Dynamic tensile behaviour and crack propagation of coal under coupled static-dynamic loading

The fracture behaviour and crack propagation features of coal under coupled static-dynamic loading conditions are important when evaluating the dynamic failure of coal.In this study,coupled static-dynamic loading tests are conducted on Brazilian disc(BD)coal specimens using a modified split Hopkinson pressure bar(SHPB).The effects of the static axial pre-stress and loading rate on the dynamic tensile strength and crack propagation characteristics of BD coal specimens are studied.The average dynamic indirect tensile strength of coal specimens increases first and then decreases with the static axial pre-stress increasing.When no static axial pre-stress is applied,or the static axial pre-stress is 30%of the static tensile strength,the dynamic indirect tensile strength of coal specimens shows an increase trend as the loading rate increases.When the static axial pre-stress is 60%of the static tensile strength,the dynamic indirect tensile strength shows a fluctuant trend as the loading rate increases.According to the crack propagation process of coal specimens recorded by high-speed camera,the impact velocity influences the mode of crack propagation,while the static axial pre-stress influences the direction of crack propagation.The failure of coal specimens is a coupled tensile-shear failure under high impact velocity.When there is no static axial pre-stress,tensile cracks occur in the vertical loading direction.When the static axial pre-stress is applied,the number of cracks perpendicular to the loading direction decreases,and more cracks occur in the parallel loading direction.

Failure mechanism and coupled static-dynamic loading theory in deep hard rock mining: A review

Rock failure phenomena,such as rockburst,slabbing(or spalling) and zonal disintegration,related to deep underground excavation of hard rocks are frequently reported and pose a great threat to deep mining.Currently,the explanation for these failure phenomena using existing dynamic or static rock mechanics theory is not straightforward.In this study,new theory and testing method for deep underground rock mass under coupled static-dynamic loading are introduced.Two types of coupled loading modes,i.e.'critical static stress + slight disturbance' and 'elastic static stress + impact disturbance',are proposed,and associated test devices are developed.Rockburst phenomena of hard rocks under coupled static-dynamic loading are successfully reproduced in the laboratory,and the rockburst mechanism and related criteria are demonstrated.The results of true triaxial unloading compression tests on granite and red sandstone indicate that the unloading can induce slabbing when the confining pressure exceeds a certain threshold,and the slabbing failure strength is lower than the shear failure strength according to the conventional Mohr-Column criterion.Numerical results indicate that the rock unloading failure response under different in situ stresses and unloading rates can be characterized by an equivalent strain energy density.In addition,we present a new microseismic source location method without premeasuring the sound wave velocity in rock mass,which can efficiently and accurately locate the rock failure in hard rock mines.Also,a new idea for deep hard rock mining using a non-explosive continuous mining method is briefly introduced.

Mechanical properties of rock under coupled static-dynamic loads

Rock drilling machine,INSTRON testing system,and SHPB device are updated to investigate the characteristics of rocks at great depth,with high loads from overburden,tectonic stresses and dynamic impacts due to blasting and boring.It is verified that these testing systems can be used to study the mechanical properties of rock material under coupled static and dynamic loading condition and give useful guidance for the deep mining and underground cavern excavation.Various tests to determine the rock strength,fragmentation behavior,and energy absorption were conducted using the updated testing systems.It is shown that under coupled static-dynamic loads,if the axial prestress is lower than its elastic limit,the rock strength is higher than the individual static or dynamic strength.At the same axial prestress,rock strength under coupled loads rises with the increasing strain rates.Under coupled static and dynamic loads,rock is observed to fail with tensile mode.While shear failure may exist if axial prestress is high enough.In addition,it is shown that the percentage of small particles increases with the increasing axial prestress and impact load based on the analysis of the particle-size distribution of fragments.It is also suggested that the energy absorption ratio of a specimen varies with coupled loads,and the maximum energy absorption ratio for a rock can be obtained with an appropriate combination of static and dynamic loads.

