热处理对等离子熔覆Fe-Mo-Cr-Ni-B合金覆层组织及耐磨性能的影响

采用等离子熔覆技术在H13合金钢表面熔覆Fe-Mo-Cr-Ni-B合金,利用光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)配合能谱仪(EDS)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、显微硬度计以及多功能摩擦磨损试验机,对热处理前后熔覆层的组织结构、硬度和耐磨性进行分析。结果表明,Fe-Mo-Cr-Ni-B合金覆层主要由α-Fe、Mo_(2)FeB_(2)、(Mo,Fe,Cr)_(3)B_(2)和Fe_(23)(B,C)_(6)相组成;熔覆层磨损以Mo_(2)FeB_(2)硬质相的脆性剥落为主;在1000℃温度热处理后,熔覆层平均硬度达到1061HV_(0.5),相比于焊态提高了28.3%,耐磨性相比于焊态提升了42.0%。合金覆层硬度提升和耐磨性的改善可以归因于高温热处理导致的碳化物共晶组织消失、Mo_(2)FeB_(2)硬质相增多以及黏结相强度增加。

Effect of heat treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti-containing low alloy martensitic wear-resistant steel

Effects of quenching temperature and cooling conditions(water cooling and 10%NaCl cooling)on microstructure and mechanical properties of a 0.2%Ti low alloy martensitic wear-resistant steel used for die casting ejector plate were investigated.The results show that lath martensite can be obtained after austenitizing in the range of 860-980℃and then water cooling.With an increase in austenitizing temperature,the precipitate content gradually decreases.The precipitates are mainly composed of TiC and Ti4C2S2,and their total content is between 1.15wt.%and 1.64wt.%.The precipitate phase concentration by water-cooling is higher than that by10%NaCl cooling due to the lower cooling rate of water cooling.As the austeniting temperature increases,the hardness and tensile strength of both water cooled and 10%NaCl cooled steels firstly increase and then decrease.The experimental steel exhibits the best comprehensive mechanical properties after being austenitized at 900℃,cooled by 10%NaCl,and then tempered at 200℃.Its hardness,ultimate tensile strength,and wear rate reach551.4 HBW,1,438.2 MPa,and 0.48×10^(-2)mg·m^(-1),respectively.

Investigation on influence of alloying on phase transitions of duplex stainless steel based on thermochemical calculation

This paper investigated on influence of different alloying elements added into duplex stainless steel (DSS) on phase transitions using thermochemical methods in comparison with experiment.The results showed that the most possible species in the ferrite phase,austenite phase,σphase,Hcp phase,χphase,and carbide were Cr:Va-type,Fe:Va-type,Ni:Cr:Mo-type,Cr_(2)N-type,Fe_(24)Mo_(10)Cr_(24)-type,and Cr:Mo:C-type,respectively.Furthermore,the Ni,N,Cr,and Mo alloying had significant influences on the transition of each DSS phase.The Ni and N additions obviously raised the temperature at ferrite-1/austenite-1 balance while the Cr and Mo decreased the dual-phase balance temperature.In addition,the Ni addition can promote the precipitating ofσphase at relatively high temperature while the precipitating of Hcp phase at relatively low temperature.The Hcp phase andχphase can be obviously increased by the N addition.The introduction of Cr and Mo notably enhances the precipitation ofσphase.However,the promotion ofχphase precipitation is facilitated by the presence of Mo,while the Cr element acts as an inhibitor forχphase precipitation.Furthermore,the ferrite/austenite ratio tested by experiment was higher than that calculated by thermochemical methods,thus pre-designed solution temperature should be lower about 30-100℃than that calculated by thermochemical methods.

