Influence of Creep Strength of Weld on Interfacial Creep Damage of Dissimilar Welded Joint between Martensitic and Bainitic Heat-Resistant Steel

The mechanical properties, creep rupture strength, creep damage and failure characteristics of dissimilar metal welded joint （DMWJ） between martensitic （SA213T91） and bainitic heat-resistant steel （12Cr2MoWVTiB（G102）） have been investigated by means of pulsed argon arc welding, high temperature accelerated simulation, mechanical and creep rupture test, and scanning electronic microscope （SEM）. The results show that there is a marked drop of mechanical properties of undermatching joint, and low ductility cracking along weld/G102 interface is induced due to creep damage. Creep rupture strength of overmatching joint is the least. The mechanical properties of medium matching joint are superior to those of overmatching and undermatching joint, and creep damage and failure tendency along the interface of weld/G102 are lower than those of overmatching and undermatching joint after accelerated simulation for 500 h, 1 000 h, 1 500 h, and the creep rupture strength of medium matching joint is the same as that of undermatching joint. Therefore, it is reasonable that the medium matching material is used for dissimilar welded joint between martensitic and bainitic steel.

Nanoindentation Characterization of Creep-fatigue Interaction on Local Creep Behavior of P92 Steel Welded Joint

In modern fossil and nuclear power plants,the components are subjected to creep,fatigue,and creep-fatigue(CF)due to frequent start-up and shut-down operations at high temperatures.The CF interaction on the in-service P92 steel welded joint was investigated by strain-controlled CF tests with different dwell times of 30,120,300,600 and 900 s at 650℃.Based on the observations of the fracture surface by scanning electron microscope(SEM),the character-istic microstructure of fatigue-induced damage was found for the CF specimens with short dwell times(30 and 120 s).The hardness,elastic modulus and creep deformation near the fracture edges of four typical CF specimens with 30,120,600 and 900 s dwell times were measured by nanoindentation.Compared to specimens with post-weld heat treatment(PWHT),lower hardness and creep strength were found for all CF specimens.In addition,significant reduc-tions in hardness,elastic modulus,and creep strength were measured near the fracture edges for the CF specimens with short dwell times compared to the PWHT specimens.Compared to PWHT specimens(0.007),the increased strain rate sensitivities(SRS)of 0.010 to 0.17 were estimated from secondary creep.The increased values of SRS indicate that the room temperature creeps behavior is strongly affected by the decrease in dislocation density after the CF tests.

Study of carbides in a 2.25Cr-1Mo hot reheat steam pipe joint after long-term service

Carbides in a 2. 25Cr-1Mo hot reheat steam pipe joint over 20 years service at 565℃ , were studied by means of H- 800 TEM and EDAX. It is concluded that there were M2C, M23C6 and M6C carbides in the joint, M2 C →M6C and M23 C6→M6 C carbide transformations were also found in both base metal and weld metal. Cube-to-Cube orientation relationship exists between M23 C6 and M6 C.

EVALUATION OF CREEP PROPERTIES FOR 316FR STEEL THICK PLATE WELDMENT USING MINIATURE CREEP SPECIMEN

Evaluation of creep properties of the welded joint through taking local fluctuation of the mechanical properties into consideration is experimentally or analytically seldom carried out. The purposes of the present study are to examine the surface strain distribution in the weld metal of a full thickness welded joint specimen and subsequently to investigate the local variation in the properties of the all-weld metal part of the joint using miniature specimens. A welded joint was prepared for 316FR steel plates by gas tungsten arc welding process using Mod. 316L filler wire. Creep tests were conducted at 823K in air using full thickness large welded joint specimens, HAZ and all-weld metal miniature specimens. From the results obtained, it is concluded that the creep properties of multi-layer welded joints strongly depend on the location of specimen sampling.