Supporting characteristics analysis of constant resistance bolts under coupled static-dynamic loading

To study the tensile mechanical properties of constant resistance bolts, the RFPA(Rock Failure Process Analysis) statics software is used to perform a uniaxial tensile test on a constant resistance bolt. The numerical test results show that the plastic strain value is 12 times the magnitude of the elastic strain. During plastic deformation, the fluctuation in the stress magnitude is relatively stable, indicating that the bolt has good constant resistance characteristics. The numerical test results are in good agreement with the laboratory test results of M.C. He, and the accuracy and reliability of the numerical test method are verified. Therefore, the RFPA software with coupled static-dynamic loading is further adopted to study the supporting effects of traditional bolts and constant resistance bolts under coupled staticdynamic loading. The numerical comparison of the test results show that the constant resistance bolts can effectively control the deformation amount and rate of the laneway surrounding rock, reduce the total and rate of increase in the accumulated acoustic emissions,decrease the stress on the units in the model and protect the stability of the laneway. This paper verifies that a constant resistance bolt has better impact resistance mechanical properties than those of a traditional bolt and provides an effective way to control rock burst and soft rock that is prone to large deformation damage.

A numerical simulation study on mechanical behaviour of coal with bedding planes under coupled static and dynamic load

To investigate the bedding influence on coal mechanical behaviour in underground environments such as coal or rock burst, simulations of dynamic SHPB tests of pre-stressed coal specimens with different bedding angles were carried out using a particle flow code 2-dimensional(PFC2D). Three impact velocities of 4, 8 and 12 m/s were selected to study dynamic behaviours of coal containing bedding planes under different dynamic loads. The simulation results showed that the existence of bedding planes leads to the degradation of the mechanical properties and their weakening effect significantly depends on the angle h between the bedding planes and load direction. With h increaseing from 0° to 90°, the strength first decreased and subsequently increased and specimens became most vulnerable when h was 30° or 45°.Five failure modes were observed in the specimens in the context of macro-cracks. Furthermore, energy characteristics combined with ultimate failure patterns revealed that maximum accumulated energy and failure intensity have a positive relation with the strength of specimen. When bedding planes were parallel or perpendicular to loading direction, specimens absorbed more energy and experienced more violent failure with increased number of cracks. In contrast, bedding planes with h of 30° or 45° reduced the specimens' ability of storing strain energy to the lowest with fewer cracks observed after failure.

基于LS-DYNA的砂岩动静组合SHPB数值模拟

为了研究动静组合SHPB加载下砂岩变形破坏、能量演化特性,运用LS-DYNA软件建立相关数值模型,在满足一维应力和应力应变均匀化假定的前提下,以轴压和围压为变量进行模拟分析.模拟结果表明:轴压比小于0.4时,砂岩动态抗压强度表现出线性率效应,轴压和围压使得砂岩发生压剪破坏和层间错动破坏,对砂岩能耗规律影响较大,但单一能量的变化趋势几乎不受影响;一维动静组合模拟中,轴压为20 MPa时,随着加载应变率的增加,能量利用率先增加后减小,轴压为40 MPa时,能量利用率持续下降;三维动静组合模拟中,围压对于能量利用率的影响规律较为复杂,但总体上呈下降趋势.

玻璃球宏细观冲击特性的SHPB试验和耦合数值模拟研究

为研究玻璃球的宏细观冲击特性,该文开展了不同相对密实度玻璃球的一维霍普金森杆(SHPB)冲击试验和离散元-有限差分法耦合数值模拟研究。结果表明:一维冲击荷载下玻璃球经历初始弹性、屈服、颗粒间互锁硬化和颗粒破碎硬化四个阶段。基于耦合数值模拟发现,颗粒平均配位数随着冲击荷载时程不断增加,但增加的速率逐渐下降,其原因是配位数变化取决于孔隙压缩和以旋转为主的颗粒重排,随着试样压缩变形的发展,孔隙压缩和颗粒重排需要克服更大的颗粒间互锁效应,因此逐渐变缓。而试样孔隙率在弹性阶段基本不变,在屈服阶段和互锁硬化阶段近似线性下降,其原因是孔隙率变化受控于颗粒整体移动,弹性阶段颗粒整体移动尚未发展,屈服之后颗粒整体移动产生的孔隙压缩随荷载时程呈线性发展。冲击荷载下,颗粒位移以整体移动为主,相对位移为辅,因此,颗粒位移对试样的初始密实度不敏感。颗粒旋转需要克服周围颗粒的互锁效应,互锁效应取决于试样级配和颗粒粒径,对密实度较敏感。

