Assessing impact of climate change on forest cover type shifts in Western Himalayan Eco-region

Climate is a critical factor affecting forest ecosystems and their capacity to produce goods and services. Effects of climate change on forests depend on ecosystem-specific factors including dimensions of climate （temperature, precipitation, drought, wind etc.）. Available infor- mation is not sufficient to support a quantitative assessment of the eco- logical, social and economic consequences. The present study assessed shifts in forest cover types of Western Himalayan Eco-region （700-4 500 m）. 100 randomly selected samples （75 for training and 25 for testing the model）, genetic algorithm of rule set parameters and climatic envelopes were used to assess the distribution of five prominent forest cover types （Temperate evergreen, Tropical semi-evergreen, Temperate conifer, Sub- tropical conifer, and Tropical moist deciduous forests）. Modelling was conducted for four different scenarios, current scenario, changed precipi- tation （8% increase）, changed temperature （1.07℃ increase）, and both changed temperature and precipitation. On increasing precipitation a downward shift in the temperate evergreen and tropical semi-evergreen was observed, while sub-tropical conifer and tropical moist-deciduous forests showed a slight upward shift and temperate conifer showed ＇no shift. On increasing temperatm＇e, an upward shift in all forest types was observed except sub-tropical conifer forests without significant changes. When both temperature and precipitation were changed, the actual dis- tribution was maintained and slight upward shift was observed in all the forest types except sub-tropical conifer. It is important to understand the likely impacts of the projected climate change on the forest ecosystems, so that better management and conservation strategies can be adopted for the biodiversity and forest dependent community. Knowledge of impact mechanisms also enables identification and mitigation of some of the conditions that increase vulnerability to climate change in the forest sector.

Stand development patterns of forest cover types in the natural forests of northern Baekdudaegan in South Korea

The purpose of this study was to classify current forest cover types,and to investigate stand development patterns for natural forests in six areas in northern Baekdudaegan,South Korea.Twenty-eight independent forest communities were aggregated into eight forest cover types by species composition in the overstory of each forest community.The forest cover types were of mixed mesophytic,‘‘others’ ’ deciduous,Quercus mongolica dominant,Q.mongolica pure,Pinus densiflora–Q.mongolica,P.densiflora,Betula ermanii,and Q.mongolica–P.koraiensis.The ecological information was organized by importance value and species diversity for each forest type.Based on the correlation between species diversity index and the abundance of Q.mongolica plus P.densiflora for corresponding forest cover types,we compared the developmental process and approximate successional pathway between each cover type.The P.densiflora forest cover type changes into the P.densiflora–Q.mongolica cover type,followed by the Q.mongolica dominant cover type through continuous invasion of the oak trees.Furthermore,the Q.mongolica pure cover type would spread toward the Q.mongolica dominant cover type with a mixture of various deciduous tree species.The Q.mongolica dominant cover type progresses through the other deciduous cover types to the mixed mesophytic cover type with diversified composition and structure.On the mid to lower slopes,with loamy soils and good moisture conditions,various deciduous forest types should progress,by ecological succession,toward the mixed mesophytic cover type without any further disturbance.

Comparison of precipitation and evapotranspiration of five different land-cover types in the high mountainous region

Many rivers originate in high mountainous regions. However, the effects of climate warming on the runoff and water balance in these regions remain unclear due to the lack of observational data from harsh environments, and the variable influences of climate change on alpine land-cover types with different water balances. Using observations and simulations from Coup Model, water-balance values collected at five alpine land-cover types(steppe, shrub meadow, moist meadow, swamp meadow, and moraine) in a small alpine watershed, the Qilian Mountains in Northwest China, from October 2008 to September 2014, were compared. Measured evapotranspiration, multilayer soil temperatures and water contents, and frozen-depth data were used to validate Coup Model outputs. The results show that elevation is the primary influence on precipitation, evapotranspiration, and runoff coefficients in alpine regions. Land-cover types at higher elevations receive more precipitation and have a larger runoff coefficient. Notably, climate warming not only increases evapotranspiration but also particularly increases the evapotranspiration/precipitation ratio due to an upward shift in the optimum elevation of plant species. These factors lead to decrease runoff coefficients in alpine basins.

