Management Mode of Rural Credit Cooperatives

Cooperative financing, with existing problems involving legal person man-agement and property supervision is highly demanded by farmers in China. It is fea-sible to explore a shareholding system to resolve the management mode issue of rural credit cooperatives in order to introduce investments, formulate the right struc-ture for rational stock and to establish effective monitoring mechanism for property right. Hence, information issuing would be reinforced and a rural credit cooperative would be established to be a modern financial enterprise with transparent property rights.

Imbalance and Correction of the Rural Credit Cooperatives and Rural Economic Relations

This article expounds the manifestations of imbalance between the rural credit cooperatives and rural economic relations: the rural credit cooperatives fail to effectively promote economic development in rural areas; the rural economy is also incapable of effectively promoting the development of the rural credit cooperatives. It analyses the reasons for imbalance between the rural credit cooperatives and rural economic relations,including the direct reason (loss of function of the rural credit cooperatives) ,the fundamental reason (restricted economic development of agriculture and countryside and relative pauperization of farmers) ,and the deep-seated reason (sluggish rural economic development) . Corresponding countermeasures and proposals are put forward for promoting balanced development of the rural credit cooperatives and rural economy as follows: first, deepen reform of the rural credit cooperatives,strengthen the function of the rural credit cooperatives in serving the needs of agriculture; second, speed up economic development in rural areas,eliminate the economic constraints for the development of the rural credit cooperatives; third,transform the development pattern and the development strategies,foster the macro-institutional environment for balanced development of rural credit cooperatives and rural economy.

Cause Analysis of "Non-agricultural Trend" of Credit Cooperatives and Reversion Approaches

"Non-agricultural trend" of credit cooperatives is demonstrated as outflow of substantial contribution, application of credit fund in "non-agricultural sectors" and downsizing outlets. As a result, rural financial exclusion and insufficient effective supply of rural finance have been aggravated, and most rural households have been excluded from the service range of credit cooperatives. Major causes for such a trend were summarized as: (a) profit-driven nature of credit cooperatives; (b) conditionality of "agriculture, rural area and peasant" economy; (c) influence of macro-environment. It is proposed that credit cooperatives would only revert their focus to "agriculture, rural area and peasant" economy only if rural financial exclusion and economic restrictions on the development of credit cooperatives were removed, and the macro-environment was optimized.

Land Credit Cooperatives Help Construction of New Countryside

This article introduces the experience of Pingluo County of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, where "land credit cooperatives" have thrived. Based on a survey of the background, function, business scope, structure, supportive policy and the performance of "land credit cooperatives", the author believes that the essence of the cooperative is a "land joint-stock cooperation organization" whose experience may be of particular relevance to the building of a "new socialist countryside".

部际信用治理合作备忘录:性质、效力与优化

合作备忘录是部际信用合作治理的重要方式。不同于行政规范性文件,合作备忘录既是公法协定中的部际协定,也是一种契约治理形态。合作备忘录遵循契约相对性一般原理,具有相对效力,但这种效力相对性也是相对的。由于科层制特有的权力结构与行政服从义务、不完善的信用立法、对个人利益的保护等,合作备忘录的效力溢出至地方公权力主体和相对人。合作备忘录具有补充信用立法、强化行政协助、促进参与式治理等优势,也存在冲击法律体系、违反法律保留原则、规避监督、缺乏合作保障等不足,因而需从合法性、规范性、民主性等方面加以优化。

基于不确定度的多智能体信用分配方法

近年来,部分可观测条件下多智能体协同受到广泛关注。中心化训练分布式执行作为处理这类任务的通用范式面临信用分配这一核心问题。值分解是该范式中的代表性方法,通过混合网络将联合状态动作值函数分解为多个局部观察动作值函数以实现信用分配,在很多问题中表现很好。然而这些方法维持对混合网络参数的单一点估计,因缺乏不确定度表示而难以有效应对环境中的随机因素导致只能收敛到次优策略。为缓解这一问题,对混合网络进行贝叶斯分析,提出一种基于不确定度的多智能体信用分配方法,通过显式地量化参数的不确定度来指导信用分配。考虑到智能体之间复杂的交互,利用贝叶斯超网络隐式地建模参数任意复杂的后验分布,以避免先验地指定分布类型而陷于局部最优解。在星际争霸微操环境中的多个地图上与代表性算法的性能进行对比与分析,验证了算法的有效性。

