Deformation Behavior and Microstructure Evolution of AA2024-H18 Aluminum Alloy by Hot Forming with Synchronous Cooling Operations

Hot forming with synchronous cooling(HFSC)is a novel technique for heat-treatable,high-strength aluminum alloys,which allows the alloys to acquire good formability,negligible springback,rapid processing and better mechanical properties.However,the deformation behavior and microstructure evolution of the alloys during HFSC are complex and need to be studied due to the temperature and strain rate effects.Uniaxial tensile tests in a temperature range of 250—450℃and a strain rate range of 0.01—1 s-1 for AA2024-H18 aluminum alloy sheet are conducted with a Gleeble-3500 Thermal-Mechanical Simulation Tester.And based on metallography observation and analysis,AA2024-H18 aluminum alloy sheet in HSFC process exhibits hardening and dynamic recovery behaviors within the temperature range of 250—450 ℃.Strain rate shows different effects on ductility at different temperatures.Compared with traditional warm/hot forming methods,AA2024-H18 aluminum alloy achieves a better work-hardening result through HFSC operations,which promises an improved formability at elevated temperature and thus good mechanical properties of final part.After HSFC operations,the microstructure of the specimens is composed of elongated static recrystallization grain.

Effect of Hot Deformation on Formation and Growth of Thermal Fatigue Crackin Chromium Wear Resistant Cast Iron

The formation and growth of thermal fatigue crack in chromium wear resistant cast iron was investigated, and the effect of hot deformation on the crack was analyzed by means of optical microscope and scanning electron microscope and high frequency induction thermal fatigue tester. The results show that eutectic carbide is the main location and passage for initiation and extension of thermal fatigue cracks, hot deformation can improve the eutectic carbiders morphology and distribution, inhibit the generation and propagation of thermal fatigue cracks. In the experiment, the propagation rate of thermal fatigue crack reduces with the quantity of hot deformation increasing, which was analyzed in the point view of the activation energy of crack propagation.

Study on Hot Deformation Cracks of Steel D2 Using Processing Map

The hot deformation behaviors of steel D2 in the range of 900 ℃ to 1 160 ℃ and strain rate range of 0.01 s -1 to 10 s -1 have been studied by using Processing Map developed on the basis of dynamic materials model. The efficiency of energy dissipation η is taken as a function of temperature and strain rate to obtain a Processing Map. In the Processing Map of steel D2, there are two zones of cracking susceptivity with high dissipation efficiency η of 46 % and 63 % respectively. One zone is in the range of 900 ℃ to 980 ℃ and the strain rate range of 0.01 s -1 to 0.06 s -1 , and the other from 1 140 ℃ to 1 160 ℃ and 8 s -1 to 10 s -1 . The experiment proves that there are microstructural brittle transgranular fractures and macroscopic thermal cracks in the two zones respectively. The map also revealed that deformation in these two zones is of instable flowing , so these two zones should be avoided when choosing hot deformation conditions.

Hot deformation behavior of Al-9.0Mg-0.5Mn-0.1Ti alloy based on processing maps

Hot deformation behavior of extrusion preform of the spray-formed Al-9.0Mg-0.5Mn-0.1Ti alloy was studied using hot compression tests over deformation temperature range of 300-450 ℃ and strain rate range of 0.01-10 s-1. On the basis of experiments and dynamic material model, 2D processing maps and 3D power dissipation maps were developed for identification of exact instability regions and optimization of hot processing parameters. The experimental results indicated that the efficiency factor of energy dissipate （η） lowered to the minimum value when the deformation conditions located at the strain of 0.4, temperature of 300 ° C and strain rate of 1 s-1. The softening mechanism was dynamic recovery, the grain shape was mainly flat, and the portion of high angle grain boundary （〉15°） was 34%. While increasing the deformation temperature to 400 ° C and decreasing the strain rate to 0.1 s-1, a maximum value of η was obtained. It can be found that the main softening mechanism was dynamic recrystallization, the structures were completely recrystallized, and the portion of high angle grain boundary accounted for 86.5%. According to 2D processing maps and 3D power dissipation maps, the optimum processing conditions for the extrusion preform of the spray-formed Al？9.0Mg？0.5Mn？0.1Ti alloy were in the deformation temperature range of 340-450 ° C and the strain rate range of 0.01-0.1 s-1 with the power dissipation efficiency range of 38%？43%.