Effects of forest cover type and ratio changes on runoff and its components

Changes in forest cover can affect not only the total runoff from a watershed,but also the runoff components(e.g.,surface runoff,interflow,groundwater flow).In this study,based on the WetSpa model simulation method and the recursive digital filtering(RDF)method,the Banchengzi watershed in the mountainous region of Beijing,China,was selected to investigate how changes in forest cover type and cover percentage affect total runoff,surface runoff,interflow,and groundwater flow through scenario settings.Our results show that the difference between the WetSpa model and the RDF method for separating runoff components is small,with only 4.7%and 0.4%difference between the calibration and validation periods.Total runoff in different forest types followed the order shrub forest>coniferous forest>mixed forest>broadleaf forest.Regarding runoff components,the proportions of baseflow(sum of interflow and groundwater flow)to total runoff were 61.1%and 60.8%for broadleaf and mixed forests,which was significantly higher than those of 53.0%and 43.1%for coniferous and shrub forests.However,the proportion of shrub forest baseflow was high in wet years,and that of broadleaf forest baseflow was high in normal and dry years.The proportions of interflow and groundwater flow from various forest cover types to total runoff continued to increase with increasing forest cover rate.Our results have important implications for the implementation of afforestation projects and forest conservation programs,contributing to water resource regulation and ecosystem protection in watersheds.

Sensitivity of surface air temperature change to land use/cover types in China

Using CRU high resolution grid observational temperature and ERA40 reanalysis surface air temperature data during 1960-1999, we investigated the sensitivity of surface air temperature change to land use/cover types in China by subtracting the reanalysis from the observed surface air temperature (observation minus reanalysis, OMR). The results show that there is a stable and systemic impact of land use/cover types on surface air temperature. The surface warming of each land use/cover type reacted differently to global warming. The OMR trends of unused land (≥0.17℃/decade), mainly comprised by sandy land, Gobi and bare rock gravel land, are obviously larger than those of the other land use/cover types. The OMR over grassland, farmland and construction land shows a moderate decadal warming about 0.12℃ /decade, 0.10℃/decade, 0.12 ℃ /decade, respectively. Woodland areas do not show a significant warming trend (0.06 ℃ /decade). The overall assessment indicates that the surface warming is larger for areas that are barren and anthropogenically developed. The better the vegetation cover, the smaller the OMR warming trend. Responses of surface air temperature to land use/cover types with similar physical and chemical properties and biological processes have no significant difference. The surface air temperature would not react significantly until the intensity of land cover changes reach a certain degree. Within the same land use/cover type, areas in eastern China with intensive human activities exhibit larger warming trend. The results provide observational evidence for modeling research on the impact of land use/cover change on regional climate. Thus, projecting further surface climate of China in regional scale should not only take greenhouse gas increase into account, but also consider the impact of land use/cover types and land cover change.

Test on Muddy Soil Reinforcement by Negative Pressure and Electro-Osmosis Inside Cover-Bearing-Type Bucket Foundation for Offshore Wind Turbines

Cover-bearing-type bucket foundation for offshore wind turbines has been paid more and more attention due to its low cost and great bearing capacity. In order to ensure the cover-bearing mode, the muddy soil inside the bucket foundation should be reinforced by some soil consolidation methods, such as negative pressure and electro-osmosis. Firstly, tests were conducted to obtain the reasonable current density. Meanwhile, to improve the electro-osmotic speed and effectiveness, other factors such as intermittent power and layout of electrode, were also studied in the tests. Then, the soil reinforcing tests by negative pressure combined with electro-osmosis were performed for the muddy soil consolidation inside the bucket foundation. The results showed that soil reinforcement by negative pressure was quicker and more obvious during the early phase, and electro-osmotic method can affect more range of soil by rational arrangement of electrodes. Compared with negative pressure, the electro-osmotic method was a continuous and relatively slow process of reinforcement, which was complementary to the negative pressure method. The voltage value of electro-osmosis had little effect on the muddy soil reinforcement inside the bucket foundation, and 1.5 A was chosen as the most reasonable current value for scale model testing in the electro-osmotic method.