Study on Key Joining Technology and Test Method of Steel/Al Hybrid Structure Body-in-White

Green and low carbon promote the application and development of light-weight materials in body-in-white. Large-scale die-casting Al alloy (DCAA) and high-strength thermo-formed steel sheet (TFSS) have put forward higher requirements for the application of joining technology of high-strength steel/Al dissimilar materials. Taking the new die-casting Al alloy body as an example, this paper systematically studies the progress of the latest joining methods of steel/Al dissimilar material with combination of two-layer plate and three-layer plate. By analyzing the joining technologies such as FSPR, RES, FDS and SPR, the technology and process characteristics of steel/Al dissimilar material joining are studied, and the joining technical feasibility and realization means of different material combination of the body are analyzed. The conditions of material combination, material thickness, material strength, flange height, preformed holes and joint spacing for achieving high-quality joining are given. The FSPR joining technology is developed and tested in order to meet with the joining of parts with DCAA and TFSS, especially for the joining of three-layer plates with them. It finds the method and technical basis for the realization of high quality joining of dissimilar materials, provides the early conditions for the application of large DCAA and TFSS parts in body-in-white, and meets the design requirements of new energy body. .

Improvement of the Corrosion Resistance of High Alloyed Austenitic Cr-Ni-Mo Stainless Steels by Solution Nitriding

Characteristic features of austenitic steel grades combine a good corrosion resistance with a low hardness, wear resistance and scratch resistance. An interesting possibility for improving the wear behaviour of these steels without loss of their corrosion resistance lies in enriching the near surface region with nitrogen. The process of a solution nitriding allows the rise of the solution of nitrogen in the solid phase. On this state nitrogen increases the corrosion resistance and the tribilogical load-bearing capacity. The aim of the study was, to investigate the improvement of the pitting corrosion behaviour by solution nitriding. A special topic was to observe the effect of nitrogen by different molybdenum content. So austenitic stainless steels (18% Cr, 12% Ni, Mo gradation between 0.06 to 3.6%) had been solution nitrided. The samples could be prepared with various surface content of nitrogen from 0.04 to 0.45% with a step-by-step grinding. The susceptibility against pitting corrosion of these samples had been tested by determination of the stable pitting potential in 0.5M and 1M NaCl at 25°C. For the investigated steel composition and the used corrosion system there is no influence of molybdenum on the effectiveness of nitrogen. The influence of nitrogen to all of the determined parameters can be described well by PRE = Cr + 3,3 * Mo + 25 *N. XPS analysis of the sample surfaces support the results of the pitting corrosion tests.Additionally surface investigations with an acid elektolyte (0,1M HC1 + 0,4M NaCl) were performed. In this case the passivation effective nitrogen content increases markedly with rising molybdenum concentration of the steel. Obviously an interaction of Mo and N is connected with a strongly acid electrolyte.

Microstructures of brazing zone between titanium alloy and stainless steel using various filler metals

Titanium alloy (Ti-Al-V alloy) substrate was brazed with stainless steel (STS304) using filler metal.At an optimized brazing condition,various filler metals were used.Microstructures were observed at each condition.Filler metals were titanium based 40Ti-20Zr-20Cu-20Ni,silver based Ag 5Pd,and nickel based Ni-7Cr-3.1B-4.5Si-3Fe-0.06C (BNi2) and Ni-14Cr-10P-0.06C (BNi7).To select a good filler metal for brazing process,wetting test was performed at 880-1050 °C.It was not brazed using silver based filler metals,but at the conditions using titanium and nickel based filler metals had brazed zone between titanium alloy and stainless steel.However,titanium alloy was eroded during brazing using titanium based filler metals.Nickel based filler metal has a good brazed zone between titanium alloy and stainless steel among the filler metals.

