Cramer-Rao bound and signal-to-noise ratio gain in distributed coherent aperture radar

This paper studies the estimation performance of the coherent processing parameter （CPP）, including time delay differences and phase synchronization errors among different apertures of the distributed coherent aperture radar （DCAR）. Firstly, three architectures of signal processing in the DCAR are introduced. Secondly, the closed-form Cramer-Rao bound （CRB） of the CPP estimation is derived and compared. Then, the closed-form CRB is verified by numerical simulations. Finally, when the next generation radar works in a fully coherent mode, the closed-form signal-to-noise ratio （SNR） gain of the three architectures is presented.

Cramer-Rao bound of joint estimation of target location and velocity for coherent MIMO radar

The optimal estimation performance of target parameters is studied. First, the general form of Cramer-Rao bound （CRB） for joint estimation of target location and velocity is derived for coherent multiple input multiple output （MIMO） radars. To gain some insight into the behavior of the CRB, the CRB with a set of given orthogonal waveforms is studied as a specific case. Second, a maximum likelihood （ML） estimation algorithm is proposed. The mean square error （MSE） of the ML estimation of target location and velocity is obtained by Monte Carlo simulation and it approaches CRB in the high signal-to-noise ratio （SNR） region.

Cramer-Rao bounds for the joint delay-Doppler estimation of compressive sampling pulse-Doppler radar

Time-delay and Doppler shift estimation is a basic task for pulse-Doppler radar processing. For low-rate sampling of echo signals, several kinds of compressive sampling(CS) pulse-Doppler(CSPD) radar are developed with different analog-to-information conversion(AIC) systems. However, a unified metric is absent to evaluate their parameter estimation performance. Towards this end, this paper derives the deterministic Cramer-Rao bound(CRB)for the joint delay-Doppler estimation of CSPD radar to quantitatively analyze the estimate performance. Theoretical results reveal that the CRBs of both time-delays and Doppler shifts are inversely proportional to the received target signal-to-noise ratio(SNR), the number of transmitted pulses and the sampling rate of AIC systems. The main difference is that the CRB of Doppler shifts also lies on the coherent processing interval. Numerical experiments validate these theoretical results. They also show that the structure of the AIC systems has weak influence on the CRBs, which implies that the AIC structures can be flexibly selected for the implementation of CSPD radar.

基于二次分数低阶协方差的时延估计方法

针对强脉冲噪声背景下基于分数低阶统计量时延估计方法性能退化且需要噪声先验知识的问题,提出了一种基于二次分数低阶协方差的时延估计新方法。所提方法首先利用有界非线性Sigmoid函数对含有脉冲噪声的信号进行预处理,使其在不影响有用信号时延信息的基础上对附加脉冲噪声进行充分压缩;然后对处理后的收发信号进行二次分数低阶协方差运算,即求得发射信号的自分数低阶协方差和收发信号的互分数低阶协方差之后,再次计算二者的互分数低阶协方差,以期更大程度上抑制脉冲噪声的影响。通过模拟仿真实验对所提方法进行了有效性验证,结果表明所提方法突破了分数低阶矩阶次需小于Alpha稳定分布噪声特征指数的限制,并且比分数低阶协方差方法具有更高的估计精度。仿真实验结果表明在广义信噪比-10 dB情况下,时延估计用时为0.0560 s,准确率达到97.76%。

3D非扫描成像激光雷达距离精度的Cramer-Rao下限

利用参数估计的方法进行了3D非扫描成像激光雷达距离精度的研究,根据数理统计的理论,分析了距离估计方差的Cramer-Rao下限(CRLB),推导出了3D非扫描成像激光雷达距离估计方差的CRLB计算公式.利用Monte Carlo仿真结果证明了推导的距离估计方差的CRLB具有有效性.通过推导的距离估计方差的CRLB,对3D非扫描成像激光雷达的距离精度影响因素进行了分析,结果表明,减小脉宽、增加脉冲强度、提高采样速率、降低系统噪声、增加探测器量子效率都可以有效提高目标距离精度.

