Challenges of COVID-19 prevention and control: A narrative review

This narrative review aims to highlight some of the factors contributing to challenges faced by many countries in controlling the spread of COVID-19 pandemic that continues to rage around the world,especially after stoppage of official prevention and control activities.A literature search was conducted on PubMed,and Google using search terms“COVID-19”,“challenges”,“prevention”,and“control”in different combinations.COVID-19 prevention and control challenges are related to health-system,vaccines,administration,and society culture.Controlling the spread of COVID-19 necessitates cooperation between community leaders,healthcare professionals,religious leaders,and the public.

Development and application of the standard for infrared intelligent body temperature measurement system in the normalized COVID-19 prevention and control

In the phase of the normalized COVID-19 prevention and control,non-contact temperature measurement is one of the most efficient and convenient methods for initial screening of suspected cases.In the year of 2020 in Wuhan,such non-contact equipment was urgently demanded,standards development in the traditional way cannot satisfy the market needs.So,the research and development of this standard for infrared intelligent body temperature measurement system was carried out in a rapid way.

Practice of Infection Prevention and Control Strategies in Risk Departments during the COVID-19 Epidemic

Objective: To explore the practice and application of infection prevention and control strategies in risk departments during the COVID-19 epidemic, and to formulate the infection prevention and control measures to provide advice and guidance in risk departments. Methods: According to the latest plan of diagnosis and treatment, prevention and control issued by the National Health Commission, expert advice and consensus, combined with the actual situation in our hospital, a series of infection prevention and control measures of COVID-19 in risk department was formulated. Results: During the epidemic period, the prevention and control measures of nine risk departments including emergency operation, anesthesiology, endoscopy center, blood purification center, otolaryngology, stomatology, medical imaging department, medical cosmetology department and pulmonary function room were established from six aspects, including pre-examination and screening, medical technology control, personnel management, personal protection, environmental disinfection, medical waste disposal, etc. Conclusion: During the epidemic period, the infection prevention and control strategy of risk departments is one of the key links to control the spread of the epidemic, and risk departments must pay attention to and strictly implement various infection prevention and control measures.

Combined prevention and treatment measures are essential to control nosocomial infections during the COVID-19 pandemic

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 is a highly contagious positive-sense,single-stranded RNA virus that has rapidly spread worldwide.As of December 17,2023,772838745 confirmed cases including 6988679 deaths have been reported globally.This virus primarily spreads through droplets,airborne transmission,and direct contact.Hospitals harbor a substantial number of confirmed coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)patients and asymptomatic carriers,accompanied by high population density and a larger susceptible population.These factors serve as potential triggers for nosocomial infections,posing a threat during the COVID-19 pandemic.Nosocomial infections occur to varying degrees across different countries worldwide,emphasizing the urgent need for a practical approach to prevent and control the intra-hospital spread of COVID-19.This study primarily concentrated on a novel strategy combining preventive measures with treatment for combating COVID-19 nosocomial infections.It suggests preventive methods,such as vaccination,disinfection,and training of heathcare personnel to curb viral infections.Additionally,it explored therapeutic strategies targeting cellular inflammatory factors and certain new medications for COVID-19 patients.These methods hold promise in rapidly and effectively preventing and controlling nosocomial infections during the COVID-19 pandemic and provide a reliable reference for adopting preventive measures in the future pandemic.

Diabetes and susceptibility to COVID-19:Risk factors and preventive and therapeutic strategies

Coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)is a highly infectious disease caused by a novel human coronavirus called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2).Diabetes is a well-known risk factor for infectious diseases with high prevalence and increased severity.Here,we elucidated the possible factors for the increased vulnerability of diabetic patients to SARS-CoV-2 infection and the more severe COVID-19 illness.The worsened prognosis of patients with both COVID-19 and diabetes may be attributable to host receptor angiotensinconverting enzyme 2-assisted viral uptake.Moreover,insulin resistance is often associated with impaired mucosal and skin barrier integrity,resulting in microbiota dysbiosis,which increases susceptibility to viral infections.It may also be associated with higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines resulting from an impaired immune system in diabetics,inducing a cytokine storm and excessive inflammation.This review describes diabetes mellitus and its complications,explains the risk factors,such as disease characteristics and patient lifestyle,which may contribute to the high susceptibility of diabetic patients to COVID-19,and discusses preventive and therapeutic strategies for COVID-19-positive diabetic patients.

