Forming Mechanism of Gaseous Defect in Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb Exhaust Valves Formed with Permanent Mold Centrifugal Casting Method

A method combining theoretical analysis with experiment is adopted and the flowing process of Ti-48A1-2Cr-2Nb alloy melt poured in a permanent mould during the centrifugal casting process has been analyzed. A mathematical model of the filling process is established and the forming mechanism of internal gaseous defect is summarized. The results of calculation show that the melt fills the mould with varying cross-section area and inclined angle. The filling speed of the cross-section is a function of filling time. The cross-section area is directly proportional to the filling speed and the inclined angle is inversely proportional to the filling speed at a given rotating speed of the platform. Both of them changes more obvious near the mould entrance. The gaseous defect can be formed in several ways and the centrifugal field has an important influence on the formation of the defect. In addition, the filling process in centrifugal field has been verified by wax experiments and the theoretical analysis are consistent with experimental results.

Refractory Hard Alloys Elaborated by Casting of Ternary (Co, Ni Fe)-30Cr-2.5 to 5 wt% C Compositions

Three series of ternary alloys of the {M-30Cr-xC}-type with M = Co, Ni or Fe and x ranging from 2.5 to 5 wt% were elaborated by casting. Their microstructure characterizations by XRD and SEM show that very high volume fractions in chromium carbides (even more than 50%) may be obtained in a metallic matrix by this way. However graphite may also appear in very low quantities in the carbon-richest alloys. The hardness increases with the carbon content (up to 1000 Hv30kg) but it may be a little lowered when graphite is also present. The results show that very hard alloys may be simply obtained by casting of rather cheap elements.

Microstructural Characterization of Novel Ni-Containing Nd-Fe-B Strips by Strip Casting

The characteristics of novel Nd-Fe （Ni, Co, Al ）-B microstructure prepared by strip casting technique were studied. The novel microstructure was observed using scanning electron microscope （SEM） and transmission electron microscope （TEM）. Along the direction of heat flow, there are two kinds of different microstructures. Close to the wheel side, there is a thick layer containing many polygonal Nd2Fe14B grains. Near the free surface side, however, there are relative uniform platelike Nd2Fe14B grains whose growth direction is not completely the direction of the heat flow during solidification. The formation of the novel microstructure is presumed to be the contribution of the special temperature field and Ni component.

Microstructures and mechanical properties of AZ91D/0Cr19Ni9 bimetal composite prepared by liquid-solid compound casting

The liquid-solid compound casting technology was used to produce the AZ91D/0Cr19Ni9 bimetal composite without and with hot dipping aluminium, respectively. The influences of Al coating on microstructures and mechanical properties of AZ91D/0Cr19Ni9 interface were investigated. The results showed that the mechanical bonding was obtained between AZ91D and bare steel 0Cr19Ni9 where a gap existed at the interface; the metallurgical bonding was formed between AZ91D and Al-coated 0Cr19Ni9, which could be divided into two different intermetallic layers: layer Ⅰ was mainly composed of α-Mg+β-Mg17Al12 eutectic structure and a small amount of MgAl2O4, and layer Ⅱ mainly comprised of Fe2Al5 intermetallic compound. Furthermore, the hardness value of interface was obviously higher than that of AZ91D matrix, and the average hardness values of layers Ⅰ and Ⅱ were HV 158 and HV 493, respectively. The shear strength of AZ91D/Al-coated 0Cr19Ni9 interface was higher than that of AZ91D/bare 0Cr19Ni9 interface, which confirmed that Al coating could improve the adhesive strength between AZ91D and 0Cr19Ni9 during liquid-solid compound casting process.

Improving mechanical properties of AZ91D magnesium/A356 aluminum bimetal prepared by compound casting via a high velocity oxygen fuel sprayed Ni coating

