Gauss's Law for Magnetism &Law of Universal Magnetism: Calculate the Charge of a Monopole

This paper describes a mathematical proof that Gauss’s Law for Magnetism can be derived from the Law of Universal Magnetism [1]. A second reciprocal proof also shows that the Law of Universal Magnetism can be derived from Gauss’s Law for Magnetism. These two complimentary proofs confirm that the Law of Universal Magnetism is a valid equation rooted in Gaussian law. The paper also confirms the theoretical existence of the magnetic monopole and calculates its magnetic charge using the ratio of the electromagnetic field and the speed of light. Using the mass-to-charge ratio of an electron, the mass and radius of the magnetic monopole are determined. The monopole is found to have the same radius as the electron and can also be found in the electromagnetic spectrum range known as gamma rays. Lightning is a natural source of gamma rays and could prove fruitful in the search for monopoles.

Coulomb Force, Charge, and Electric Properties under Collision Space-Time

We have recently published a series of papers on a theory we call collision space-time, that seems to unify gravity and quantum mechanics. In this theory, mass and energy are redefined. We have not so far demonstrated how to make it compatible with electric properties such as charge and the Coulomb force. The aim of this paper is to show how electric properties can be reformulated to make it consistent with collision space-time. It is shown that we need to incorporate the Planck scale into the electric constants to do so. This is also fully possible from a practical point of view, as it has recently been shown how to measure the Planck length independent of other constants and without the need for dimensional analysis.

Q-Theory: A Connection between Newton’s Law and Coulomb’s Law?

Assuming a Winterberg model for space where the vacuum consists of a very stiff two-component superfluid made up of positive and negative mass planckions, Q theory is the hypothesis, that Planck charge, qpl, was created at the same time as Planck mass. Moreover, the repulsive force that like-mass planckions experience is, in reality, due to the electrostatic force of repulsion between like charges. These forces also give rise to what appears to be a gravitational force of attraction between two like planckions, but this is an illusion. In reality, gravity is electrostatic in origin if our model is correct. We determine the spring constant associated with planckion masses, and find that, , where ζ(3) equals Apery’s constant, 1.202 …, and, n+(0)=n_(0), is the relaxed, i.e., , number density of the positive and negative mass planckions. In the present epoch, we estimate that, n+(0) equals, 7.848E54 m-3, and the relaxed distance of separation between nearest neighbor positive, or negative, planckion pairs is, l+(0)=l_(0)=5.032E-19 meters. These values were determined using box quantization for the positive and negative mass planckions, and considering transitions between energy states, much like as in the hydrogen atom. For the cosmos as a whole, given a net smeared macroscopic gravitational field of, , due to all the ordinary, and bound, matter contained within the observable universe, an average displacement from equilibrium for the planckion masses is a mere 7.566E-48 meters, within the vacuum made up of these particles. On the surface of the earth, where, g=9.81m/s2, the displacement amounts to, 7.824E-38 meters. All of these displacements are due to increased gravitational pressure within the vacuum, which in turn is caused by applied gravitational fields. The gravitational potential is also derived and directly related to gravitational pressure.

A New Theory for the Essence and Nature of Electron Charge

Charge is a fundamental physical property of matter that is responsible for its interactions with electromagnetic fields. The real nature and the essence of charge are unknown. In this paper, a new theory is presented to describe the nature and the essence of electric charge is formulated based on the vortex model of the electron which has a finite size and has an irrotational vortex structure. This theory and the vortex model of the electron enables us, for the first time, to describe the origin of bivalency, stability, quantization, equality of the absolute values of the bivalent charges, to derive a simple formulation to calculate the electric charge based on hydrodynamics without the use any constant. The difference between negative and positive charge, is revealed and the charged particles interactions are described. The electric charge is an expression of accelerated spherical mass per area reduced by the stiffness of the vacuum which has the units ε0 ML3/T2. The calculated results based on these equations comply accurately with the experimental results.

New Properties of HM16 Ether, with Submicroparticles as Self-Functional Cells Interacting through Percussion Forces, Establishing Nature of Electrical Charges, including Gravitation