Effect of electrode morphology on steel/aluminum alloy joint

Microstructure characteristics of dissimilar-metal resistance spot welded joints of SUS301 L austenitic stainless steel and 6063-T6 aluminum alloy, and effects of electrode morphology were studied. Results indicated that welded joints of dissimilar materials between austenitic stainless steel and aluminum alloy had characteristics of welding-brazing. The aluminum nugget consisted mainly of the cellular crystal, cellular dendrites and dendrites. The interface between austenitic stainless steel and aluminum alloy had a two-layered structures:a flat front surface θ-Fe_2Al_5 on the steel side and a serrated morphology θ-FeAl_3 on the aluminium alloy side, and it was the weakest zone of the joints. The electrode morphology had great effects on spot welded joints of stainless steel and aluminum alloy. The custom electrodes were a planar circular tip electrode with tip diameter of 10 mm on the stainless steel side and a spherical tip electrode with spherical radius of 35 mm on the aluminum alloy side. When the custom electrodes were used, the nugget diameter, tensile shear load and indentation ratio of spot welded joint were 7.22 mm, 3 606 N and 10.71%, respectively. The nugget diameter and joint tensile shear load increased by 34% and 102% respectively, and the indentation ratio decreased by 65% compared with the F-type electrodes(nugget diameter: 5.384 mm, tensile-shear load 1 783 N, indentation rate 30.94%). Therefore, it was more favorable to use the custom electrodes for improving the mechanical properties and appearance quality of resistance spot welded joints of stainless steel and aluminum alloy.

Austenite grain growth of medium-carbon alloy steel with aluminum additions during heating process

In this study, the effects of heating temperature(850–1100°C) and holding time(30–150 min) on the grain growth behavior of austenite in medium-carbon alloy steel were investigated by conducting experiments. The abnormal grain growth and mixed grain structure phenomenon are explained using an equilibrium precipitation phase diagram calculated by Thermo-Calc software package. The Al N particles were observed by field-emission scanning electron microscopy(FESEM), and the amount of AlN precipitations was detected by electron probe microanalysis(EPMA). Based on the research results, it was found that the average grain size of austenite in the test steel increased continuously with the increase of temperature and holding time. Furthermore, the abnormal growth of austenite occurred in the test steel at 950°C, and the heating temperature affected the austenite grain size more significantly. In addition, the decline in the amount of AlN second-phase particle in the test steel, which weakened the "pinning" effect on austenite grain boundaries, resulted in abnormal growth and the development of mixed austenite grain structures. The prediction model for describing the austenite grain growth of medium-carbon alloy steel during heating was established by regression analysis of the experimental data, and the model was verified to be highly accurate.

Effect of rare earth and alloying elements on the thermal conductivity of austenitic medium manganese steel

The influence of different contents of Cr, Mo, and rare earth element(RE) additives on the thermal conductivity of austenitic medium manganese steel was studied and discussed. The results show that the addition of Cr in medium manganese steel can improved the ordering of C–Mn atomic clusters, so as to improve the steel's thermal conductivity. However, Cr will lead to precipitation of a great deal of carbides in medium manganese steel when its content is greater than 4wt%. These carbides would aggregate around the grain boundary, and as a result, the thermal conductivity is decreased. By the addition of Mo whose content is about 2wt%, spherical carbides will be formed, thus improving the thermal conductivity of the medium manganese steel. The interaction between rare earth elements and alloying elements will raise both the thermal conductivity and the wear-resisting property of medium manganese steel.

Microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of friction stir-welded C71000 copper–nickel alloy and 304 austenitic stainless steel

Dissimilar joints comprised of copper–nickel and steel alloys are a challenge for manufacturers in modern industries, as these metals are not thermomechanically or chemically well matched. The present study investigated the effects of tool rotational speed and linear speed on the microstructure and mechanical properties of friction stir-welded C71000 copper–nickel and 340 stainless steel alloys using a tungsten carbide tool with a cylindrical pin. The results indicated that a rotational-to-linear speed ratio of 12.5 r/mm did not cause any macro defects, whereas some tunneling defects and longitudinal cracks were found at other ratios that were lower and higher. Furthermore, chromium carbide was formed on the grain boundaries of the 304 stainless steel near the shoulder zone and inside the joint zone, directing carbon and chromium penetration toward the grain boundaries. Tensile strength and elongation percentages were 84% and 65% of the corresponding values in the copper–nickel base metal, respectively.

