Does ergogenic effect of caffeine supplementation depend on CYP1A2 genotypes? A systematic review with meta-analysis

Background:The ergogenic effects of caffeine intake on exercise performance are well-established,even if differences exist among individuals in response to caffeine intake.The genetic variation of a specific gene,human cytochrome P450 enzyme 1A2(CYP1A2)(rs762551),may be one reason for this difference.This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to comprehensively evaluate the influence of CYP1A2 gene types on athletes’exercise performance after caffeine intake.Methods:A literature search through 4 databases(Web of Science,PubMed,Scopus,and China National Knowledge Infrastructure)was conducted until March 2023.The effect size was expressed as the weighted mean difference(WMD)by calculating fixed effects meta-analysis if heterogeneity was not significant(I^(2)≤50%and p≥0.1).Subgroup analyses were performed based on AA and AC/CC genotype of CYP1A2.Results:The final number of studies meeting the inclusion criteria was 12(n=666 participants).The overall analysis showed that the cycling time trial significantly improved after caffeine intake(WMD=-0.48,95%confidence interval(95%CI):-0.83 to-0.13,p=0.007).In subgroup analyses,acute caffeine intake improved cycling time trial only in individuals with the A allele(WMD=-0.90,95%CI:-1.48 to-0.33,p=0.002),but not the C allele(WMD=-0.08,95%CI:-0.32 to 0.17,p=0.53).Caffeine supplementation did not influence the Wingate(WMD=8.07,95%CI:-22.04 to 38.18,p=0.60)or countermovement jump test(CMJ)performance(WMD=1.17,95%CI:-0.02 to 2.36,p=0.05),and these outcomes were not influenced by CYP1A2 genotype.Conclusion:Participants with the CYP1A2 genotype with A allele improved their cycling time trials after caffeine supplementation.However,compared to placebo,acute caffeine supplementation failed to increase the Wingate or CMJ performance,regardless of CYP1A2 genotype.

Phase Specific Comparisons of High and Low Vertical Jump Performance in Collegiate Female Athletes

Introduction Countermovement vertical jump testing has become a staple in athlete assessment protocols.As the popularity of jump testing has grown,a need and interest has also grown in identifying the factors that underpin high-level outputs.As jump height alone as a variable in evaluating vertical jump performance has been questioned in athletic populations,other variables such as the reactive strength index modified(RSIm)allow for not only evaluating the outcome,but the strategy used in obtaining that outcome.Purpose Thus,the purpose of this investigation was to examine the differences in high and low vertical jump performances,as determined by the RSIm in female collegiate athletes.Methods Thirty NCAA Division I female volleyball and basketball athletes performed countermovement vertical jump trials on a force platform.The sample was then broken into two groups as determined by median RSIm values.Independent sample t-test were then used to compare groups.Results High RSIm group displayed greater jump heights(P<0.05).Additionally,the high performing group displayed lower eccentric duration times(P<0.05).No differences between groups were seen in kinetic variables.Conclusion The high performing group displayed faster eccentric times which translated to lower values in time to take-off though not statistical significant.The higher RSIm values appear to be a result of both greater jump heights and reduced time to take off.Thus,focus being placed on the speed of the movement during training would be of benefit in improving RSIm values.

Upscaling Illiberalism： Class, Contradiction, and the Rise and Rise of the Populist Right in Post- socialist Central Europe

Recent liberal political science analysis has highlighted media, manipu- lation, and populist political trickery in the apparently sudden rise of the new Right in Europe and the USA. I suggest that a robust engagement with the actual social transformations over which liberalism has presided since 1989 is imperative. Anthropological work on class processes and the rise of neo-nationalist populism in Central and Eastern Europe has been strong in developing a more relational, pro- cessual, and embedded vision. In the current paper, I am looking at the phases and spaces of the rise of iUiberalism as a popular political sensibility in Central and Eastern Europe. In particular, I am interested in its gradual upscaling to the level of the nation state and, through the ＂Visegrad bloc＂ to the EU. I argue that both the emergence and step-by-step upscaling of illiberal political sensibilities are explained by class relational processes and the regionally uneven Polanyi-type ＂counter- movements＂ against liberalizations that they brought forth.

The Influence of Biological Maturity on Dynamic Force-Time Variables and Vaulting Performance in Young Female Gymnasts

Purpose This cross-sectional study investigated dynamic force-time variables and vaulting performance in young female gymnasts of different maturity status.Methods 120 gymnasts aged 5-14 years were sub-divided into maturity groupings using percent of predicted adult height(%PAH)attained.Participants performed three jumping protocols,the squat jump(SJ),countermovement jump(CMJ)and drop jump(DJ),before completing straight jump vaults that were recorded using two-dimensional video.Results Jumping performance improved with biological maturity evidenced by the most mature gymnasts’producing sig-nificantly more absolute force(P<0.05;all d>0.78),impulse(P<0.05;all d>0.75)and power(P<0.05;all d>0.91)than the least mature group,resulting in the greater jump heights(P<0.05;all d>0.70).While,no significant differences were observed in relative peak force across multiple tests,measures of relative peak power did significantly increase with maturity.Based upon regression analyses,maturation was found to influence vertical take-off velocity during vaulting,explaining 41%of the variance in each jumping protocol.Across all tests,the DJ was found to have the highest predictive ability of vaulting vertical take-off velocity,explaining 55%of the total variance.Conclusion Biological maturation impacts jump height and underpinning mechanical variables in young female gymnasts.Vaulting vertical take-off velocity appears to be influenced by maturation and various dynamic force-time variables,par-ticularly those during DJ,which had the highest explained total variance.

Effects of Two Isometric Strength Training Methods on Jump and Sprint Performances:A Randomized Controlled Trial

Purpose Isometric strength training (IST) with rapid non-sustained contraction (RIST) is effective in improving the ability to generate force rapidly.However,the neuromuscular adaptation of IST with sustained contraction (SIST) and RIST is not known.Therefore,the aim of the study was to compare the neuromuscular adaptations of RIST with SIST.Methods Thirty-three national floorball players (23.9 ± 3.1 years old;1.69± 0.08 m;64.6± 11.1 kg) were recruited for this study.Pre-and post-test included countermovement jump (CMJ),30-m sprint (TT30),isometric squat at 90° (ISqT90) and 120° (ISqT120) knee angles.They were randomly assigned to either control (Con) (n =9),RIST (n =12) or SIST (n =12)group and performed 12 sessions of intervention training.All groups performed the same sets of exercises,but RIST and SIST had to perform ISqT with and without sustained contraction,respectively.Results Time × group effect for CMJ height (P =0.01,η2p=0.25),peak force (PF) (P =0.03,η2p =0.22) and rate of force development (RFD) (P =0.02,η2p =0.22) obtained from ISqT 120 were noted.A main effect for time was observed in CMJ height,PF obtained from ISqT90 and ISqT120,and RFD obtained from ISqT90 (P < 0.01,0.27 < η2p < 0.57).There was greater improvement in TT30 (P =0.043,d =3.00),ISqT90 PF (P =0.034,d =3.12),ISqT 120 PF (P =0.003,d =4.54) and ISqT120 RFD (P=0.033,d=1.36) in the SIST than the Con group.Conclusion SIST was more effective in improving strength and dynamic performance as compared to RIST,making it a viable training method to enhance dynamic performances.