Article continues and complements our previous articles on the HM16 ether (ETH) model. Here, we describe the mechanism of occurrence of the submicroparticle (SMP). A general hypothesis, HFVI, is introduced for the modalities of interaction between two SMPs, based on periodic mechanical percussion forces, produced by fundamental vibrations FVs. A mechanism for describing the interaction between a SMPs and the ETH is presented. Positive and negative particles are defined by their membrane types of movement, such as +, −u/+, −v vibrations, and rotations at speeds +Ω/−Ω. The process of creating a pair of SMPs is discussed. Applying HFVI to the interaction between pairs of SMPs immobile in ETH, and considering longitudinal FVL, was obtained the forces of attraction/repulsion +FL21/–FL21, which correspond to the completed Coulomb force FCC including gravitation. The resultant FRL21 will form an oriented field of forces, which is a quasielectric field QE, equivalent to actual E electric field. Considering transversal FVT, was obtained the vibratory forces +, −FT21, whose resultant forms an vibrating field of forces, QHs, a quasimagnetic special field, which may explain some of the quantum properties of SMPs. Considering a mobile SMP, two new γ strains in ETH appear. Strains γL are created by the displacement of SMP with velocity V, whose force +, −FT12 is the support of a component of the magnetic field H (quasimagnetic field QH), giving the QHL component. Strains γR are created by the rotation of SMP with speed Ω, whose force +, −FR12 constitutes physical support of the component QHR of magnetic field H (i.e. QH). The creation of a photon PH is modelled as a special ESMP containing two zones of opposed rotations, and a mechanism is presented for its movement in the ETH with speed c based on the HS hypothesis of screwing in ETH, with frequency ν.

Motion State Modification of Coulomb’s Law and Dynamic Gravitation

As we know, Coulomb’s law describes the interaction between static charges. In this paper, the modified formula of Coulomb’s law in the state of charge motion is given. Based on this formula, Ampere’s law and Lorentz’s law of force are derived by pure mathematics. According to the similarity between the formula of universal gravitation and Coulomb’s law, the correction of the formula of universal gravitation under the state of motion is assumed boldly, and some inferences are made on the motion law of celestial bodies.

Comments Concerning Measurements and Equations in Electromagnetism

The previously introduced US of units has raised many comments. Such comments were the claims of how to measure the electric current and magnetic flux. Other comments were concerned by violating the fundamental laws of electro-magnetism. Such violation is not the concern of the introduced system of units. But it is related to the previous mess in the available SI system of units.

库仑磁作用定律的证明和局限性分析

根据安培分子电流学说，用密绕通电的细螺线管建立了理想点磁极的物理模型，获得了点磁极磁荷量与螺线管单位长磁矩的关系。通过对点磁极间相互作用的分析，证明了在理想条件下库仑磁作用定律只对直线型通电细螺线管才成立。效仿理想点磁极的物理模型，对实际磁针建立了分子电流细螺管的物理模型，并分析了库仑磁作用定律成立的条件。

关于修改牛顿第三定律表述的再讨论

本文对当前教科书中有关牛顿第三定律的表述进行分析论证,并根据两运动电荷间的相互作用问题,再提出对牛顿第三定律表述的修改意见。

同向运动点电荷间相互作用力的一种简明解法及问题讨论

基于库仑定律,用狭义相对论的基本原理,通过洛仑兹变换公式,解出同向运动点电荷间的电场力和磁场力,并指出同向运动点电荷间的作用与平行长直导线中电流的作用的不同.

介质中点电荷所受电场力的研究

在两个自由点电荷的电场中，两点电荷之间的相互作用力与点电荷所受的电场力是不同的．在真空中，这两种力是相似的，因为它们都满足这两点电荷之间相互作用的库仑定律．无论在真空中还是介质中，这两个点电荷之间的相互作用力都由它们相互作用的库仑力决定．但在一般情况下，在介质中，作用在点电荷上的电场力是不能由这两个点电荷之间的库仑力决定的．在电场中，如果让各向同性的均匀介质无限分布，作用在点电荷上的电场力仍可由两点电荷间的库仑力决定．本文还研究了介质中点电荷所受的电场力等于两点电荷之间的库仑力的充要条件．

匀强电场中带电弹簧振子空间电场磁场

文章根据带电弹簧振子在外电场F和弹力f作用下,由牛顿第二运动定律计算出其运动规律,再由静电学和电动力学理论计算出空间点的电磁场,并进行适当讨论。

两个带电物体作用力的讨论

以点电荷库仑定律为基础 ,用分离变量法和镜像法讨论带电导体球的电荷分布 ,得到带电导体球与点电荷之间的相互作用力公式 ,对公式进行讨论得到带同 (异 )种电荷的物体在什么条件下表现为斥 (引 )力 ,什么条件下没有作用力 ,什么条件下为引 (斥 )力 .

存在同轴度误差的径向永磁联轴器传动特性分析

针对径向永磁联轴器在制造和安装的过程中,主从动转子间易产生同轴度误差,从而引起传动不平稳、效率降低等问题。首先通过磁场分析得到同轴度误差的存在会导致磁力线分布和磁感应强度出现明显的不均匀变化,再利用磁荷库伦定律建立同轴度误差下径向永磁联轴器传动特性的数学模型,推导出相应转矩计算公式,并将公式计算值与仿真测试得到的径向永磁联轴器稳定传递转矩数值分析比对,验证所得转矩公式的正确性。最后根据公式的计算结果分析不同结构参数下同轴度误差对系统传递转矩的影响,得出为保证各型号尺寸的联轴器系统可实现正常传动时的安装精度。