Boron metallurgy of advanced ferritic power plant steels and welded joints

This paper describes the alloy design philosophy for the improvement of long-term creep strength of tempered martensitic 9Cr steel,including welded joints.The creep life t_r is inversely proportional to the minimum creep rateε_(min) times the increase in creep rate by strain dlnε/dεin the acceleration region as t_r = 1.5/[(ε_(min)) (dlnε/dε)].The parametersε_(min) and dlnε/dεare closely correlated with the time to minimum creep rate t_m and the strain to minimum creep rateε_m,which characterize the creep deformation behavior in the transient region.The boundary and sub-boundary hardening is shown to be the most important strengthening mechanism in creep of 9Cr steel and is enhanced by fine dispersions of precipitates along boundaries.The addition of boron reduces the coarsening rate of M_(23)C_6 carbides along boundaries near prior austenite grain boundaries during creep.The enhancement of boundary and sub-boundary hardening increases the t_m and decreases theε_(min),which improves the creep life.The boundary and sub-boundary hardening is significantly reduced in fine-grained region of heataffected -zone(HAZ) of conventional steel P92 welded joints,promoting TypeⅣfracture.In NIMS 9Cr boron steel welded joints,the distribution of carbonitrides along boundaries are substantially the same between the HAZ and base metal,suppressing the TypeⅣfracture.

Evaluation of microstructure and creep damage in high-Cr ferritic steel welds

11Cr-0.4Mo-2W-CuVNb steel （ASME Gr.122） is used for boiler components in ultra- supercritical （USC） thermal power plants. The creep strength of high-Cr steel welds decreases due to the formation of Type IV creep damage in the heat-affected zone （HAZ） during long-term use at high temperatures. In the present study, the processes and mechanisms of Type Ⅳ creep damage were elucidated by investigating the long-term creep strength, microstructure and damage behavior of Gr.122 steel welds. Creep tests using thick welded joints were interrupted at several time steps, and the initiation, evolution and distribution of creep damage were measured. It was found that the formation and growth of creep damage was suppressed during the steady- state stage; creep voids formed at 0.5 of life, and coalesced to form a crack after 0.9 of life. Type IV creep damage was mostly observed in the area about 30% below the surface of the plate. Differences in creep damage behavior between Gr.122 and Gr.91 steel welds were examined. Experimental creep damage distribution was compared with computed versions using the finite element method and damage mechanics.

Creep and creep-fatigue behavior of high chromium steel weldment

Strength of welded joints of high chromium steels is one of the important concerns for fabricators and operators of ultra supercritical thermal power plants. A number of creep as well as creep-fatigue tests with tensile hold have been carried out on the welded joints of two types of high chromium steels widely used in Japan, i.e. Grade 91 and 122 steels. It was found that failure occurred in fine grain heat-affected zone in all the creep-fatigue tests, even at a relatively low temperature and fairly short time where failure occurred in plain base metal region in simple creep testing. Four procedures were used to predict failure lives and their results were compared with the test results. A newly proposed energy-based approach gave the best estimation of failure life, without respect of the material and temperature.

ISOCHRONOUS STRESS-STRAIN CURVES OF LOW ALLOY STEEL CROSS-WELD-SPECIMEN AT HIGH TEMPERATURE

In this work, a parametric approach is presented and utilized to determine the creep properties of weldments; then the model of creep strain for cross weld specimen is given. On the basis of the experimental results, attempt has been made to establish equations of the isochronous stress-strain for weld joint that can predict the function of loading and service time in use of the creep data of base metal and weld metal.