In this paper,a Ni coating was deposited on the surface of the A356 aluminum alloy by high velocity oxygen fuel spraying to improve the performance of the AZ91D magnesium/A356 aluminum bimetal prepared by a compound casting.The effects of the Ni coating as well as its thickness on microstructure and mechanical properties of the AZ91D/A356 bimetal were systematically researched for the first time.Results demonstrated that the Ni coating and its thickness had a significant effect on the interfacial phase compositions and mechanical properties of the AZ91D/A356 bimetal.The 10μm’s Ni coating cannot prevent the generation of the Al-Mg intermetallic compounds(IMCs)at the interface zone of the AZ91D/A356 bimetal,while the Ni coating with the thickness of 45μm and 190μm can avoid the formation of the Al-Mg IMCs.When the Ni coating was 45μm,the Ni coating disappeared and transformed into Mg-Mg_(2)Ni eutectic structures+Ni_(2)Mg_(3)Al particles at the interface zone.With a thickness of 190μm’s Ni coating,part of the Ni coating remained and the interface layer was composed of the Mg-Mg_(2)Ni eutectic structures+Ni_(2)Mg_(3)Al particles,Mg_(2)Ni layer,Ni solid solution(SS)layer,Al_(3)Ni_(2) layer,Al_(3)Ni layer and sporadic Al_(3)Ni+Al-Al_(3)Ni eutectic structures from AZ91D side to A356 side in sequence.The interface layer consisting of the Mg-Ni and Al-Ni IMCs obtained with the Ni coating had an obvious lower hardness than the Al-Mg IMCs.The shear strength of the AZ91D/A356 bimetal with a Ni coating of 45μm thickness enhanced 41.4%in comparison with that of the bimetal without Ni coating,and the fracture of the bimetal with 45μm’s Ni coating occurred between the Mg matrix and the interface layer with a mixture of brittle fracture and ductile fracture.

Behavior of Zr-Rich Phase in a Cast NiAl-33.5Cr-0.5Zr Alloy during Heat Treatment

There are many Zr particles in as-cast NiAl-33.5Cr-0.5Zr (at. pct) alloy, which usually exist at the edge of eutectic of beta -NiAl and cx-Cr. After air and furnace cooling solution treatments, far 1400 degreesC, 2 h and 1450 degreesC, 1 h, pure Zr phase remains in the furnace cooling (F.C.) state alloys and Ni2AlZr phase forms in the air cooling (A.C.) state alloys. During solution treatment at 1450 degreesC, bulk and 'fish bone' shape Zr-rich phases form respectively in F.C. and A.C. state alloys. A 'river' shape Ni2AlZr phase forms after 1450 C for 1h F.C. and 850 degreesC for 12 h, F.C.. The alloy has less pure Zr and Ni2AlZr phase after 1400 degreesC with both air and furnace cooling followed by 850 C and 950 C for 12 h, F.C. aging treatments, respectively. Additionally, there is a ternary eutectic of NiAlZr and a phase enriched Zr and Cr forms at the edge of the eutectic of beta -NiAl and alpha -Cr in the alloy treated at 1400 degreesC, 2 h, F.C. and 950 degreesC, 12 h, F.C.

Research on surface defects and continuous casting process of Fe-Ni alloy

Over the last decade,various Fe-Ni alloys have been developed at Baosteel using the EAF-AOD-LFVD-CC route. This paper first reveals the main cause of defects in Fe-Ni alloys,including surface edge cracks on hot-rolling strips and slivers on cold-rolling strips of Fe-36% Ni alloy. Then,the material properties and in-situ solidification behavior w ere experimentally investigated. The gas content and average diameter of the inclusions in Fe-36% Ni alloy that occur along the EAF-AOD-LF-VD-CC route w ere also investigated via potentiostatic electrolysis using a non-aqueous organic electrolytic. Furthermore,the heat transfer and solidification in a continuous casting mold w ere predicted based on an inverse heat transfer model using the measured mold temperature. Experimental results show that the gas content,w hich is < 0. 001 5% in a continuous casting slab,and the average diameter of the inclusions both decrease during the metallurgical EAF-AOD-LF-VD-CC process. The average diameter of the inclusions in a continuous casting slab is ～ 18 μm,w hich tends to induce slivers during subsequent cold-rolling process. Experimental in-situ solidification results show that the mushy zone betw een the liquidus and solidus of Fe-Ni alloy is much narrow er than that of plain carbon steel. Stresses are generated during continuous casting,primarily due to the thermal contraction of a few percentage points,and any strain applied to the steel w ithin this temperature region w ill cause cracks to propagate outw ard from the solidification front betw een the dendrites. Numerical simulation results illustrate that heat flux and shell thickness are uneven across the w idth of the mold,particularly the shell thickness close to the edge of the slab surface in the fixed face is 6-mm thinner than that at the slab center. Based on these results,the incidence of surface defects in Fe-Ni alloy can be greatly reduced by the adjustment and optimization of its refining and continuous casting process.