华北东部晚古生代过渡相煤系地层低阻成因、控制因素与地质意义

华北东部晚古生代过渡相煤系地层中低阻层发育,明确其成因类型、控制因素以及地质意义,可以充分揭示其中所包含的地质信息,对于相关层系油气资源评价和勘探部署具有积极意义。本文以华北东部太原组和山西组中低阻层为研究对象,综合运用岩心、薄片、扫描电镜、碳氧同位素和测录井资料,围绕其成因类型、控制因素和地质意义开展研究。结果表明:华北东部晚古生代过渡相煤系低阻层主要发育在太1段和山2段,成因类型包括砂泥岩薄互层、高束缚水体积和发育导电矿物,沉积作用和成岩作用控制了低阻的形成;太1段低阻的成因为砂泥岩薄互层和高束缚水体积,潮汐作用导致的潮汐成因层理和微细孔隙发育促进了障壁海岸背景下太1段低阻的形成,山2段低阻的成因为菱铁矿的密集发育,稳定的覆水还原环境和沉积有机物的成岩演化共同控制了三角洲背景下山2段低阻的形成;太1段的低阻和高毛细管束缚水体积指示着潮坪沉积,说明太原组自下而上为一个海退的过程,是对早二叠世早期冈瓦纳冰川迅速扩张和全球海平面快速下降的响应,山2段的低阻和高光电吸收截面指数指示着三角洲前缘沉积,说明山西组由一期三角洲沉积组成。

Localization for mixed near-field and far-field sources under impulsive noise

In order to solve the problem that the performance of traditional localization methods for mixed near-field sources(NFSs)and far-field sources(FFSs)degrades under impulsive noise,a robust and novel localization method is proposed.After eliminating the impacts of impulsive noise by the weighted out-lier filter,the direction of arrivals(DOAs)of FFSs can be estimated by multiple signal classification(MUSIC)spectral peaks search.Based on the DOAs information of FFSs,the separation of mixed sources can be performed.Finally,the estimation of localizing parameters of NFSs can avoid two-dimension spectral peaks search by decomposing steering vectors.The Cramer-Rao bounds(CRB)for the unbiased estimations of DOA and range under impulsive noise have been drawn.Simulation experiments verify that the proposed method has advantages in probability of successful estimation(PSE)and root mean square error(RMSE)compared with existing localization methods.It can be concluded that the proposed method is effective and reliable in the environment with low generalized signal to noise ratio(GSNR),few snapshots,and strong impulse.

The low Mach number limit of non-isentropic magnetohydrodynamic equations with large temperature variations in bounded domains

This paper verifies the low Mach number limit of the non-isentropic compressible magnetohydrodynamic(MHD)equations with or without the magnetic diffusion in a three-dimensional bounded domain when the temperature variation is large but finite.The uniform estimates of strong solutions are established in a short time interval independent of the Mach number,provided that the slip boundary condition for the velocity and the Neumann boundary condition for the temperature are imposed and the initial data is well-prepared.

逼近误差有界的相容性高阶网格生成

文中提出了一种构造逼近误差有界的高质量相容性高阶网格的方法。给定两个定向的、拓扑同构的三角形网格和一组稀疏的对应点,此方法包含两个步骤:(1)生成满足误差有界的相容性高阶网格;(2)在确保逼近误差总是有界的前提下,降低网格的几何复杂度,并在该过程中通过优化控制顶点来降低相容性网格之间的扭曲以及与原始网格之间的几何近似误差。第一步先生成满足误差有界的相容性线性网格,然后升阶为高阶网格。第二步通过迭代地执行基于边长的重新网格化和增加相容性目标边长场,有效地降低了网格几何复杂度。从切空间的角度,推导出了3DBézier三角形之间映射的雅可比矩阵,从而可以有效地优化扭曲能量。通过对扭曲能量和几何近似误差能量的优化,有效地降低了相容性网格之间的扭曲以及相容性网格与原始网格之间的几何近似误差。通过大量实验,证明了此方法对于构造误差有界的高质量相容性高阶网格的有效性和实用性。

Performance gain bounds of coherently combining multiple radars in a target-based calibration manner

To achieve a high signal-to-noise ratio(SNR) while maintaining moderate radar antenna, a target-based calibration manner is available to coherently combine multiple radars. The key to this calibration manner is to estimate coherence parameters(CPs), i.e., time and phase calibration values in transmission and reception estimation, by separating the target returns into monostatic and bistatic echoes. However, CPs estimations exist uncertainties, which will affect the performance gain after multiradar coherent combination. The principle of coherently combining multiple radars is elaborated and the signal probability model for CPs estimation is established. On this basis, CPs Cramer-Rao bound(CRB) is derived in the closed-form, according to which the non-tight and tight upper bounds for multiple radars coherent combination performance gain are derived in the closed-form and via Monte Carlo(MC) simulations, respectively. Simulations validate the correctness of the derived CRB and gain bounds.