基于爆压耦合约束原理的双锥复合药型罩成型及侵彻特性

为有效应对大容积中、轻型装甲目标,提升破甲战斗部综合毁伤能力,本文设计了一种基于爆压耦合约束原理的双锥药型罩,通过小锥角上锥与大锥角下锥的配合,兼顾侵彻深度与扩孔直径。设计了双锥药型罩的射流模拟方案,通过靶场实验结果与数值模拟结果对比,得出了穿深和孔径数值仿真结果误差分别为4.8%、8.1%,验证了数值模拟方案的可靠性。通过正交试验,探究了药型罩罩高比、装药高度与装药直径比和壁厚对射流成型参数的影响规律,并进行了侵彻分析,结果表明:基于爆压耦合约束原理的双锥药型罩可以保持射流的侵彻深度,提升射流的扩孔能力;探究了罩高比、装药高径比、壁厚3个因素对射流头部速度与断裂时间的影响趋势。其中药型罩壁厚、罩高比不会对射流头部速度与断裂时间产生明显影响关系,装药高径比增加使得射流断裂时间提前,射流头部速度增加。最后,通过大量数值模拟确定了装药高径比对射流头部速度、断裂时间的影响曲线,并根据曲线结果,优化了双锥药型罩的结构和炸高,使得药型罩侵彻深度增加23%,穿孔孔径增加了35%。

全球典型流域地表覆盖变化与净生态系统碳交换量时空相关性分析

随着社会经济的发展,流域管理目标已从早期的防洪、供水、航运等转变为注重资源利用和生态保护的综合管理,并在全球生态系统碳平衡中扮演着重要角色。作为量化生态系统固碳能力的重要指标,净生态系统碳交换量(NEE)在不同地表覆盖类型中的碳源/汇能力存在显著差异。探究全球典型流域地表覆盖类型与NEE的时空相关性对流域生态管理等具有重要意义。本文以全球30 m地表覆盖数据(GlobeLand30)和全球陆地净生态系统碳交换量数据为基础,分析2000—2020年全球8个典型流域的地表覆盖及NEE时空变化特征,研究地表覆盖类型变化与NEE的时空相关性。结果表明:①2000—2020年,流域内耕地、裸地、人造地表、湿地、水体及苔原面积增加,草地面积先增加后减少,整体为增加状态;②2000—2020年,流域整体NEE先减小后增加,整体为减小趋势,碳汇能力增强;③2000—2020年,草地与NEE呈显著负相关,耕地、裸地、人造地表、湿地及水体面积与NEE在2010—2020年呈正相关,地表覆盖类型变化对NEE有显著影响。本文可为流域碳中和管制和土地利用空间优化调控提供理论参考,推动流域协同减排和高质量发展。

Response of ecosystem service value to land use/cover change in the northern slope economic belt of the Tianshan Mountains, Xinjiang, China

Land use/cover change(LUCC)is becoming more and more frequent and extensive as a result of human activities,and is expected to have a major impact on human welfare by altering ecosystem service value(ESV).In this study,we utilized remote sensing images and statistical data to explore the spatial-temporal changes of land use/cover types and ESV in the northern slope economic belt of the Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region,China from 1975 to 2018.During the study period,LUCC in the study region varied significantly.Except grassland and unused land,all the other land use/cover types(cultivated land,forestland,waterbody,and construction land)increased in areas.From 1975 to 2018,the spatial-temporal variations in ESV were also pronounced.The total ESV decreased by 4.00×10^(8) CNY,which was primarily due to the reductions in the areas of grassland and unused land.Waterbody had a much higher ESV than the other land use/cover types.Ultimately,understanding the impact of LUCC on ESV and the interactions among ESV of different land use/cover types will help improve existing land use policies and provide scientific basis for developing new conservation strategies for ecologically fragile areas.

1989—2020年黄河流域巴彦淖尔段地表覆盖类型时空演变研究

地表覆盖类型变化对研究区域生态环境变化具有重要意义。为准确掌握黄河流域巴彦淖尔段1989—2020年间地表覆盖类型变化,该文利用Landsat卫星数据影像,以目视解译和随机森林监督分类相结合的方法,对黄河流域巴彦淖尔段内各旗县1989—2020年平均每隔10 a的地表覆盖类型进行解译分类。经过精度验证总体分类精度均大于85%,Kappa系数均大于0.80。通过地表覆盖类型转移变化矩阵,发现黄河流域巴彦淖尔段1989—2020年间沙地减少22.17%,草地减少26.18%,耕地增加20.83%,水面变化不明显;不同区域地表覆盖类型变化情况各不相同,荒漠草原区表现为沙地与草地之间的相互转化,耕地区和沙地区主要表现为沙地向耕地的转化,其中磴口县最为显著,2020年较1989年沙地减少了32.17%,耕地增加了57.48%。荒漠草原区以社会因素和自然因素共同驱动地表覆盖类型变化,耕地及沙地分布区主要以社会因素驱动地表覆盖类型变化。研究结果可为更加合理地规划利用土地空间提供有力的数据参考和支撑。