Cr-Mo耐热钢焊接接头蠕变过程中Mo_2C变化规律的研究

研究了 2 .2 5Cr- 1 Mo钢焊接接头蠕变时母材和焊缝中的 Mo2 C的变化规律。试验结果表明 ,在焊接接头中 Mo2 C呈针状、片状和碎屑状三种形貌 ,但主要以针状形态析出 ,当以片状或碎屑状析出时 ,会使材料的蠕变抗力降低。针状 Mo2

国产加钒钢焊接接头不同区域的蠕变裂纹扩展行为

以国产2.25Cr-1Mo-V加钒钢焊接接头为研究对象,在550℃和不同初始应力强度因子(19.04,17.57,16.40,14.64,13.47MPa·m^(0.5))下对母材、焊缝和热影响区进行蠕变裂纹扩展试验,研究了焊接接头不同区域的蠕变裂纹扩展行为,探究了应力强度因子和C^(*)参量表征蠕变裂纹扩展速率的适用性,并观察了断口形貌。结果表明:随着初始应力强度因子的增加,母材、焊缝和热影响区的蠕变断裂寿命缩短,归一化稳态蠕变裂纹扩展速率增大。在相同初始应力强度因子下,焊缝的蠕变断裂寿命最长、归一化稳态蠕变裂纹扩展速率最小,说明焊缝抵抗蠕变裂纹扩展的能力最强,蠕变性能最佳;热影响区的蠕变断裂寿命最短、归一化稳态蠕变裂纹扩展速率最大。接头不同区域的归一化蠕变裂纹扩展速率与应力强度因子的变化曲线都呈类似“V”字形状,对应蠕变裂纹的萌生、稳定扩展和加速扩展阶段;应力强度因子和归一化蠕变裂纹扩展速率的分布具有显著的分散性;C^(*)参量与归一化蠕变裂纹扩展速率具有更强线性关系,且C^(*)参量和归一化蠕变裂纹扩展速率的分布集中。随着初始应力强度因子的增加,母材、焊缝和热影响区的断裂模式由沿晶断裂或穿晶断裂向沿晶/穿晶混合断裂转变。

Creep behavior and damage evolution of T92/Super304H dissimilar weld joints

Creep tests of T92/Super304H joints were performed at 923 K under the stress of 85-165 MPa. Microstructure evolution was characterized by light microscopy, scanning electron microcopy and transmission electron microscopy to probe the relationship between creep performance deterioration and microstructure evolution. Results showed that for all the creep tests, failure occurred at fine-grained heat-affected zone of T92, and the joints have lower creep strength than the base metal T92. However, as the stress increased from 85 to 165 MPa, the creep fracture changed from a mixed mode, i.e., intergranular fracture in the center part and transgranular fracture in the edge part to total transgranular fracture. The longer the creep life, the greater is the proportion of the intergranular fracture. The M23C6 coarsened and the Laves phase precipitated along grain boundaries during long-term creep. Vacancies nucleate and propagate at the interface between coarse M23C6, Laves phase and matrix. Finally, cracks forming along grain boundaries are responsible for intergranular fracture.

基于数字图像相关技术的微合金化25Cr35NiNb钢焊接接头蠕变变形表征

采用数字图像相关(DIC)技术通过分区引伸计与平均化法获得了在900℃和不同应力水平(37~55 MPa)下乙烯裂解炉管常用微合金化25Cr35NiNb钢焊接接头不同区域的高温蠕变应变曲线,结合显微组织分析探讨了蠕变损伤机理;采用由DIC技术获得的高温蠕变变形数据和基于遗传算法的全局优先算法进行参数识别,建立基于双曲正弦函数的蠕变本构模型,采用该模型对不同应力水平下焊接接头不同区域的蠕变变形行为进行预测,并进行试验验证。结果表明:在相同应力水平下焊接接头焊缝区域的最小蠕变应变速率比母材区域小,说明焊缝区域的抗蠕变变形能力优于母材区域;与焊缝区域相比,母材区域更早进入蠕变第三阶段,且蠕变变形更大,靠近熔合线3~5 mm处母材区域是整个焊接接头的薄弱区域。随着应力水平的降低,母材区域的骨架状碳化物M_(7)C_(3)相向块状、链状M_(23)C_(6)相转变,蠕虫状NbC相向粗大块状G相转变,同时晶内析出大量弥散分布的M_(23)C_(6)二次碳化物,G相与基体界面处形成蠕变空洞并相互连接形成裂纹;不同应力水平蠕变试验后焊缝区域组织仍保持骨架状形态,蠕变损伤程度较小。蠕变本构模型预测得到的蠕变应变与试验结果吻合较好,平均相对误差小于5%,说明该模型能够较好地预测微合金化25Cr35NiNb钢焊接接头的非均质蠕变变形行为。