多因素耦合效应对层状千枚岩动力特性的影响

为了研究不同长径比和倾角下应变率对层状千枚岩动力特性的影响,选用4种倾角(α=0°,30°,60°,90°)两种长度(L=25,50 mm)的层状千枚岩为研究对象,采用分离式霍普金森压杆(SHPB)装置进行不同冲击气压(p=0.150,0.175,0.200,0.225和0.250 MPa)的动态压缩试验.研究了两种长径比层状千枚岩不同应变率下动力特性的影响,分析了层状千枚岩层理倾角、长径比和应变率之间的耦合效应对层状千枚岩强度特征的影响关系.结果表明:动态压缩下两种不同长径比层状千枚岩动态抗压强度随层理倾角增加呈现先减小后增大趋势,动态峰值强度和峰值应变均随应变率增大而增大,层状千枚岩动态抗压强度与应变率呈幂函数关系;动态峰值强度关于倾角α和长径比L/D呈二元函数关系,在α=60°时,层状千枚岩动态抗压强度的长径比效应最为显著,在L/D=1时,倾角效应最为显著;不同倾角下,峰值应变在0°倾角下长径比效应最为显著,在90°倾角下长径比效应最弱;动态冲击下层状千枚岩动态抗压强度和峰值应变的应变率效应均强于长径比效应.

金属材料SHPB实验数据处理的三波校核法

通过自编程序调整入射波、透射波和反射波的相对位置。当移动波相对位置时,程序界面显示2幅图:一幅显示入射波、透射波、反射波以及透射波与反射波之差;另一幅显示试样的3条应力应变。这3条曲线分别由第1幅图中的入射波与透射波、入射波与反射波以及三波法求得。根据SHPB实验的基本假定,这3条应力应变曲线的塑性段应该一致,同时透射波与入射波之差应等于反射波,把这2个等价的特点作为正确处理SHPB实验数据标准的方法称为三波校核法。

不同冲击速度下含气砂岩损伤−渗流特性试验研究

为探究不同冲击载荷作用下含气砂岩冲击损伤特征和渗透性规律,利用含瓦斯煤岩冲击损伤−渗流试验系统和工业显微CT扫描系统,设计并开展了三轴预应力状态下不同冲击速度加载的动态压缩−原位渗流试验,重构了受冲击损伤砂岩的三维裂隙结构,对比分析了固−气耦合试样不同冲击速度加载下的动态应力−应变曲线特征、能量耗散规律、破坏损伤和渗透性演变特征。研究结果表明:含气砂岩的应变率随冲击速度的增加而增加,入射波能、反射波能、透射波能和吸收能也随之逐渐增大。含气砂岩的峰值应力和峰值应变也随冲击速度的提升而逐渐增大,且动态应力−应变曲线的压密阶段不断被压缩直至完全消失。三轴固−气耦合动态冲击条件下,含气砂岩的破坏形式以剪切破坏为主;随着冲击速度的递增,冲击载荷与气体压力联合作用下含气砂岩内部的张拉裂隙数量不断增加,新生裂隙相互连接促使了宏观贯通裂隙的形成;泊松比效应和偏心压缩作用使砂岩上分别形成了沿试样轴向方向延伸和垂直于轴向方向延伸2种张拉裂隙,2种裂隙在试样外沿相互连通,呈现出网格状。含气砂岩的吸收能量直接决定了其损伤程度,吸收能量的不断增加,不仅加大了含气砂岩破坏后的损伤程度,也大幅提高了含气砂岩的渗透性;冲击受损破坏之后的含气砂岩渗透率与其裂隙率遵循线性正相关关系。

不同内径圆环砂岩试件温水耦合动态劈裂力学试验研究

煤矿巷道围岩经常处于地下水和温度共同作用环境中。由于岩石动抗拉强度远小于其动抗压强度,当受到掘进爆破等动载作用时岩体破坏往往取决于动抗拉强度,温水耦合岩石在动荷载扰动下动态抗拉力学性能值得深入研究。对不同内径圆环砂岩试件(外径50 mm,内径0~25 mm)进行温水耦合作用,开展X射线衍射和扫描电子显微镜试验,并利用霍普金森压杆试验装置进行动态劈裂力学特性试验研究。结果表明:温水耦合作用使砂岩试件产生损伤劣化,基本物理参数发生变化,动力学性能呈现出弱化现象;相同加载条件下,圆环砂岩试件内径增大,试件更易发生张拉破坏;劈裂后的半圆环发生了挤压断裂;相同内径时,温水耦合作用砂岩试件碎块更加明显;从能量耗散角度对试件破碎形态进行分析。

