed saline soils(1,3,6 and 9 dS m^(-1)),and the experiment was designed using the ENVIRO-GRO(E-G)model.The results showed that the dry matter of roots,stems and leaves of the cotton parts in slightly saline soil(C2,3 dS m^(-1))was not significant compared with the non-saline soil(C1,1 dS m^(-1)).The cotton fruit grown in low-salinity soil(C2,3 dS m^(-1))had significantly higher dry matter than that grown in the other treatments,implying that cotton plants grown in 3 dS m^(-1)soil have the best nitrogen uptake and salt tolerance.Cotton plants grown in weakly(C3,6 dS m^(-1))and moderately(C4,9 dS m^(-1))saline soils exhibited premature senescence.The distribution of total nitrogen and nitrate content in cotton was the best explanatory variable of total^(15)N recovery,of which cotton^(15)N recovery was between 26.1%and 47.2%,and soil^(15)N recovery was between 7.7%and 14.9%.Our findings provide guidance for further exploitation and utilization of saline soil resources and sustainable development of the agricultural soil ecosystem in arid regions.

Changes in N,P and K Contents in Eum-orthic Anthrosols at Different Moisture Contents

[Objectives]This study aimed to provide a basis for the management of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium nutrients in eum-orthic anthrosols and the fertilization of crops.[Methods]Using the indoor culture method,the contents of total nitrogen,available phosphorus and available potassium in eum-orthic anthrosols under three different moisture conditions:long-term drying,long-term logging and alternate drying and logging were analyzed and compared.[Results]The total nitrogen content was higher under the moisture condition of long-term drying.The minimum(0.60 g/kg)appeared on day 30,and the maximum(0.74 g/kg)appeared on day 120,increased by 8.8%compared with the minimum.The available phosphorus content was also higher under the moisture condition of long-term drying.The minimum(16.9 mg/kg)appeared on day 60,and the maximum(22.5 mg/kg)appeared on day 120,increased by 33.1%compared to the minimum.The available potassium content showed a downward trend under long-term logging,and was higher than those under the other two moisture conditions.The maximum(150 mg/kg)appeared on day 30,and the minimum(136 mg/kg)appeared on days 75 and 90,reduced by 9.3%compared with the maximum.[Conclusions]Water plays a positive role in activating nutrients.Different nutrients have different responses to different moisture conditions.