固溶和稳定化热处理对TP347钢焊接接头组织的影响研究

对TP347钢管道焊接接头在经过1050℃固溶热处理和900℃稳定化热处理后不同区域显微组织的变化进行了研究。结果表明:在焊态下,热影响区晶粒长大,形成不同形态的铁素体,并有NbC和Cr的碳化物析出;在固溶处理后,观察到热影响区和焊缝区中铁素体含量明显减少,并且发现有分布更分散且尺寸更小的NbC;在先固溶处理再稳定化热处理后,观察到NbC在尺寸上进一步变小,表明这种热处理方法能够有效地分散NbC颗粒。研究结果表明,TP347钢经固溶热处理和稳定化热处理后铁素体转变、NbC形成以及降低焊接热循环引起的显微组织变化,可以有效提高材料的抗晶间腐蚀性能。

HR3C/T91异种耐热钢焊接接头的力学性能及界面蠕变失效行为研究

针对新型奥氏体不锈钢HR3C与细晶粒强韧马氏体耐热钢T91异种钢焊接接头,采用手工氩弧焊接工艺、高温加速模拟、高温持久和常温力学性能试验研究HR3C与T91异种钢焊接接头的力学性能变化、高温强度、界面蠕变损伤及破坏特征。研究结果表明,焊前预热448 K,焊后不进行热处理条件下,接头的力学性能优异。加速模拟运行3 004 h后,接头的力学性能仍然良好。而加速模拟运行5 012 h后,HR3C/T91界面发生了蠕变失效,蠕变裂纹在管接头内表面焊缝/T91界面形核、扩展,然后在管接头外表面T91的临界热影响区内发展,最后导致接头蠕变失效。拉伸和弯曲试验过程中,接头的强度和塑性下降严重,断裂位置均在焊缝/T91界面区域。因此,焊缝/T91界面容易发生早期蠕变失效。

马氏体/贝氏体耐热钢焊接接头的界面蠕变损伤行为

采用脉冲氩弧焊接工艺、高温加速模拟、高温持久实验研究了不同焊缝蠕变强度匹配条件下马氏体耐热钢9Cr1MoVNbN与贝氏体耐热钢12Cr2MOWVTiB异种钢焊接接头的高温强度、界面蠕变损伤及破坏特征．研究结果表明，焊前523K预热、焊后1023K×1h回火条件下，接头的力学性能优异．加速模拟运行500，1000和1500h后低匹配焊接接头的界面蠕变损伤最严重，发生了界面蠕变断裂，早期失效倾向较大；中匹配接头的蠕变损伤最小，仅发现个别孤立蠕变孔洞，早期失效倾向最小，中匹配接头在923K下的持久强度（σ10^5）与低匹配接头比较接近；高匹配接头在923K下的持久强度（σ10^5）最低，蠕变孔洞几乎连成裂纹，蠕变损伤和早期失效较大．因此，对于上述异种钢焊接接头采用中匹配焊缝较为合理．

高温再热器T91钢焊接接头裂纹分析

对T91钢焊接接头泄漏部位进行了宏观检验、显微组织检验、金相分析、元素分析和碳化物的衍射斑点分析。结果表明,焊接接头的裂纹是典型的"Ⅲ型开裂"。焊接温度过高使热影响区粗晶区处析出大量的M23C6型碳化物并粗化,导致晶界韧性恶化、抗蠕变断裂强度弱化是造成焊接接头产生裂纹的主要原因。对此,建议施焊时应适当降低焊接温度,避免碳化物析出并粗化。

Research and Development of Heat-Resistant Materials for Advanced USC Power Plants with Steam Temperatures of 700℃ and Above