Experimental study on the irreversible displacement evolution and energy dissipation characteristics of disturbance instability of regular joints

To investigate the disturbance-induced shear instability mechanism of structural catastrophe in the deep rock mass,MTS 815 material testing machine was used to carry out quasi-static loading tests and disturbance shear tests on symmetrical regular dentate joints of two materials at three undulation angles under specific initial static stress,disturbance frequency,and peak value.The test results indicate that:(i)the total ultimate instability displacement is only related to the intrinsic properties of the joints but not to the initial static stress and disturbance parameters;(ii)the cumulative irreversible displacement required for the disturbance instability conforms to the logistic inverse function relationship with the number of disturbances,displaying the variation trend of“rapid increase in the front,stable in the middle,and sudden increase in the rear”;(iii)the accumulation of plastic deformation energy is consistent with the evolution law of irreversible displacement of joints and the overall proportion of hysteretic energy is not large;(iv)the dissipated energy required for the instability of each group of joints is basically the same under various disturbance conditions,and this energy is mainly controlled by the initial shear stress and has no connection with the disturbance parameters.The stability of the total disturbance deformation and the disturbance energy law of the joints revealed in the tests provide data support for reasonably determining the disturbance instability criterion of joints.

Safety evaluation and the static-dynamic coupling analysis of counter-arched slab in plunge pool

The stability of plunge pool slab of drainage structure is crucial to energy dissipation,but the working conditions of counter-arched slab are very complex and its stress procedure is considerably nonlinear and coupling.Therefore,a nonlinear static and dynamic coupling method to analyze the counter-arched slab configuration is put forward,which can reflect the coupling of dynamic loads,slab,anchor bars,groundwork and abutment as well as the dynamic procedure of instability.Various nonlinear factors and static-dynamic coupling are taken into consideration,and the working conditions,stress mechanism,dynamic instability procedure and influential instability factors are revealed.The proposed method thus provides a comprehensive safety evaluation method of plunge pool,which further pro-vides an important theoretical basis for engineering design of counter-arched slab in plunge pool.

基于三维晶质模型-离散元法的数值模拟研究:动态弯曲拉伸强度试验中的多级力链网络分析

力链网络是岩石材料加载下的关键信息,类似岩石的微观裂纹和宏观力学行为。本文提出了一种基于离散元法(GBM3D-DEM)的三维晶质模型,采用耦合的(有限差分法(FDM)-离散元(DEM))霍普金森压杆系统模拟了动态弯曲拉伸强度试验。结果表明,加载过程中试样内部所有一般力链(GF)的值和数量分别表明了样品的应力水平和裂纹活动。强力链(HF),作为那些在峰值荷载下大于所有一般力链(GF)平均值的力链,其数量可以更深入地表征施加在试样两端的应力水平。同时,强力链的主要倾向分布方向与加载方向一致,并垂直于裂纹的加载方向。本文将力链网络进行了多级分类,并对花岗岩的裂纹活动和力学行为进行了研究,并从多级力链网络的角度分析了加载率效应。

预应力下组合试件冲击荷载试验能量耗散研究

为研究矿房爆破回采时,爆破动荷载对相邻尾砂胶结矿柱的稳定性影响,基于分离式霍普金森(SHPB)实验系统,对矿岩-胶结充填体组合试件开展三维动静组合SHPB实验,研究冲击荷载穿过矿岩对不同强度胶结充填体能量传递特性。试件在0.45MPa、0.50MPa、0.55MPa和0.60MPa四种冲击气压下,三种轴围压组合(Z_(0.9)-W_(1.8)、Z_(1.8)-W_(3.6)和Z_(2.7)-W_(5.4))条件下的能量传递特性经实验研究表明:Z_(0.9)-W_(1.8)时吸收能随着冲击气压增大,Z1.8-W3.6时吸收能随着冲击气压先增后减,透射能有细微增大。引入了实验的能量比例N_(X),发现80%以上的能量以反射能的形式返回入射杆;并建立四级筛分系统,统计分析试件破坏后的不同直径大小碎块的质量分数。