Hot shear deformation constitutive analysis of fine-grained ZK60 Mg alloy sheet fabricated via dual equal channel lateral extrusion and sheet extrusion

Dual equal channel lateral extrusion(DECLE)process with various passes followed by sheet extrusion process was performed to produce fine-grained ZK60 alloy sheets.The coarse grain structure of the annealed sample after applying sheet extrusion(size:68μm)changed to fine grains of 6.0 and 5.2μm after 3 and 5 passes of DECLE and following extrusion.The hot shear deformation behavior of samples was studied by developing constitutive equations based on shear punch test(SPT)results.SPT was carried out in the temperature range of 200−300℃ and strain rate range of 0.003−0.33 s^(–1).The activation energy of 125−139 kJ/mol and the stress exponent of 3.5−4.2 were calculated for all conditions,which indicated that dislocation creep,controlled by dislocation climb and solute drag mechanism,acted as the main hot deformation mechanism.It was concluded that material constants of n and Q are dependent on the microstructural factors such as grain size and second phase particle fraction,and the relationship of which was anticipated using a 3D surface curve.Moreover,the similar strong basal texture of extruded sheets gave rise to the same deformation mechanisms during SPT and similar n and Q values for ZK60 alloy.

Deformation mechanism of the spray formed 70Si30Al alloy during hot compression

The deformation mechanism of the spray formed 70Si30Al alloy was studied by hot compression on a Gleeble-1500 test machine. It is shown that hot deformation of the spray formed 70Si30Al alloy is achieved by liquid flow due to isostatic pressure and movement of solid particles due to shear force. Deformation condition depends on the nucleation rate and closure rate of the cavities. The flow stress slightly varies when the difference between the nucleation rate and closure rate of the cavities is small; however, it decreases when the nucleation rate of the cavities is greater than the closure rate of the cavities.

INVESTIGATION INTO HOT DEFORMATION BEHAVIOR OF SPRAY FORMED SUPERALLOY GH742

In order to evaluate the deformation characteristics of spray formed superalloy GH742and determine the appropriate forging procedure of the alloy on this basis, the influenceof deformation temperature and strain rate on the ductility of spray formed GH742was investigated by using the Gleeble-3500 thermal-mechanical testing machine. It isshown that the forgeability of spray formed GH742 is better than conventional GH742by ingot metallurgy because of refined grain structure and enhanced chemical homo-geneity of spray formed GH742. In the temperature range of 1020 to 1100℃, theductility of spray formed GH742 is dependent on the deformation temperature and isincreased linearly in proportion to the increment of deformation temperature, whichis more than 40% at 1020℃ and more than 60% at the temperature between 1100and 1140℃. Furthermore, the results indicate the flow stress is affected considerablyby the deformation temperature and strain rate. In the temperature range of 1020 to1140℃, the maximum flow stress of spray formed GH742 increases with the incrementof strain rate and decreases with the increment of the deformation temperature.

Hot Deformation Behavior and Processing Map of Spray Formed M3∶ 2 High Speed Steel

Hot deformation behavior of a new type of M3∶ 2 high speed steel with niobium addition made by spray forming was investigated based on compression tests in the temperature range of 950-1 150 ℃ and strain rate of 0. 001-10 s^（-1）. A comprehensive constitutive equation was obtained,which could be used to predict the flow stress at different strains. Processing map was developed on the basis of the flow stress data using the principles of dynamic material model. The results showed that the flow curves were in fair agreement with the dynamic recrystallization model. The flow stresses,which were calculated by the comprehensive constitutive equation,agreed well with the test data at low strain rates（ ≤1 s^（-1））. The material constant（ α）,stress exponent（ n） and the hot deformation activation energy（ Q_（HW）） of the new steel were 0. 006 15 MPa^（-1）,4. 81 and 546 kJ·mol^（-1）,respectively. Analysis of the processing map with an observation of microstructures revealed that hot working processes of the steel could be carried out safely in the domain（ T = 1 050-1 150 ℃,ε = 0. 01- 0. 1 s^（-1））with about 33% peak efficiency of power dissipation（ η）. Cracks was expected in two domains at either lower temperatures（ 〈 1 000 ℃） or low strain rates（ 0. 001 s^（-1）） with different cracking mechanisms. Flow localization occurred when the strain rates exceeded 1 s^（-1） at all testing temperatures.