INCOMPRESSIBLE LIMIT OF THE NON-ISENTROPIC MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMIC EQUATIONS IN BOUNDED DOMAINS

The incompressible limit of the non-isentropic magnetohydrodynamic equations with zero thermal coefficient, in a two dimensional bounded domain with the Dirichlet condi- tion for velocity and perfectly conducting boundary condition for magnetic field, is rigorously justified.

低信噪比场景下Link-16系统的联合频偏估计算法

对于Link-16数据链终端平台在低信噪比(SNR)高动态场景下的多普勒频率偏移问题,该文设计一种新的数据结构,推导了该结构下的克拉默-拉奥下界(CRLB),并在此基础上提出一种联合频域变换与时域自相关运算的分步式频偏估计算法。其基本思想是,首先对接收信号做自相关处理,然后通过频域变换进行最大值索引,结合修正因子得到多普勒频移的粗估计值,再利用时域的改进L&R算法对接收信号进行细估计,根据两步估计算法得到最终的频偏估计值。算法应用蒙特卡罗实验仿真,仿真结果表明,与传统频偏估计算法相比,该算法的归一化均方误差更接近CRLB,在多普勒频偏为[–20 kHz,20 kHz]时,估计精度可达10^(–5)。在低信噪比环境下,所提算法能达到较为理想的估计效果,适用于Link-16数据链通信。

LOW MACH NUMBER LIMIT OF A COMPRESSIBLE NON-ISOTHERMAL NEMATIC LIQUID CRYSTALS MODEL

In this paper, we study the low Mach number limit of a compressible nonisothermal model for nematic liquid crystals in a bounded domain. We establish the uniform estimates with respect to the Mach number, and thus prove the convergence to the solution of the incompressible model for nematic liquid crystals.

ON MULTIPATH SIGNAL RESOLUTION AND ITS PERFORMANCE BOUNDS

The muitipath signal resolution is reviewed in this paper.The problemsexisted and to be studied are pointed out.Theoretical analysis of the performance ofthe resolution for deterministic signal in the cases where the signal known or unknownis made.Their corresponding Cramer-Rao lower bounds(CRLB)are obtained.

Effects of Low Temperature Plasma on the Forms of Heavy Metals in Sludge

Low temperature plasma was used to treat sludge,and the effects of discharge time on the content of different forms of heavy metals in the sludge were studied. The results showed that Cu and Zn content in the domestic sludge could basically meet the requirements of GB 4284-2018,GB/T 23486-2009,CJ/T 362-2011 and CJ/T 309-2009. There were big differences between different forms of the heavy metals. According to the proportions of different forms of Cu in the sludge,different forms of Cu are arranged as follows: organic state > carbonate bound state> residual state > exchangeable state > iron-manganese oxidation state,and Cu mainly existed in an organic state. Various forms of Zn are arranged in order of the proportion as follows: iron-manganese oxidation state > residual state > carbonate bound state > exchangeable state > organic state,and Zn mainly existed in an iron-manganese oxidation state. After the treatment of sludge by low temperature plasma,the content of exchangeable Cu and Zn in the sludge increased,while the content and proportion of residual Cu and Zn all reduced.

均匀圆阵二维波达角估计的Cramer-Rao界

均匀圆阵(UCA)是一种应用广泛的具有二位波达角估计能力的平面阵列。为了从理论上分析不同阵列参数下到达波方位角(AOA)、仰角估计精度,推导了均匀圆阵二维波达角估计的性能界,以此为基础分析了阵列孔径、阵元个数、快拍数以及来波仰角高低与到达角估计精度的关系,并通过对UCA-MUSIC算法计算机仿真验证了推导结果的正确性。研究结果为波达角估计类算法提供了可供参考的性能下界,圆阵设计时也不再需要大量的Monte Carlo仿真试验确定阵列参数,可直接从估计精度表达式中获得。