A comparative study of the land-atmosphere energy and water exchanges over the Tibetan Plateau and the Yangtze River Region

正确认识不同区域能量和水分循环特征是研究局地地气相互作用及准确预测区域天气,气候变化的关键.为了研究属于干旱/半干旱气候的青藏高原(TP)和湿润/半湿润气候的长江流域(YRR)之间地表能量和水分交换的异同,本文对比分析了两个区域8个不同地表类型(包括高山荒漠,高山草地,(平原)城市和(平原)草地等)观测站点的地表辐射和能量通量数据.结果显示:(1)TP由于高原大气层稀薄且空气洁净,年平均入射短波辐射为251.3W m^(-2),是YRR的1.7倍.加之高原地表反照率高导致反射辐射(59.6 W m^(-2))是YRR的2.87倍.入射及出射的长波辐射为231.5和338.0 W m^(-2),分别为YRR的0.64和0.83.而两个区域的净辐射差异不大;(2)草地站更多的潜热释放使得地表总加热效率高于城市和高山荒漠,TP和YRR的草地站的年平均潜热分别为35.0和38.8 W m^(-2),而植被稀疏且土壤干燥的高山荒漠地区感热最大,年平均感热为42.1 W m^(-2);其次是城市下垫面,其年平均感热为37.7 W m^(-2).研究结果揭示了不同气候背景下典型下垫面地气相互作用特征,为地气相互作用过程深入分析奠定了基础.

韩江中上游地区的崩岗分布特征

选取韩江中上游地区2016—2022年的Sentinel-1/2卫星星座遥感影像和其他辅助数据,基于机器学习方法进行区域尺度的崩岗识别和崩岗影响因子测度。结果表明:1)分类模型的总体精度达到84%,Kappa系数为0.8。其中,崩岗识别的用户精度和生产者精度都超过95%,且其FScore为0.97。2)截至2022年,韩江中上游地区的崩岗侵蚀面积共有435.5 km^(2),各县(市、区)崩岗侵蚀面积差异明显,年变化趋势不一。其中,五华县崩岗侵蚀面积最多(199.2 km^(2)),其年平均变化率为16.29 km^(2)/a。梅江区崩岗侵蚀面积最少(1.6 km^(2)),其年平均变化率为0.18 km^(2)/a。3)韩江中上游地区崩岗发生概率与高程、坡度、植被覆盖、地质类型、人口密度、大气压、降雨量、经向风速、纬向风速和风速等10个因素存在显著相关性(P<0.001)。在一定的变化范围内,高程、坡度、地质类型、大气压、经向风速、纬向风速和风速对研究区崩岗发生为正向影响,植被覆盖、人口密度和降雨量对崩岗发生为负向影响。

Response of species and stand types to snow/wind damage in a temperate secondary forest,Northeast China

Snow/wind damage is one of the important natural disturbances in forest ecosystems,especially in a montane secondary forest.However,the effects of snow/wind damage remain unclear which affects the management of these forests.Therefore,we investigated the responses of species,individual tree traits and stand structure to snow/wind damage in a montane secondary forest.Results show that,amongst the canopy trees,Betula costata exhibited the most uprooting,bending and overall damage ratio(the number of damaged stems to the total number of stems in a plot); Quercus mongolica showed the highest breakage ratio and Fraxinus mandshurica and Juglans mandshurica the least overall damage ratios.Among the subcanopy trees,Carpinus cordata,Acer mono,Acer tegmentosum and Acer pseudo-sieboldianum showed the least uprooting and breakage,and the most bending damage.A.pseudo-sieboldianum demonstrated the lowest breakage and highest bending damage ratios.Thesefindings indicate that different species have various sensitivities to snow/wind damage.Larger trees(taller,wider crowns) tend to break and become uprooted,while smaller trees are bent or remain undamaged,suggesting that tree characteristics significantly influence the types of damage from snow and wind.Stands of Q.mongolica and B.costata had the highest damage ratios,whereas A.pseudosieboldianum had the lowest snapping ratio.In summary,the severity and type of snow/wind damage are related to individual tree attributes and stand-level characteristics.Therefore,selection of suitable species(e.g.,shorter,smaller with deep root systems,hard wood,bending resistance and compression resistance) and appropriate thinning are recommended for planting in the montane secondary forests.