Heat shock behavior of permanent die during non-solid near-net forming process

Heat shocks caused by alloy melt and coat spraying are the main reason of die plastic deformation and early fracture. Based on theoretical analysis of heat shock phenomenon, two characteristic parameters of die damage caused by heat shock were proposed, which are heat shock plastic deformation index (HSPI) and heat shock crack index (HSCI). The effect of heat shock on die plastic deformation and fracture behaviors was described quantitatively by these two parameters. HSPI represents approaching of heat shock stress to die yield stress. Plastic deformation will happen on a die if this index reaches 1. HSCI represents approaching of heat shock stress to die tensile strength. Die fracture will happen if this index reaches 1. According to theoretical analysis of heat transfer, theoretical models of HSPI and HSCI were established. It is found that, the smaller the interfacial thermal resistance (ITR) is, the higher the pouring temperature and die temperature are before heat shock, and the greater the HSPI and HSCI are, which can be fitted as exponential curves, linear and cubic curves.

粉体成型Zr-2合金热变形行为及本构模型研究

采用Gleeble-1500型热模拟试验机对粉体成型Zr-2合金进行等温恒应变速率热压缩实验,研究其在热变形温度650~850℃,应变速率0.001~5 s^(-1)条件下的热变形行为。基于热压缩实验数据,采用基于应变修正的Arrhenius方程构建了粉体成型Zr-2合金的变形本构模型。研究结果表明:变形温度对粉体成型Zr-2合金的流变应力影响明显,随着变形温度的增加,材料的流变应力大幅度降低。同时,粉体成型Zr-2合金的热变形流变应力表现出对应变速率敏感的特征,即变形抗力随着应变速率的上升而增加,但在低温(650、700℃)、高应变速率(5s-1)条件下变形抗力增加并不明显。基于应变修正的Arrhenius方程构建的粉体成型Zr-2合金的本构方程,其相关系数为0.9827,可以较为准确地预测该材料的流变应力。

2 GPa热成形座椅横梁开裂失效分析及工艺研究

为解决2 GPa热成形材料冲压的座椅横梁零件焊接后出现批量开裂的问题,经分析,该零件开裂为氢脆致裂,通过追查零件工艺发现引起零件氢脆开裂的原因为加热温度过高、加热时间过长、零件转移时间过长,通过正交设计改进零件不同的热冲压工艺组合并试制零件进行验证,最终确认2 GPa铝硅镀层热成形零件的热冲压工艺窗口为热成形的奥氏体化炉内露点须低于-5℃,加热时间为3~13 min,加热温度为880~940℃。

喷射成形镍基高温合金热变形特性及微观组织变化

采用Gleeble-1500D热力模拟试验机对喷射成形+热等静压制备的镍基高温合金,在变形温度1050—1140℃,应变速率0.01—10.0s^(-1),工程应变量50%的条件下进行了热压缩实验.利用实验数据建立了合金的热加工图和热激活能图,对变形过程中组织演化进行了研究.结果表明,热等静压并没有使喷射成形高温合金晶粒尺寸明显长大.真应力-应变曲线出现了屈服降落现象;合金热加工图失稳区出现在温度区间1050—1110℃,应变速率0.01s^(-1)处;在1110—1140℃,应变速率1.0—10.0s^(-1)区间功率耗散值(η)出现最大值;在1140℃,应变速率1.0—10.0 s^(-1)区间激活能出现一个小平台区.在变形温度1110—1140℃、应变速率1.0—10.0 s^(-1)、变形量50%的条件下,可得到完全再结晶组织,该变形条件与热加工图中功率耗散最大值所在区间和激活能图中小平台区所在区间相对应.

新型喷射成形镍基高温合金热变形行为的研究

采用Gleeble-3500热模拟实验机对新型喷射成形镍基高温合金在1050～1140 ℃, 应变速率为0.01～10.0 s-1, 最大工程应变量为80%的条件下, 进行了等温恒应变轴向压缩热变形实验.确定了该合金最佳热变形条件为温度1050 ℃, 应变速率10.0 s-1, 工程应变量20%～60%;分析了变形条件对流变应力、峰值应力及软化系数的影响规律, 在相同的应变速率下, 随着温度的升高, 峰值应力降低;在相同的实验温度下, 随着应变速率的升高, 峰值应力降低;软化系数增加.计算了该喷射成形合金的热变形激活能为920.74 kJ*mol-1, 从而确定了该合金的本构方程, 经验算此方程较好地描述该合金的变形特点.