Prevention of Nosocomial COVID-19 Infections in a Designated Hospital for Children in Guangzhou, China

Background: Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center was chosen as the designated facility for screening, diagnosing, and treating children in Guangzhou with SARS-CoV-2 infection after the COVID-19 outbreak in China. From January 23 to March 20, 2020, the center opened new wards for screening and treatment, taking measures to prevent and control nosocomial infections. This article summarizes and evaluates measures for preventing and controlling nosocomial infections to provide reference information during the pandemic. Methods: The COVID-19 nosocomial infection prevention and control strategies were summarized and analyzed, including the formulation of the hospital partition, the improvement of the hospitalization process, environmental cleaning and disinfection, graded protection based on risk assessment, enhanced training on-site quality control inspection, data monitoring and evaluation, among others, and evaluating the effects by comparing before and after the intervention. Results: There were 159 patients admitted to the screening wards, including 98 males and 61 females, with a median age of 34 years (interquartile range (IQR): 15, 60) months. There were no abnormal findings in these patients and their families during follow-up. During the screening ward opening period, hand hygiene compliance was significantly improved. Fifty staff members in close contact with the contaminated area had tested for SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which showed zero infections and no nosocomial infections occurred. Conclusions: For SARS-CoV-2 nosocomial infections, taking the “standard prevention & contact isolation & droplet isolation & air isolation” strategies can prevent patients and staff effectively.

Development of a protocol for videoconferencing-based exposure and response prevention treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder during the COVID-19 pandemic

BACKGROUND The existing literature indicates that psychotherapeutic treatment,especially exposure and response prevention(ERP)is efficacious in treating obsessivecompulsive disorder(OCD).The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic adversely impacted many patients with OCD and disrupted their usual treatment.Moreover,the pandemic forced a global switch to telemental health(TMH)services to maintain the standards and continuity of care.Consequently,clinicians are increasingly using TMH-based psychotherapeutic treatments to treat OCD.However,several challenges have made it difficult for them to implement these treatments in the changed circumstances imposed by the pandemic.AIM To describe the formulation,implementation,feasibility,and usefulness of videoconferencing-based ERP(VC-ERP)treatment for OCD during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic.METHODS This prospective,observational study was conducted in the psychiatric unit of a multi-specialty hospital in north India over 12 mo(July 2020-June 2021).All patients with OCD were assessed using the home-based TMH services of the department.The VC-ERP protocol for OCD was the outcome of weekly Zoom meetings with a group of clinicians involved in administering the treatment.After a systematic evaluation of the available treatment options,an initial protocol for delivering VC-ERP was developed.Guidelines for clinicians and educational materials for patients and their families were prepared.The protocol was implemented among patients with OCD attending the TMH services,and their progress was monitored.The weekly meetings were used to upgrade the protocol to meet the needs of all stakeholders.Feasibility and efficacy outcomes were examined.RESULTS All patients were diagnosed with OCD as a primary or a comorbid condition according to the International Classification of Diseases,10th version criteria.Out of 115 patients who attended the services during the study period,37 were excluded from the final analysis.Of the remaining 78 patients,VC-ERP was initiated in 43 patients.Six patients dropped out,and three were hospitalized for inpatient ERP.Eleven patients have completed the full VC-ERP treatment.One patient completed the psychoeducation part of the protocol.VC-ERP is ongoing in 22 patients.The protocol for VC-ERP treatment was developed and upgraded online.A large proportion of the eligible patients(n=34/43;79%)actively engaged in the VC-ERP treatment.Drop-out rates were low(n=6/43;14%).Satisfaction with the treatment was adequate among patients,caregivers,and clinicians.Apart from hospitalization in 3 patients,there were no other adverse events.Hybrid care and stepped care approaches could be incorporated into the VC-ERP protocol.Therefore,the feasibility of VC-ERP treatment in terms of operational viability,service utilization,service engagement,need for additional in-person services,frequency of adverse events,and user satisfaction was adequate.The VC-ERP treatment was found to be efficacious in the 11 patients who had completed the full treatment.Significant reductions in symptoms and maintenance of treatment gains on follow-up were observed.CONCLUSION This study provided preliminary evidence for the feasibility and usefulness of VC-ERP in the treatment of OCD.The results suggest that VC-ERP can be a useful option in resource-constrained settings.