ZY7200-18-40D型掩护式液压支架力学分析

为进一步探究掩护式液压支架的力学性能特点,以ZY-7200-18-40D型掩护式液压支架为研究对象,首先结合力学分析方法确定其关键部件参数;而后应用有限元分析方法,对该掩护式液压支架的顶梁、连杆和掩护梁三类主要部件进行有限元分析,分析结果显示,各个主要部件均未出现应力超标或应力集中问题,表明该掩护式液压支架性能基本符合要求,可在后续综采工作中逐步推广应用。

Multidimensional diversity of bird communities across spatial variation of land cover in Zoige on the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

Background:Spatial variation of land cover can result in the changes of community similarities and biotic homog-enization,whereby the increasing similarity would reduce the adaptive capacity of biotic assemblages to further disturbance,and degenerate ecosystem services they offer.However,it remains scarce to integrate multidimensional diversity for unveiling how variations in land cover may influence the patterns and processes of biotic homogeniza-tion in the Anthropocene.In this study,we examined how spatial variation of land cover could alter taxonomic,phy-logenetic and functional homogenization of bird communities simultaneously in a compound ecosystem of Zoige Marsh on the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.Acting as the largest alpine marsh and peatland in the world,Zoige Marsh has undergone great changes in the land cover pattern due to climate change and anthropogenic activities.Methods:We conducted transect surveys for bird communities over six years(2014‒2019)during breeding sea-sons in four main land cover types(meadow,woodland,village and marsh),representing the spatial variation of land covers in the study area.We compared multidimensional diversity(taxonomic,phylogenetic and functional diver-sity)among land covers to assess the effects of spatial variation in land cover type on bird communities,particularly whether this variation has homogenized biotic communities.Results:Bird communities during breeding seasons were different and complementary in the four land covers.Taxonomic,phylogenetic and functional similarities were significantly lower in meadow than in the other three types,i.e.woodland,village and marsh.However,when we controlled for the effects of taxonomic similarities,the pattern of phylogenetic similarities almost reversed,with the highest standardized effect size(SES)phylogenetic similarity in meadow;and we found no significant difference in SES functional similarity among land covers.Conclusions:Our results suggest that spatial variation of land cover can play a crucial role in regulating multiple dimensions of bird diversity in Zoige Marsh.The findings indicate that taxonomic,phylogenetic and functional homogenization of bird communities may differently response to the variation of land covers.It thus highlights not only the relative roles of different land covers in maintaining biodiversity and community structures of birds,but also the urgency of retarding ecosystem degradations on the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.

地表覆盖类型地理国情的普查与监测

地理国情监测是以地理的角度对我国国情进行综合分析和研究的方式,通过对地理国情进行动态化测绘和统计,能够实现对地理国情的普查。地理国情普查的内容有地表覆盖、地表形态、国情数据信息三个部分。其中地表覆盖是核心内容,也是最基本部分。本篇文章针对地表覆盖类型地理国情的任务和工作目标进行分析,结合实际监测工作要求与内容,重点阐述地理国情监测的应用技术与工作步骤。