面向Ad-Hoc协作的局部观测重建方法

在多智能体强化学习的研究中,如何进行Ad-Hoc协作,也就是说如何适应种类和数量变化的队友,是一个关键问题。现有方法或者有很强的先验知识假设,或者使用硬编码的规则进行合作,缺乏通用性,无法泛化到更一般的Ad-Hoc协作场景。为解决该问题,提出一种面向Ad-Hoc协作的局部观测重建算法,利用注意力机制和采样网络对局部观测进行重建,使得算法认识到并充分利用不同局面中的高维状态表征,实现了在Ad-Hoc协作场景下的零样本泛化。在星际争霸微操环境和Ad-Hoc协作场景上与代表性算法的性能进行对比与分析,验证了算法的有效性。

联合的力量:农社利益联结对农户信贷违约风险的缓释效应与机制

基于农民合作社联农带农的视角,采用面板Probit模型、内生扩展模型(ERM)和中介效应模型分析农社利益联结对农户参与农民合作社供应链信贷的违约风险缓释效应及其作用机制。结果表明:提高农社利益联结程度能够显著降低农户信贷违约风险;相较于利润返还和技术培训联结方式,融资支持与订单销售联结对农户信贷违约风险缓释效果更好,通过一系列稳健性检验结果依然可靠。机制分析显示,农社利益联结能够通过增收机制和非正规风险分担机制增强农户还款能力和私人借贷能力,从而促进农户履约还款。异质性分析发现,农户家庭收入结构、合作社领办主体及社员规模的差异,也是影响农民合作社联农带农的重要因素,并导致农户参与农民合作社供应链信贷的违约风险缓释效应表现出明显的异质性。据此,建议加强农民合作社供应链金融联农带农服务体系建设,打造农业供应链金融信用联合体,不断完善农村普惠金融信用生态圈。

政策性农业信贷担保的效果与机制:基于银担互动有效性的解释

政策性农业信贷担保是缓解农业融资难融资贵、强化乡村振兴资金保障的有效工具。基于近年来我国政策性农业信贷担保快速发展的典型事实,构建银担有效互动及其促进农业发展的理论解释框架,对比分析不同担保模式下银担互动有效性的差异。在此基础上,以我国农业总产值和政策性担保业务规模“双第一”大省为研究对象,匹配县域政策性农业信贷担保数据,实证检验政策性农业信贷担保的效果和内在机制。研究发现,政策性农业信贷担保能够显著增强银担互动有效性,提升农业发展水平,该结论在一系列稳健性检验后仍然成立。内在机制检验结果显示,政策性农业信贷担保在供给、需求双向赋能背景下使得银行和担保机构形成更加充分有效的互动,通过融资边界拓宽效应、放款规模扩大效应、融资门槛降低效应、银担合作黏性强化效应等对农业信贷融资产生积极影响,进而有力促进农业发展。异质性分析表明,政策性农业信贷担保的效果与金融可得性、农业发展水平、县域政策支持力度等因素密切相关。

加入标准化技术委员会促进了企业技术创新吗?

标准化技术委员会是制定技术标准、规范行业发展的重要平台,企业加入标准化技术委员会能否有效提升其创新能力及其影响机制值得深入探究。运用PSM-DID模型,从资源获取和信号传递的角度剖析加入标准化技术委员会对企业技术创新能力的影响。结果显示,企业加入标准化技术委员会有利于提升其技术创新能力。研究结论在一系列稳健性检验后依然成立。进一步检验后发现,其作用机制在于促进企业外部合作和提升企业商业信用。同时,相比国有企业和低研发密集型企业,加入标准化技术委员会对民营企业和高研发密集型企业具有更强的创新激励作用。研究企业加入标准化技术委员会的创新机制和后果,丰富了企业参与正式标准化如何影响企业技术创新的微观经验证据,为完善专业标准化技术组织体系和优化企业标准化创新战略提供了参考。