Management strategy of prevention and control of nosocomial infection of COVID-19 in blood purification center

There are many patients in the blood purification center who need maintenance hemodialysis to maintain life. Those patients generally havelow resistance and are easily exposed to coronavirus because they go back and forth the hospital and residence three times a week andclosely contact with family, caregivers, community personnel, people in various means of transportation, medical staff, and other patientsvisiting hospital. Therefore, the blood purification center has become a high‑risk environment for the spread of COVID-19 infection. In viewof this, our center quickly responded to the formulation and implementation of infection prevention and control measures suitable for thecharacteristics of the blood purification center and continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) emergency plan for fever and suspectedpatients. According to these measures, we have a positive effect on preventing and controlling nosocomial infection in the blood purificationcenter.

Optimization of COVID-19 prevention and control measures during the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympics:a model-based study

Background:The continuous mutation of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 has made the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic complicated to predict and posed a severe challenge to the Beijing 2022Winter Olympics and Winter Paralympics held in February and March 2022.Methods:During the preparations for the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympics,we established a dynamic model with pulsedetection and isolation efect to evaluate the efect of epidemic prevention and control measures such as entry policies,contact reduction,nucleic acid testing,tracking,isolation,and health monitoring in a closed-loop managementenvironment,by simulating the transmission dynamics in assumed scenarios.We also compared the importance ofeach parameter in the combination of intervention measures through sensitivity analysis.Results:At the assumed baseline levels,the peak of the epidemic reached on the 57th day.During the simulationperiod(100 days),13,382 people infected COVID-19.The mean and peak values of hospitalized cases were 2650and 6746,respectively.The simulation and sensitivity analysis showed that:(1)the most important measures to stopCOVID-19 transmission during the event were daily nucleic acid testing,reducing contact among people,and dailyhealth monitoring,with cumulative infections at 0.04%,0.14%,and 14.92%of baseline levels,respectively(2)strictlyimplementing the entry policy and reducing the number of cases entering the closed-loop system could delay thepeak of the epidemic by 9 days and provide time for medical resources to be mobilized;(3)the risk of environmentaltransmission was low.Conclusions:Comprehensive measures under certain scenarios such as reducing contact,nucleic acid testing,health monitoring,and timely tracking and isolation could efectively prevent virus transmission.Our research resultsprovided an important reference for formulating prevention and control measures during the Winter Olympics,andno epidemic spread in the closed-loop during the games indirectly proved the rationality of our research results.

Expert consensus on emergency medicine procedure optimization guided by routine prevention and control strategy for COVID-19

The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)was declared a global public health emergency on 31 January 2020.Emergency medicine procedures in Emergency Department should be optimized to cope with the current COVID-19 pandemic by providing subspecialty services,reducing the spread of nosocomial infections,and promoting its capabilities to handle emerging diseases.Thus,the Chinese Society of Emergency Medicine and Wuhan Society of Emergency Medicine drafted this consensus together to address concerns of medical staffs who work in Emergency Department.Based on in-depth review of COVID-19 diagnosis and treatment plans,literatures,as well as management approval,this consensus proposes recommendations for improving the rationalization and efficiency of emergency processes,reducing the risk of nosocomial infections,preventing hospital viral transmission,and ensuring patient safety.

Taizhou’s COVID-19 prevention and control experience with telemedicine features

The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)has spread rapidly around the world.As of May 30,2020,a total of 84568 confirmed COVID-19 cases have been recorded in China,with a mortality rate of approximately 5.5%.Taizhou is a prefecture-level city in Zhejiang Province.A total of 146 cases were diagnosed in this epidemic,with a fatality rate of 0%.This condition is due to the establishment of an“Internet+”diagnosis and treatment model based on online medical application(APP),telemedicine,WeChat service,and consultation hotline in Taizhou.Taizhou led in opening the“COVID-19 Prevention and Treatment Special Line”in China,which is conducive to pre-hospital screening,suppressing social panic,and clinical support.Hospitals also carried out related online lectures and popularization of science.We summarize Taizhou’s COVID-19 prevention and control experience with telemedicine features,with a view to providing reference for the control of the epidemic at home and abroad.