Materials-development projects for advanced ultra-supercritical(A-USC) power plants with steam temperatures of 700℃ and above have been performed in order to achieve high efficiency and low CO_2 emissions in Europe, the US, Japan, and recently in China and India as well. These projects involve the replacement of martensitic 9%–12% Cr steels with nickel(Ni)-base alloys for the highest temperature boiler and turbine components in order to provide sufficient creep strength at 700℃ and above. To minimize the requirement for expensive Ni-base alloys, martensitic 9%–12% Cr steels can be applied to the next highest temperature components of an A-USC power plant, up to a maximum of 650℃. This paper comprehensively describes the research and development of Ni-base alloys and martensitic 9%–12% Cr steels for thick section boiler and turbine components of A-USC power plants, mainly focusing on the long-term creep-rupture strength of base metal and welded joints, strength loss in welded joints, creep-fatigue properties, and microstructure evolution during exposure at elevated temperatures.

异种金属焊接接头微观组织演化及高温失效机理综述

使用镍基焊缝连接铁素体基耐热钢和奥氏体不锈钢(或镍基合金)形成的异种金属焊接接头(DMWs,Dissimilar Metal Welds)在核电、火电、石化等行业有着广泛的应用。DMWs在高温低应力服役条件下经常会出现早期失效,导致机组非正常停机,带来巨大的经济损失和安全隐患,故DMWs的早期失效问题一直受到工程界和学术界的重点关注。围绕DMWs的早期失效问题,回顾并总结了近几十年来该领域的相关研究成果。首先,介绍了DMWs的组织特点,重点关注了铁素体基耐热钢与焊缝界面附近区域的冶金特点,包括界面马氏体层、碳迁移、Ⅰ/Ⅱ型碳化物等;其次,简要总结了DMWs焊接残余应力的特点及其影响因素;再次,汇总了DMWs的高温蠕变数据,针对DMWs蠕变断裂位置转移的特点进行了分析,其中沿铁素体基耐热钢与焊缝界面断裂是DMWs失效的显著特征,这种失效方式与界面处应变集中、热应力、基体组织退化、碳化物粗化以及氧化等有关;最后,给出了若干种延长DMWs服役寿命的方法和建议。

马氏体/贝氏体异种耐热钢焊接接头界面蠕变失效数值模拟

采用有限元法对高、中、低匹配马氏体T91与贝氏体G102异种耐热钢接头在560℃、不同外加轴向拉应力条件下的蠕变最大主应力、von Mises等效应力进行数值模拟,并通过加速试验对模拟结果进行验证。结果表明,低匹配接头焊缝/G102界面附近最大主应力数值很高,蠕变孔洞易于在焊缝/G102界面形成。高匹配接头焊缝/低强母材界面的最大应力和von Mises等效应力数值很高,孔洞易于形核、扩张。中匹配接头焊缝/G102界面附近最大主应力和von Mises等效应力最小。加速试验后低匹配接头焊缝/G102界面发生蠕变断裂,高匹配接头焊缝/G102界面处的蠕变孔洞几乎连成裂纹,中匹配接头焊缝/G102界面附近的晶界仅存在个别孤立蠕变孔洞,早期失效倾向最小。数值模拟结果与加速试验结果一致。

国产T91/P91的深化研究

T91／P91钢是我国发展超临界发电机组的主要候选钢种。对国产化T91／P91钢的深化研究表明：国产化T9llP91钢母材存在蠕变脆化倾向，焊接接头存在强度弱化和早期蠕变失效现象。研究证明：硫（S）是引起国产T91／P91钢晶界弱化和蠕变脆化的主要杂质元素；沪产T91钢中的铝（A1）和川产T91钢中的钛（Ti）等残余元素含量过高造成T91钢中弥散相NbV（C，N）分布不均匀和在钢中体积份额的减少。因此，沪产T91应严格控制A1含量；川产T91／P91应严格控制Ti含量。