Transient liquid phase diffusion bonding of copper alloy to stainless steel using CuMn alloys as interlayer

With CuMn alloy as interlayer, the transient liquid phase (TLP) diffusion bonding of Cu alloys (CuAlBe) to stainless steel (1Cr18Ni9Ti) was studied. The results show that the bonding pressure, time and temperature and the content of Mn in CuMn alloy have great effects on the strength of bonding interface; when they are 1 MPa, 40 min, 1 223 K and 30% respectively, the maximum joint strength of 487 MPa is attained. The fracture occurring at the bonding interface is a plastic one and the effect of Mn has been analyzed.

Study on non-metallic inclusions in Al killed high strength alloy steel refined by high basicity and high Al_2O_3 content slag

Laboratory and industrial studies were carried out to investigate non-metallic inclusions in high strength alloy steel refined by high basicity and high Al2O3 slag.It was found that the steel/slag reaction time largely affected non-metallic inclusions.With the reaction time increased from 30 min to 90 min in laboratory study,MgO-Al2O3 spinels were gradually changed into CaO-MgO-Al2O3 system inclusions surrounded by softer CaO-Al2O3 surface layers.By using high basicity slag which contained as much as 41%Al2O3 in the laboratory study,ratio of low melting temperature CaO-MgO-Al2O3 system inclusions was remarkably increased to above 80%.In the industrial experiment,during the secondary refining,the inclusions changed in order of 'Al2O3→MgO-Al2O3→CaO-MgO-Al2O3'.Through the LF and RH refining,most inclusions could be transferred to lower melting temperature CaO-Al2O3 and CaO-MgO-Al2O3 system inclusions.

Pitting corrosion resistance of a novel duplex alloy steel in alkali-activated slag extract in the presence of chloride ions

In this study, two types of reinforcing steels(conventional low-carbon steel and a novel duplex alloy steel with Cr and Mo) were exposed to chloride-contaminated extract solutions(ordinary Portland cement(OPC) extract and alkali-activated slag(AAS) extract) to investigate their pitting corrosion resistance. The results confirm that the pitting corrosion resistance of the alloy steel is much higher than that of the low-carbon steel in both extract solutions with various Na Cl concentrations. Moreover, for each type of steel, the AAS extract contributes to a higher pitting corrosion resistance compared with the OPC extract in the presence of chloride ions, likely because of the formation of flocculent precipitates on the steel surface.

AN EXPERT SYSTEM FOR COMPUTER AIDED ALLOY STEEL DESIGN—ASPRES

An alloy steel pattern recognition expert system,ASPRES,has been established for thepurpose of computer aided optimal design of alloy steel in compositions and process pa-rameters,Pattern recognition techniques are used to abstract inner relationship betweenmechanical properties and process variables.The ASPRES uses 2-dimensional graph asvisual knowledge to represent domain expertise of specific object.Forward and back-ward chaining can be utilized by researcher in predicting sample performances or givinghelpful suggestions about the chemical compositions and process parameters accordingto desired properties.

Effect of CeO_2 on heat transfer and crystallization behavior of rare earth alloy steel mold fluxes

To improve the heat transfer capability and the crystallization property of the traditional mold flux, CaF_2 was replaced with B_2O_3. Then, the influences of CeO_2 on the heat transfer and the crystallization of the CaF_2-bearing mold flux and the new mold flux with 10 wt% B_2O_3 were studied using a slag film heat flux simulator and X-ray diffraction(XRD). The results revealed that the addition of CeO2 reduced the heat transfer by increasing the solid slag thickness and the crystallization of two mold fluxes. However, CeO_2 had less effect on the B_2O_3-containing mold flux compared with the CaF_2-bearing mold flux. According to the analyses, the CeO_2 contents in the CaF_2-bearing mold flux and the B_2O_3-containing mold flux should not exceed 8 wt% and 12 wt%, respectively. Therefore, these experimental results are beneficial to improve and develop the mold flux for casting rare earth alloy steels.