Prevention and control strategy of COVID-19 in the "Internet +" era

Since December 2019, several cases of coronavirus infected disease 2019 (COVID-19) have been reported in Wuhan City, Hubei Province. COVID-19 has been rapid spread in other provinces of China and abroad. The prevention and control of outbreak is particularly important. Based on the development of network and medical and health resources in the context of the "Internet +" era, this article discusses strategies for the prevention and control of COVID-19 in the "Internet +" era, and provides a reference for the implementation of COVID-19 prevention and control.

The Application of the “3 + 1” Mode in the COVID-19 Epidemic Prevention and Control at the Infection Ward of a Designated Comprehensive Hospital for COVID-19 Treatment

Objective: We assess the application effect of the “3 + 1” mode in the COVID-19 epidemic prevention and control at the infection ward of a designated comprehensive hospital for COVID-19 treatment. Method: Based on the features of the inpatients of the infection ward and their relatives, a “3 + 1” mode for the COVID-19 prevention and control is developed to conform to the demands for epidemic prevention and control and the overall prevention and control scheme of the whole hospital. Here, “3” stands for the epidemic prevention and control system, personnel management, and prevention and control measures;“1” stands for COVID-19 testing. Result: From March 1, 2020 to March 31, 2021, a total of 3056 patients were hospitalized in the three infection wards. Among them, 265 patients had a fever, and 113 patients had respiratory symptoms. None of them were infected with COVID-19. The participation rate of the test about the knowledge related to COVID-19 and the knowledge mastery rate were both 100% among the medical staff. None of the inpatients and their companions or the medical staff was diagnosed with COVID-19. Conclusion: Thus the “3 + 1” mode proves successful for avoiding nosocomial infection and the spread of the epidemic.

The Prevention and Control Measures of COVID-19 in the People’s Hospital of Pingchang County

COVID-19 (COVID-19) or COVID-19 is pneumonia caused by the novel coronavirus infection in patients in 2019. COVID-19 pneumonia epidemic is widespread, wide, and deep. To effectively combat the further spread of COVID-19: the overall protocol of the hospital: “three lines of defense” of community prevention and control, fever clinic and face-to-face treatment;grasp the good three-time limits: “2 hours, 12 hours and 24 hours”;do a good job of three key points: key areas and places and groups;carry out four early prevention and control measures: early detection, early reporting, early isolation and early treatment;management of confirmed, suspected, fever, close contact “four types of personnel”;implement l responsibility system;doing all receivable, should be treated, should be checked, should be separated by “four should be”;do investigation, control, supervision, education, and care “five in place”. Through the above methods, the People’s Hospital of Pingchang County has effectively controlled COVID-19.

Plans for Prevention Africa CDC is playing a key role in controlling the spread of COVID-19 on the continent

Africa CDC is playing a key role in controlling the spread of COVID-19 on the continent As COVID-19 spreads across the continent,African countries have adopted many prevention and control measures,such as travel restrictions and border closures.

Haddon模型视角下大数据和人工智能在COVID-19疫情防控中的应用分析

大数据和人工智能技术在新型冠状病毒感染(COVID-19)疫情防控中发挥了积极作用,但是目前鲜有研究对其应用情况和未来趋势进行综合探讨。本研究从COVID-19疫情防控面临的问题出发,在介绍大数据和人工智能技术优势的基础上,对疫情防控过程中常用的大数据和人工智能技术及其实际应用案例进行概述;并基于Haddon模型视角,从疫情发生前、发生中和发生后3个阶段,针对传染病的传染源、传播途径和易感人群三要素,对大数据和人工智能技术在其中的应用进行了深入探讨。研究结果对明确大数据和人工智能技术在COVID-19疫情各流行阶段的积极作用及发展应用方向,提升疫情的防控效率和质量,有效应对未来新发传染病等具有重要意义。

Comparison of Oral Manifestations in Hospitalized COVID-19 Positive Patients and COVID-19 Negative Dental Outpatients. A Case Series Study and Literature Review