Fe-15Cr-25Ni合金晶界特征与蠕变行为

在两种不同晶界状态下研究了Fe-15Cr-25Ni合金蠕变行为。单相合金表现出典型的回复蠕变行为,而在晶界上密集析出碳化物时蠕变速度大大降低,蠕变规律也和单相合金明显不同。沿晶界析出密集排列的碳化物时,晶界附近位错密度高,亚晶细小。对两种晶界状态下的蠕变机制进行了讨论。

Fe-17Mn-5Si-10Cr-5Ni形状记忆合金管接头性能分析

对 Fe- 17Mn- 5 Si- 10 Cr- 5 Ni合金管接头的形状记忆效应和连接性能进行了系统地分析 ,结果表明 :1形状恢复率随着预变形量的增加而降低 ;最大可恢复应变出现在 4%～ 6 %之间 ;预变形量为 4.5 %～ 8%时管接头的紧固力较大 ,耐压密封性较好。 2热—机械训练可显著提高管接头的形状记忆效应、连接的紧固力和耐压密封性。 3管接头的形状记忆效应随着其壁厚的增大而降低 ;管接头壁厚有一个合理的取值范围 ,可使其连接的紧固力较大、耐压密封性较好。 4管接头连接长度越长 ,管接头的紧固力越小而耐压密封性越好。5管接头结构对管接头连接的耐压密封性影响很大 。

Fe-15Cr-25Ni高温合金热压缩变形条件下的流变应力模型

采用Gleeble-1500热模拟试验机对Fe-15Cr-25Ni高温合金在应变速率为0.005～1.0s-1,变形温度为950～1200℃条件下的流变应力进行了研究.结果表明:在实验范围内,Fe-15Cr-25Ni高温合金热压缩变形过程中发生明显的动态再结晶;用Zener-Hollomon参数的双曲对数函数能较好的描述Fe-15Cr-25Ni合金流变行为;所回归的峰值应力表达式为:σp＝21.3139lnε·+9.580495×105·Τ-1-538.12;热变形激活能Q＝373.71kJ/mol.

稀土对Ni-Cr-Cu合金铸铁组织及耐碱腐蚀性能的影响

设计了不同含量的稀土镍-铬-铜合金铸铁,采用光学显微镜观察组织,用失重法测定合金铸铁在动态、高温、高浓度碱液中的腐蚀速率。结果表明,添加稀土可以改善合金铸铁中石墨的形态及分布,使之由长条形逐渐球化;并且随着稀土含量的增加,石墨数量增加,合金铸铁的耐蚀性增强。但稀土过量会使得合金铸铁的耐蚀性减弱。

膨胀法分析Fe-17Mn-10Cr-5Si-4Ni形状记忆合金的恢复特性

利用FormasterFTM - 4型膨胀仪对Fe - 17Mn - 5Si - 10Cr - 5Ni合金的形状恢复特性进行了分析 ,测得了恢复应变随加热温度变化的连续曲线 .结果表明 ,合金在加热恢复前后 ,其热线性膨胀系数基本不变 ;合金发生ε→γ马氏体逆相变的起始温度As和预变形量无关 ,而终止温度Af 随预变形量的增加而升高 ;试样在恢复过程中 ,前期和后期恢复较慢 ,中期恢复较快 ;合金的形状恢复率随预变形量的增大而降低 ;但最大可恢复应变出现在预变形量为 5

热-机械循环训练对Fe-15Mn-4Si-8Cr-4Ni形状记忆合金耐腐蚀性能和低温应力松弛的影响

研究了热-机械循环训练对Fe-15Mn-4Si-8Cr-4Ni形状记忆合金耐腐蚀性能以及低温松弛的影响,结果表明,随着循环次数的增加,合金在5%NaOH溶液中的耐腐蚀性能呈下降的趋势,这是因为热-机械循环处理导致了碳化物的大量析出,从而降低合金的耐腐蚀性能;经过热-机械循环处理后合金的低温应力松弛率高于未经循环处理的合金,约提高3%左右。导致合金低温应力松弛率提高的原因是回复应力的提高为应力诱发ε马氏体相变提供了大的机械驱动力以及应力诱发ε马氏体的临界应力的降低。