非洲水电国际合作重点市场分析研究

随着“一带一路”倡议高质量推进,中国与非洲国家水电合作潜力不断释放。但非洲各国水电资源分布不均、营商环境各异,中国企业在非洲开展水电开发合作面临东道国政治、经济、社会和技术等风险挑战。如何科学识别并瞄准重点目标市场,是中国企业在非洲成功开展水电国际合作的关键。通过对非洲54个主权国家进行初步筛选,剔除国别风险最高、水电技术可开发量低于6000GW·h/a、水电装机低于300MW的国家,得到17个初步筛选国家;应用模糊综合评价法建立定量的国别评价指标体系模型,根据国别风险、主权信用风险、营商环境、市场空间、水电开发潜力5项指标对初步筛选国家进行综合定量评价,结合专家经验定性分析,最终筛选出适宜中国企业开展水电开发合作的5个重点国家——尼日利亚、埃塞俄比亚、刚果(金)、加纳和赞比亚。针对重点合作国家的政局、经济增速、营商环境、水电资源禀赋、电力市场规模以及矿电联营商业模式,分别提出有针对性的合作建议。

学分银行助力职业教育改革策略分析

在新时代的发展大潮中,职业教育作为我国经济社会发展的重要支柱,肩负着为各行各业培养所需技能人才的神圣使命。建设现代化经济体系,已经成为历史的必然趋势,产业升级和经济结构调整对技能型人才的需求愈发迫切。因此,职业教育的现代化程度直接关系到国家的现代化进程。为了解决职业教育中存在的问题,学分银行制度应运而生,其旨在模拟银行的运作机制,对学习者的学习成果进行认定、积累与转换,从而搭建起一座通往终身教育的立交桥。基于此,全面探讨学分银行助力职业教育改革的策略,以期推动我国职业教育持续发展。

普惠金融视角下供销合作社开展农村金融服务的调查研究——基于供销基层组织的问卷调查

推动我国普惠金融的高质量发展,需要加大对新型农业经营主体的金融保障力度,需要健全农村金融服务体系。供销合作社以为农服务为宗旨,不断提高普惠金融服务水平,在信用合作、产业贷款、农业供应链金融等方面取得了许多成果。本文基于全国的136份供销基层组织的调查数据,研究了基层组织提供农村金融服务的主要效果、存在的难点。结果发现,六成以上的基层组织已经开展金融服务,助农贷款、合作发展基金和涉农保险业务是主要服务内容,融资担保业务开始崛起,基层工作热情很高。然而,基层组织普遍对金融服务工作的职能定位认识不清晰,金融服务与供销业务的融合度不足,基层的发展基础相对薄弱。因此,基层组织要持续加强与金融机构的信用合作,以实体产业为支撑,打造“供销产融生态圈”,切实为基层主体提供普惠金融服务。

乡村振兴背景下农村信用社信贷业务创新路径

随着我国乡村振兴战略的实施,农村经济发展速度加快,农民生活质量大幅提升。农村信用社在农村地区发挥着重要的金融服务作用,但传统的信贷业务模式存在一些问题,如信息不对称、抵押物不足、供需不匹配等。因此,研究农村信用社信贷业务的创新路径,可以提高农村金融服务的效率和质量,促进农村经济发展。文章介绍了农村信用社信贷业务创新的背景与必要性,探讨了农村信用社信贷业务的创新路径,分析了农村信用社信贷业务存在的风险,提出了农村信用社信贷业务风险控制与监管措施,旨在为农村信用社提供有益的参考和指导,促进农村金融服务的可持续健康发展。

农村信用社不良资产审计研究

农村信用社不良贷款率较高,易引发金融风险。随着审计在防范各类风险时发挥的作用越来越显著,农村信用社不良资产审计也备受关注。文章通过介绍农村信用社不良资产的相关概念,分析现阶段农村信用社不良资产审计工作中存在的问题,探讨提高农村信用社不良资产审计水平的有效措施,以期加强对农村信用社不良资产的管理,维护农村信用社经营的稳定性。

Alienation of Rural Cooperative Finance and the Innovation of Financial Organization in China

Based on the elaboration of the content and status of rural cooperative finance, rural cooperative finance--the alienation of rural credit cooperative is introduced from three aspects of the concept and objective of management, the organizational form and management mode, and the service object and business scope. Causes of alienation are analyzed. Firstly, change in the economic foundation of cooperative finance is the fundamental reasons for the alienation. Secondly, mandatory system change led by the government is an important reason for alienation. Thirdly, property and administration structure of rural credit cooperative are the internal reasons for alienation of agricultural support. To achieve the innovation of rural cooperative financial organization, the following aspects should be done: cultivating the basis for rural cooperative economy, further promoting the reform of rural credit cooperatives (innovating a variety of property rights modes; making clear definition of ownership; implementing the internal governance structure), introducing competition in the field of rural cooperative finance, and homing function of government and rural cooperative finance.