三轴压缩岩石动静组合强度及变形特征的研究

为研究深部地下资源开发过程中矿岩的力学行为,利用自行研制的岩石动静组合加载试验机,对细砂岩进行了两个系列的三维动静组合加载试验,即固定围压改变轴向静压和固定轴向静压改变围压的试验,并对实验数据整理分析。试验结果表明:围压不变时,细砂岩动静组合强度、弹性模量随轴向静压增大先升高(弹性阶段)后降低(损伤阶段);最大应变率和平均应变率则先下降后升高,并且当轴向静压在其静态三轴抗压强度80%左右时,动静组合强度最大;轴向静压不变时,增大围压,细砂岩动静组合强度、弹性模量升高,平均应变率下降,而最大应变率的变化趋势无明显规律。

动静组合加载条件岩爆特性及倾向性指标

基于岩爆灾害是静载与动载共同诱发的工程事实,从动静组合加载下岩石破坏过程中能量储存和释放特征出发,充分借鉴现有岩爆倾向性指标的合理之处,提出动静组合加载下的岩爆的倾向性指标。该指标能克服现有指标只考虑静载的局部性,更能反映出岩体岩爆破坏应力峰值后的能量释放特征。选取0轴压、抗压强度的20%,60%,70%和80%共5个典型轴压水平,进行不同冲击能量下的动静组合冲击实验。通过对试验结果的分析,考察动静组合加载下的岩爆特性及倾向性指标方法。研究结果表明,新指标能够较好反映岩石的岩爆倾向性。通过分析比较,进而提出动静组合加载下岩爆倾向性指标判据的初步建议。根据该建议指标可以反映出激励性岩爆的发生受静载和动载2种因素的综合作用。

受三维静载压缩岩石对冲击能的吸收效应

为了研究深部地下资源开发过程中矿岩破裂的能耗效应,通过利用自行研制的岩石动静组合加载试验机,对细砂岩进行了2个系列的三维动静组合加载试验,即固定围压改变轴向静压和固定轴向静压改变围压的冲击试验。试验结果表明:在固定围压条件下,随着轴向静压增加,砂岩试件破坏所消耗的动载荷能量密度逐渐降低;当轴向静压在对应的常规三轴抗压强度的70%以上,消耗的动载荷能量密度变为负值(岩石试件释放能量);轴向静压再进一步加大,负值逐渐接近0,但始终在0以下。在轴向静压不变且较小的条件下,随着围压增大,岩石试件破坏所消耗的动载荷能量密度值一直在增大;但当轴向静压较大且在对应的常规三轴抗压强度的70%以上时,岩石试件在受到动力扰动后失去原平衡,能够自行破坏,并释放多余的能量。

温–压耦合及动力扰动下岩石破碎的能量耗散

采用自行研制的温–压耦合及动力扰动试验系统,在4个温度等级(20℃,100℃,200℃,300℃)且每个温度等级的试样分别施加0,20,60,80 MPa的轴向静压力,对砂岩试样进行冲击试验。基于常规的霍普金森杆压缩试验中的能量耗散原理,计算出不同温度作用下动静组合加载岩石试样的能量耗散规律。结果表明:当动载荷保持不变,岩样在温度为20℃,200℃和300℃且预压力为20 MPa时,能量吸收率最大;而岩石试样作用温度为100℃时,当冲击载荷不变,不加轴压(轴压为0 MPa)时的能量吸收率最大。研究结果有助于研究高温、高应力作用下岩石破碎机制,为研究高温作用下岩体工程起到一定的参考作用。

水-岩耦合作用下红砂岩应变率效应研究

基于100 mm SHPB试验平台,对吸水红砂岩试样进行不同应变率下冲击压缩试验,对比干燥试样试验结果,探究了水-岩耦合作用下动态抗压强度、变形及单元可释放弹性应变能We的应变率相关性,得出:在水-岩-动力的耦合中,岩石强度的应变率强化作用和水的劣化作用同时存在,但应变率强化作用占主导地位;裂隙水对岩石强度的应变率效应有强化作用,并且这种强化作用随着应变率的增大而增强;岩石的峰值应变在水的耦合作用下应变率效应更为显著;当应变率超过某一阈值时,吸水试样在弹性变形阶段更加容易变形,弹性模量降低,而在冲击作用下,裂隙水阻碍裂纹发展,试样抵抗变形的能力增强,变形模量线性增加;水-岩耦合作用下We对应变率更为敏感,与干燥试样的WDe相比,WWe随着应变率的增加而增长更为迅速。