Background: The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a respiratory infectious disease, also named Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which can cause various systemic manifestations that pose a threat to human life. Oral lesions in patients with COVID-19 may appear during or after the illness and may or may not be a consequence of the viral infection. Objective: In this case series we compare the oral manifestations in hospitalized COVID-19 positive patients and COVID-19 negative dental outpatients. Methods: 60 hospitalized COVID-19 patients and 41 control patients, were examined for oral signs and symptoms. The controls were dental patients who visited the hospital for dental care without complaining of any problems related to the oral cavity itself. Results: We have observed a strong association between certain clinical findings and COVID-19, including alterations in taste (ageusia, dysgeusia, and hypogeusia), anosmia, hairy tongue, tongue imprints, red tongue, erythematous candidiasis, pseudomembranous candidiasis, and exfoliative cheilitis. A trend but not statistically significant association at the level of 5% was also noted for colored tongue, linea alba, and pale mucosa. On the contrary, fissured tongue and oral mucosa pigmentation were more frequent in the controls, statistically significant at the level of 5%. Conclusion: COVID-19 has been found to impact the oral cavity, resulting in various oral lesions that can be attributed to either the direct action of the virus or the patient’s immune response.

Efficacy and safety of ivermectin in patients with mild and moderate COVID-19:A randomized controlled trial

Objective:To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of ivermectin in patients with mild and moderate COVID-19.Methods:This study was a single-center,randomized,open-label,controlled trial with a 2-arm parallel-group design on 68 patients with COVID-19.According to the 1:1 ratio between the study groups(ivermectin group and standard treatment group),patients were randomly admitted to each intervention arm.Results:The mean age of the participants in the ivermectin group was(48.37±13.32)years.Eighteen of them were males(54.5%)and the participants in the control group had a mean age of(46.28±14.47)years,with nineteen of them being males(59.4%).As a primary outcome,after 5 days of randomization,there was no significant difference between the ivermectin group and the control group in the length of stay in the hospital(P=0.168).ICU admission(P=0.764),length of stay in ICU(P=0.622),in-hospital mortality(P=0.427),adverse drug reactions,and changes in the mean difference of laboratory data had not any significant difference between the two groups(except for urea change).In addition,the radiologic findings of the two groups of patients were not significantly different.Linear regression analysis showed that for every 10 years increase of age,0.6 day of hospitalization duration was increased.There was no statistically significant association between other variables and clinical outcomes.Conclusions:Among adult hospitalized patients with moderate to severe COVID-19,there was no significant relationship between the administration of ivermectin single dose in a five-day course and clinical improvement,and mortality of the participants.

Adherence to Preventive Measures during the COVID-19 Pandemic among University Students in Sudan

Background: Coronavirus disease 2019, otherwise known as COVID-19, emerged in December of 2019. COVID-19 spreads through an airborne transmission route. Preventive measures were described to help decrease the spread of COVID-19 worldwide. There were a number of preventive measures that were globally adopted: social distance of at least 1 meter, mask wearing, washing hands for 20 seconds, and covering the mouth and nose if the person sneezes or coughs. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study among 362 students from the International University of Africa, Sudan, was carried out between August 2021 and September 2022. Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 26 was used for data analysis;frequency and percentage were used to describe the qualitative variables. A chi-square test was used for association analysis;a P-value ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Among study participants, the females were 70.9%;most were 20 - 23 years old (73.6%). 54.2% were vaccinated against COVID-19;83.6% had good knowledge regarding the mode of transmission, and 76.1% stayed in during quarantine. 80.6% of participants understood social distancing correctly. 76.1% of males and 45.1% of females started or completed vaccination (P ≤ 0.05). 51.4% of males and 81.3% of females adhered to preventive measures (P ≤ 0.05). Conclusions: It is important to target health education campaigns and interventions to improve adherence to preventive measures among university students. Although the pandemic is coming to an end, a lesson should be learned from it, and future preparation should be employed.

Prevention program for the COVID-19 in a children’s digestive endoscopy center

The pneumonia caused by the coronavirus disease-2019(COVID-19)outbreak in Wuhan,China constitutes a public health emergency of international concern.The gastrointestinal symptoms of vomiting,diarrhea and abdominal pain and the detection of COVID-19 nucleic acid from fecal specimens in a small number of patients suggest the possibility of transmission via the gastrointestinal tract.People of all ages are vulnerable to this virus,including children.Digestive endoscopy is an invasive procedure during which children cannot wear masks;therefore,they have higher risks of exposure to COVID-19,and the digestive endoscopy center is a relatively high-risk area for COVID-19 infection.Based on these factors and in combination with related policies and regulations,a prevention and control program for the COVID-19 pneumonia in a children's digestive endoscopy center was established to prevent the COVID-19 nosocomial infection.