一种低截获背景下的集中式MIMO雷达快速功率分配算法

针对集中式MIMO雷达同时跟踪多批机动目标场景,该文提出一种低截获背景下的快速功率分配算法。首先,将目标机动过程建模为自适应当前统计(ACS)模型,并采用粒子滤波对各目标状态进行估计。其次,对条件克拉默-拉奥下界(PC-CRLB)进行推导,并基于目标运动特性和电磁特性构建目标综合威胁度评估模型。随后,将目标跟踪误差评估指数和雷达未被截获概率的加权和作为优化目标,建立了关于发射功率的优化模型,利用目标函数单调递减性质,提出了一种基于序列松弛的求解算法进行模型求解。最后,通过仿真验证所提算法的有效性和时效性。结果表明,所提算法能够有效提高目标跟踪精度和雷达系统低截获性能,相比采用内点法求解运算速度提高近50%。

鄂尔多斯盆地平凉北地区上三叠统长8段储层低含油饱和度油藏特征及成因

通过岩心物性分析、恒压压汞和核磁共振测试,结合油源、构造等资料,对鄂尔多斯盆地平凉北地区上三叠统长8段储层低含油饱和度油藏的特征及成因进行了分析。研究结果表明:①平凉北地区上三叠统长8段储层含油饱和度普遍低于20%,而含水饱和度则普遍高于50%,属于典型的低含油饱和度油藏,且单井产量低,油水分异差,油藏呈零星状分布在长8段储层顶部。②供烃量不足是研究区油藏含油饱和度低的根本原因。M53井区为异地成藏,供烃距离较远导致供烃量不足;Y80井区为原地成藏,原地烃源岩排烃量小导致油气充注不足。③M53井区受低幅度构造影响,油气垂向和侧向运移动力不足。全区储层物性非均质性强,微细孔喉较为发育,束缚水占比大,可动水占比小,导致油气驱替可动水后其饱和度较低,从而使研究区油藏分布较分散、含油饱和度较低。④M53井区上新庄地区西南部构造高部位物性较好的储层为下一步增储上产的重要目标。

基于共振波导光栅结构准连续域束缚态的低阈值纳米激光器的数值研究

纳米激光作为一种纳米级相干光源,是光电集成芯片的关键器件.激光器进一步小型化的阻碍在于随着激光器谐振腔体积的减小,其损耗迅速增大.连续域束缚态(bound states in the continuum,BICs)能有效降低全介质结构的辐射损耗.本文提出一种基于全介质共振波导光栅(resonant waveguide grating structures,RWGs)准BIC的纳米激光器,可有效降低纳米激光器的阈值.将传统两部分光栅转换为四部分光栅,可激发波导结构的准BIC模式.本文数值研究了该模式的受激辐射放大特性.结果表明:TE偏振光照射下,基于四部分光栅的RWG结构的纳米激光阈值比基于传统RWG结构的阈值低20.86%.TM偏振光照射时,阈值比传统RWG结构降低了3.3倍.而且TE偏振光照射时纳米激光的阈值比TM偏振光照射时阈值大约低一个数量级,这是因为TE偏振光照射时,结构的电场局域在波导层内,增强了光与增益材料的相互作用,从而降低了纳米激光的阈值.

Asymptotic Performance Limits of Vehicular Location and Velocity Detection Towards 6G mmWave Integrated Communication and Sensing

In this paper,joint location and velocity estimation(JLVE)of vehicular terminals for 6G integrated communication and sensing(ICAS)is studied.We aim to provide a unified performance analysis framework for ICAS-based JLVE,which is challenging due to random fading,multipath interference,and complexly coupled system models,and thus the impact of channel fading and multipath interference on JLVE performance is not fully understood.To address this challenge,we exploit structured information models of the JLVE problem to render tractable performance quantification.Firstly,an individual closedform Cramer-Rao lower bound for vehicular localization,velocity detection and channel estimation,respectively,is established for gaining insights into performance limits of ICAS-based JLVE.Secondly,the impact of system resource factors and fading environments,e.g.,system bandwidth,the number of subcarriers,carrier frequency,antenna array size,transmission distance,spatial channel correlation,channel covariance,the number of interference paths and noise power,on the JLVE performance is theoretically analyzed.The associated closed-form JLVE performance analysis can not only provide theoretical foundations for ICAS receiver design but also provide a perfor mance benchmark for various JLVE methods。