5A90铝锂合金热态下的成形极限图及其计算模型

为了获得5A90铝锂合金板材在加热状态下的成形极限图，采用自行开发研制的热环境通用板材成形性能实验机以及网格应变自动测量分析系统，进行5A90铝锂合金板材在10mm／min的变形速度和25～300℃变形温度范围内的成形极限图实验，研究了变形温度对成形极限曲线的影响规律。结果表明，5A90铝锂合金的成形极限曲线对温度表现出显著的敏感性，其位置的高低并随温度的升高而显著上升。同时，在实验数据的基础上建立了5A90铝锂合金在不同变形温度下的成形极限计算模型，为成形极限曲线的计算和预测提供了重要的依据。

激光快速成形Rene88DT高温合金的热等静压处理

采用金相分析、扫描电镜分析、拉伸实验等方法研究热等静压(HIP)处理对激光快速成形Rene88DT粉末盘用高温合金裂纹和力学性能的影响。结果表明:成形件经1160℃、2h、200MPa热等静压的高压、高温固溶处理后,热影响区裂纹得到明显的愈合修复,在原裂纹附近析出MC型碳化物;将HIP处理后的成形件进一步固溶时效热处理后,拉伸强度和塑性均明显提高,综合力学性能接近粉末冶金Rene88DT的标准。

304HC不锈钢的热塑性及变形抗力的模型

利用热力模拟机测定了 30 4HC不锈钢的热塑性图·分析了Cu元素对热塑性的影响 ,并建立了变形抗力数学模型·采用金相、扫描电镜、能谱射线及电子探针研究了热变形后的显微组织、夹杂物和断口形貌·结果表明 :30 4HC不锈钢随Cu质量分数的升高 ,其热塑性下降·加工温度对热塑性也有重要的影响 ,合理的加工温度为 110 0～ 12 0 0℃·塑性下降的原因是在冷却过程中从奥氏体中析出Cu2 S ,Cu2 O等脆性化合物·

2205双相不锈钢热轧厚向变形均匀性的实验研究

针对工业生产2205双相不锈钢热轧卷板产生裂纹问题,进行了楔形试样的热轧实验,分析了道次变形量对试样厚度方向变形均匀性的影响规律,得到了使试样厚度方向变形更趋均匀的最优粗轧道次压下量,避免了裂纹的产生。

综合控制焊接变形和防止热裂纹的新方法——双向预置应力法

提出一种既可控制薄板焊接变形又可防止焊接热裂纹产生的随焊同步进行的双向预置应力法,阐明该方法的基本原理并对该法防止高强铝合金LY12薄板焊接热裂纹和控制其焊后变形的有效性进行研究。在自行研制的预置应力设备上进行试验验证。双向预置应力下焊接试验结果表明,采用这一新方法可以有效地控制高强铝合金LY12的焊接变形及焊接热裂纹的产生。

焊接材料对喷射成形7475铝合金TIG焊接头热裂纹的影响

采用4043,5356,7055三种焊接材料对喷射成形7475铝合金TIG焊接头的热裂纹敏感性进行了研究,对接头的力学性能进行了测试,分析了接头的微观组织及裂纹的形貌、相组成.结果表明,采用5356焊丝时热输入对焊接热裂纹敏感性影响较大,高热输入时母材中的铜和锌向焊缝进行扩散和焊缝中的镁在熔合区形成α-Al,Al0.403Zn0.597和Al7 Cu3 Mg6相的低熔共晶组织,并在晶界和枝晶间形成偏析,在焊接应力的作用下在熔合区内产生了贯穿性热裂纹;低热输入时接头没有出现热裂纹,但强度只有184 MPa;而4043和7055两种焊丝的热裂纹敏感性较小.

AA6014铝合金热变形行为及热加工图

采用热压缩模拟实验研究了 AA6014铝合金在变形温度为320~520℃,应变速率为0.01~10 s^(-1)下的热变形行为。研究结果表明,在变形温度和应变速率的变化过程中,AA6014铝合金的应力呈温度负敏感性和应变速率正敏感性,增大应变速率和降低变形温度均会增大合金的变形抗力,应力-应变曲线为动态回复型曲线。依据应变量为0.3、0.5、0.7和0.9时材料的热变形数据,基于DMM原理构建了不同应变量下的AA6014铝合金热加工图,分析和讨论了 AA6014铝合金的变形工艺。结果表明,AA6014铝合金的安全热加工区间集中于中、低应变速率区,在安全区内存在动态回复及再结晶特征,失稳区内出现局部流变特征。其功率耗散率η最大值位于320 ℃<T<520 ℃,0.56 s^(-1)<■<1 s^(-1)变形条件范围内,AA6014铝合金的最佳成形工艺窗口确定为370℃<T<520℃,0.01 s^(-1)<■<0.056 s^(-1)和320℃<T<520℃,0.56 s^(-1)<■<1 s^(-1)。