A NOVEL COOPERATIVE SPECTRUM SENSING METHOD BASED ON COOPERATIVE GAME THEORY

A novel cooperative sensing method is proposed in this paper. The proposed scheme adopts sensing creditability degree to characterize the impact of the distance and the channel parameters on the sensing result,and considers that each user has different average SNR and different decision threshold,by using General Nash Bargaining Solution (GNBS) strategy in Cooperative Game Theory (CGT),the detection performance for two-user case are derived. For multi-user case,the sensing performance is obtained with Hungarian method. Compared with the traditional schemes such as Nash Bargaining Solution (NBS) and AND,the proposed scheme covers all the factors mentioned above,and enhances the sensing rationality and reliability. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme can further improve the sensing performance and creditability.

The Impact of Corporate Governance on Banks Performance and Loan Quality： Evidence From Italian Cooperative Banks

In the banking system, a context characterized by growing instability and by the speed of evolution of business dynamics, the system of corporate governance plays a key role, both for large banks and for banks with a smaller size. The paper aims to investigate the influence of corporate governance of the banks that operate in the cooperative credit system on performance and quality of loans, over the years 2010-2011-2012. In order to achieve this aim, the following research hypotheses have been formulated： There is a statistically significant relationship between the size and the structure of the board and banks Performance operating in the cooperative credit system; there is a statistically significant relationship between the size and structure of the board and the credit quality of banks operating in the cooperative credit system. The analysis is conducted on a sample composed of 48 Italian banks, divided into 24 cooperative banks and 24 popular banks. The sample is made up of banks from all over Italy and very different in terms of dimension. For the sample construction, data relative to governance of banks were collected from the balance sheets in the period from June to August 2014. Financial-economic data were collected from the Financial Statements and from Bankscope database. The methodology of analysis is based on multivariate OLS （ordinary least squares） regression models. The main results refer to the presence of significant relationships between board dimension and the quality of loans and among the number of committees and performance and the quality of loans. The presence of a significant and negative relationship between the board dimension and the ratio of impaired loans to gross loans indicates the possibility that enlargement of board dimension allows a better quality of loans. The presence of a positive relationship between the number of committees and the ratio of impaired loans to gross loans signals the possibility that a greater number of committees can produce a worse quality of loans. The presence of a negative relationship between the number of committees and bank performance suggests to limit and manage the complexity of governance in banks operating in the cooperative credit system.

Dempster-Shafer （D-S） algorithm with credit scale in spectrum sensing

In cognitive radio, the detection probability of primary user affects the signal receiving performance for both primary and secondary users significantly. In this paper, a new Dempster-Shafer （D-S） algorithm with credit scale for decision fusion in spectrum sensing is proposed for the purpose to improve the performance of detection in cognitive radio. The validity of this method is established by simulation in the environment of multiple cognitive users who know their signal to noise ratios （SNR） and a central node. The channels between the cognitive users and the central node are considered to be additive white Ganssian noise （AWGN）. Compared with traditional data fusion rules, the proposed D-S algorithm with credit scale provides a better detection performance.

数字普惠金融对农村信用社存贷差变动的影响

论文利用2011-2021年省级面板数据以及北京大学发布的数字普惠金融指数,以存贷增量差为被解释变量,分析了数字普惠金融对农村信用社系统(包括农村商业银行)存贷差变化的影响。结果发现,数字普惠金融导致农信社存贷差变化缩小,在其子维度中,数字金融覆盖广度和使用深度影响较为明显;在东中部地区以及基础设施水平较高地区,农信社存贷差缩小明显;市场竞争加强了数字普惠金融对农信社存贷差缩小的影响。农信社应加快自身数字化转型,创新农村金融产品,同时要推动农村金融市场开放,加大政策支持力度,有助于缩小存贷差,提高金融服务能力。