固溶处理对高Cr-Ni铸造不锈钢耐磨损腐蚀性能的影响

研究了固溶热处理对高Ｃｒ－Ｎｉ铸造不锈钢耐磨损腐蚀性能的影响，探讨 了钢的磨损腐蚀性能与显微组织、硬度，耐腐蚀性能之间的关系，以及高Ｃｒ－ Ｎｉ不锈钢的磨损腐蚀机制。结果表明：当固溶温度超过１１５０℃后，钢的耐磨 损腐蚀性能才明显增加；钢的耐磨损腐蚀性能与硬度无一致性关系，而与耐 腐蚀性能有一定的相关性；钢的耐磨损腐蚀性能、耐腐蚀性能、硬度均与组织 中析出相的性质和数量有关。

碳、镍、钼对铸造Fe-Cr-Ni合金高温抗拉强度的影响

当碳含量为0．10％～0．70％时，随碳量增加，Fe-Cr-Ni合金1250℃高温抗拉强度显著提高，在碳量大约为0．40％时达到峰值，而后急剧下降。同样，镍为10％和钼为0．3％时，合金1250℃高温强度最大。

Fe-Cr-Ni合金连铸坯皮下裂纹研究

目前,Fe-Cr-Ni耐蚀合金连铸坯往往会产生皮下裂纹。为此,采用金相试验、电子探针分析和凝固过程的原位观察等方法,研究了150 mm厚×1 150 mm长的Fe-Cr-Ni合金连铸坯产生皮下裂纹的原因。试验结果表明,皮下裂纹大多发生在Fe-Cr-Ni合金连铸坯凝固前沿的晶界,该区域发现有大量的TiO_2、Al_2O_3等氧化物,这是Fe-Cr-Ni合金中Al和Ti元素与保护渣中的SiO_2反应的产物。此外,皮下裂纹内有钠和钾等元素,结晶器内化渣困难,弯月面处的保护渣易被卷入连铸坯皮下区域。Fe-Cr-Ni合金连铸坯的皮下裂纹主要是保护渣及其反应产物造成的。

15Cr-5Ni不锈钢的显微组织特征与力学性能

利用光学显微镜、SEM与拉伸试验研究了15Cr-5Ni不锈钢冷轧板在不同热处理工艺下显微组织与力学性能的变化,并采用EBSD技术分析了析出物与基体的取向关系。结果表明,力学性能与相态的转变及碳化物析出有关;保温过程中析出的奥氏体相与基体呈特殊取向关系;层片状的奥氏体以残留奥氏体为核心并以无扩散的切变方式逆转变长大;逆转变奥氏体与原始奥氏体晶粒取向一致,同时同一原始晶粒内的逆转变奥氏体间也存在孪晶关系。

稀土对Ni-Cr-Cu合金铸铁组织及耐碱腐蚀性能的影响

设计了含不同量的稀土镍-铬-铜合金铸铁,采用光学显微镜观察组织,用失重法测定合金铸铁在静态、室温、高浓度碱液中的腐蚀速率.结果表明:添加稀土可以改善合金铸铁中石墨的形态及分布,使之由长条形逐渐球化,从而增强合金铸铁的耐蚀性.但稀土过量会使得合金铸铁的耐蚀性减弱.

Microstructure and properties of Al/Cu bimetal in liquid-solid compound casting process

A Ni-P coating was deposited on Cu substrate by electroless plating and the Al/Cu bimetal was produced by solid？liquid compound casting technology. The microstructure, mechanical properties and conductivity of Al/Cu joints with different process parameters （bonding temperature and preheating time） were investigated. The results showed that intermetallics formed at the interface and the thickness and variety increased with the increase of bonding temperature and preheating time. The Ni？P interlayer functioned as a diffusion barrier and protective film which effectively reduced the formation of intermetallics. The shear strength and conductivity of Al/Cu bimetal were reduced by increasing the thickness of intermetallics. In particular, the detrimental effect of Al2Cu phase was more obvious compared with the others. The sample preheated at 780 ℃ for 150 s exhibited the maximum shear strength and conductivity of 49.8 MPa and 5.29×10^5 S/cm, respectively.

热处理对含Nb高Cr-Ni不锈钢耐磨蚀性能的影响

研究了固溶处理和稳定化处理对含 Nb 高 Cr-Ni 铸造不锈钢耐磨蚀性能的影响,探讨了耐磨蚀性能与显微组织、硬度及耐腐蚀性能之间的关系。结果表明:固溶处理温度超过1150℃后,钢的耐磨蚀性能明显提高。耐磨蚀性能随稳定化处理时间的延长而降低,处理时间超过6h后,耐磨蚀性能显著提高。耐磨蚀性能与耐腐蚀性能有较好的对应关系,与组织中析出相的性质和数量有密切的关系。