分支型主动脉覆膜支架与烟囱支架技术在Stanford B型主动脉夹层患者中的应用价值

目的 探讨分支型主动脉覆膜支架与烟囱支架技术在Stanford B型主动脉夹层(TBAD)治疗中的应用价值。方法 收集2018年3月至2021年3月宁德师范学院附属宁德市医院收治的60例TBAD患者的临床资料,并按照胸主动脉腔内修复术(TEVAR)后重建左锁骨下动脉血运方式的不同将患者分为观察组(采用分支型主动脉覆膜支架技术)与对照组(采用烟囱支架技术),每组30例。比较两组患者的手术成功率、手术时间、术中出血量,术后2周、3个月、6个月及1年支架通畅率情况,术前、术后2周、术后3个月、术后6个月及术后1年主动脉重塑情况;术后随访期间并发症发生情况,以及出院前、出院后6个月生存质量。结果 两组患者的手术成功率均为100%。观察组患者手术时间短于对照组,术中Ⅰ型内漏的发生率低于对照组患者(P﹤0.05)。两组患者术后2周、3个月、6个月及1年后支架通畅率,以及术前夹层真腔直径、夹层假腔直径比较,差异均无统计学意义(P﹥0.05)。随着术后时间的延长,两组患者的夹层真腔直径逐渐增加,术后夹层假腔直径逐渐降低;观察组患者术后夹层真腔直径高于对照组患者,术后夹层假腔直径低于对照组患者,差异均有统计学意义(P﹤0.05)。观察组患者术后1年假腔血栓化的比例、术后并发症总发生率均低于对照组患者,差异均有统计学意义(P﹤0.05)。出院后6个月,观察组患者健康调查简表中各维度的评分均明显高于对照组患者,差异均有统计学意义(P﹤0.01)。结论 在采用TEVAR治疗TBAD的过程中,分支型主动脉覆膜支架技术与烟囱支架技术均显示出较好的疗效,但前者的治疗安全性与有效性更好,患者术后生存质量更高。

结构设计选型对地下室工程造价的影响研究

文中主要围绕不同荷载及覆土厚度对不同类型地下室楼盖造价的影响进行量化分析。结果表明,人防荷载和机房荷载条件下,单位面积大板无次梁总工程费用最低;车库荷载条件下,单向次梁总工程费用最低;所有荷载条件下,单位面积十字次梁总工程费用最高;所有类型地下室楼盖总工程费用,随覆土厚度的增加呈现先增加后稳定再增加的趋势;当覆土厚度低于2 m时,大板无次梁总工程费用最低;当覆土厚度超过2 m时,十字次梁总工程费用最低。

苍山植被类型分布及其覆被变化和群落演替

通过结合植被生态遥感和野外调查对苍山植被覆被类型及其变化开展调查研究。植被遥感解析发现,苍山植被垂直带谱分布格局明显,亚高山带植被群落类型及其转移变化较复杂,核心保护对象苍山冷杉林主要分布于东坡高山带。随着保护区的建立,苍山植被覆盖度得到了显著提升,各功能分区已基本完全恢复为高覆盖度植被。野外群落调查发现,苍山冷杉林和多变石栎林群落结构稳定,一些海拔区段华山松林、云南松林和旱冬瓜林群落存在衰退风险。相较于以往单一方式的科学调查,本次遥感影像有效地促进了苍山植被覆被类型及其分流变化的解析,能够与野外调查结果相互支持,而对多种植被群落亚型、群系和群丛的野外调查验证依然非常必要。

Effects of Land Cover on Soil Organic Carbon Stock in a Karst Landscape with Discontinuous Soil Distribution

Land cover type is critical for soil organic carbon(SOC) stocks in territorial ecosystems. However, impacts of land cover on SOC stocks in a karst landscape are not fully understood due to discontinuous soil distribution. In this study, considering soil distribution, SOC content and density were investigated along positive successional stages(cropland, plantation, grassland, scrubland, secondary forest, and primary forest) to determine the effects of land cover type on SOC stocks in a subtropical karst area. The proportion of continuous soil on the ground surface under different land cover types ranged between 0.0% and 79.8%. As land cover types changed across the positive successional stages, SOC content in both the 0–20 cm and 20–50 cm soil layers increased significantly. SOC density(SOCD) within 0–100 cm soil depth ranged from 1.45 to 8.72 kg m-2, and increased from secondary forest to primary forest, plantation, grassland, scrubland, and cropland, due to discontinuous soil distribution. Discontinuous soil distribution had a negative effect on SOC stocks, highlighting the necessity for accurate determination of soil distribution in karst areas. Generally, ecological restoration had positive impacts on SOC accumulation in karst areas, but this is a slow process. In the short term, the conversion of croplandto grassland was found to be the most efficient way for SOC sequestration.