Modeling and optimizing of steel and mushy Al-28Pb alloy bonding

The bonding of steel and mushy Al 28Pb alloy was studied. The relationship model about preheat temperature of steel plate, solid fraction of mushy Al 28Pb alloy, rolling speed and interfacial shear strength of the bonding plate was established by artificial neural network perfectly. This model can be optimized by a genetic algorithm, and the optimum bonding parameters for the largest interfacial shear strength are: 546 ℃ for preheat temperature of steel plate, 43.5% for solid fraction of mushy Al 28Pb alloy and 8.6 mm/s for rolling speed, and the corresponding largest interfacial shear strength of bonding plate is 70.3 MPa. [

Effects of nugget alloying on microstructures and properties of resistance spot welded joints of aluminum and steel

The resistance spot welding of 6063-716 aluminum alloy and l6 Mn steel was studied by nugget alloying.The results indicated that the Al-steel joint had characteristics of welding-brazing.The nugget zone consisted mainly of α-Al solid solution with dislocations and fine Mg_2Si particles.The interface zone had a double-layer structure:Fe_2Al_5 layer at steel side and Fe_4Al_(13) layer at Al nugget side.The nugget alloying has a significant effect on the joint properties by changing phase composition and refinement of grains.When alloy elements Cu,Zn,Ti and Ni were added,the tensile shear load of Al-steel joints reached 2 780 N,2 910 N,2 915 N and 2 929 N respectively,which increased by 24.1%,29.9%,30.1%and30.7%respectively compared with that(2 241 N) of joint without nugget alloying.Therefore,it is an effective way for improving mechanical properties of resistance spot welded Al-steel joints.

Microstructure and mechanical properties of high-strength low alloy steel by wire and arc additive manufacturing

A high-building multi-directional pipe joint(HBMDPJ)was fabricated by wire and arc additive manufacturing using high-strength low-alloy(HSLA)steel.The microstructure characteristics and transformation were observed and analyzed.The results show that the forming part includes four regions.The solidification zone solidifies as typical columnar crystals from a molten pool.The complete austenitizing zone forms from the solidification zone heated to a temperature greater than 1100℃,and the typical columnar crystals in this zone are difficult to observe.The partial austenitizing zone forms from the completely austenite zone heated between Ac1(austenite transition temperature)and1100℃,which is mainly equiaxed grains.After several thermal cycles,the partial austenitizing zone transforms to the tempering zone,which consistes of fully equiaxed grains.From the solidification zone to the tempering zone,the average grain size decreases from 75 to20μm.The mechanical properties of HBMDPJ satisfies the requirement for the intended application.

Influence of chromium on the initial corrosion behavior of low alloy steels in the CO_2–O_2–H_2S–SO_2 wet–dry corrosion environment of cargo oil tankers

The influence of Cr on the initial corrosion behavior of low-alloy steels exposed to a CO2–O2–H2S–SO2 wet–dry corrosion environment was investigated using weight-loss measurements, scanning electron microscopy, N2 adsorption tests, X-ray diffraction analysis, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The results show that the corrosion rate increases with increasing Cr content in samples subjected to corrosion for 21 d. However, the rust grain size decreases, its specific surface area increases, and it becomes more compact and denser with increasing Cr content, which indicates the enhanced protectivity of the rust. The results of charge transfer resistance(Rct) calculations indicate that higher Cr contents can accelerate the corrosion during the first 7 d and promote the formation of the enhanced protective inner rust after 14 d; the formed protective inner rust is responsible for the greater corrosion resistance during long-term exposure.

Performance of the Aluminide Coating of SomeLow Alloy Steels

Two low alloy steels 0.5Cr-0.5Mo-0.25V and H85 were pack-aluminized at 900°for 4 h by using Fe-Al powder mixture containing 48% Fe, 20.6% Al- 29.4% Al2O3 and 2% NH4Cl by weight. The microhardness and oxidation resistance at 900℃ of the aluminide coatings were studied. It was found that pack-aluminizing improves the microhardness of the 0.5Cro.5Mo-0.25V steel while it reduces the microhardness of the H85 steel. Pack aluminizing highly improves the oxidation resistance after 20h exposure at 900℃ in air for the investigated steels.