Investigating the Effects of Eichhornia Crassipes Biodiesel and Liquefied Petroleum Gas on the Performance and Emissions of a Dual-Fuel Engine

This study considers the effect of Eichhornia Crassipes Biodiesel(ECB)blends on the performances,combustion,and emission characteristics of a direct injection compression ignition engine operated in a dual-fuel mode(DFM)and equipped with an Exhaust gas recirculation technique(EGR).In particular,a single-cylinder,four-stroke,water-cooled diesel engine was utilized and four modes of fuel operation were considered:mode I,the engine operated with an ordinary diesel fuel;mode II,the engine operated with the addition of 2.4 L/min of lique-fied petroleum gas(LPG)and 20%EGR;mode III,20%ECB with 2.4 L/min LPG and 20%EGR;mode IV,40%ECB with 2.4 L/min LPG and 20%EGR.The operation conditions were constant engine speed(1500 rpm),var-iation of load(25%,50%,75%,and 100%),full load,with a compression ratio of 18,and a time injection of 23°BTDC(Before top died center).With regard to engine emissions,carbon dioxide(CO_(2)),carbon monoxide(CO),hydrocarbons(UHC),and nitrogen oxide(NOX)were measured using a gas analyzer.The smoke opacity was measured using an OPABOX smoke meter.By comparing the results related to the different modes with mode I at full load,the BTE(Brake thermal efficiency)increased by 20.17%,11.45%,and 12.66%with modes II,III,and IV,respectively.In comparison to the results for mode II,the BTE decreased due to the combustion of ECB blends by 7.26%and 6.24%for mode III and mode IV,respectively,at full load.In comparison to mode II,the Brake specific energy consumption(BSEC)increased with the ECB substitution.With ECB blends,there is a noticeable decrease in the CO,CO_(2),and UHC emissions at a partial load.Furthermore,the 20%ECB has no effect on CO emissions at full load.For modes II and IV,the CO_(2)increased by 33.33%and 19%,respectively,while the UHC emissions were reduced by 14.49%for mode III and 26.08%for mode IV.The smoke of mode III was lower by 7.21%,but for mode IV,it was higher by 12.37%.In addition,with mode III and mode IV,the NOx emissions increased by 30.50%and 18.80%,respectively.

Performance of a water hyacinth(Eichhornia crassipes)system in the treatment of wastewater from a duck farm and the effects of using water hyacinth as duck feed

Nowadays, intensive breeding of poultry and livestock of large scale has made the treatment of its waste and wastewater an urgent environmental issue, which motivated this study. A wetland of 688 mz was constructed on an egg duck farm, and water hyacinth （Eichhornia crassipes） was chosen as an aquatic plant for the wetland and used as food for duck production. The objectives of this study were to test the role of water hyacinth in purifying nutrient-rich wastewater and its effects on the ducks＇ feed intake, egg laying performance and egg quality. This paper shows that the constructed wetland removed as much as 64.44% of chemical oxygen demand （COD）, 21.78% of total nitrogen （TN） and 23.02% of total phosphorus （TP）. Both dissolved oxygen （DO） and the transparency of the wastewater were remarkably improved, with its transparency 2.5 times higher than that of the untreated wastewater. After the ducks were fed with water hyacinth, the average daily feed intake and the egg-laying ratio in the test group were 5.86% and 9.79% higher, respectively, than in the control group; the differences were both significant at the 0.01 probability level. The egg weight in the test group was 2.36% higher than in the control group （P 〈 0.05）, but the feed conversion ratios were almost the same. The eggshell thickness and strength were among the egg qualities significantly increased in ducks fed with water hyacinth. We concluded that a water hyacinth system was effective for purifying wastewater from an intensive duck farm during the water hyacinth growing season, as harvested water hyacinth had an excellent performance as duck feed. We also discussed the limitations of the experiment.

Anatomical studies on water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms) under the influence of textile wastewater

Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms) is a prolific free floating aquatic macrohpyte found in tropical and subtropical parts of the earth. The effects of pollutants from textile wastewater on the anatomy of the plant were studied. Water hyacinth exhibits hydrophytic adaptations which include reduced epidermis cells lacking cuticle in most cases, presence of large air spaces (7～50 μm), reduced vascular tissue and absorbing structures. Textile waste significantly affected the size of root cells.The presence of raphide crystals was noted in parenchyma cells of various organs in treated plants.

Biogas Production Using Water Hyacinth (Eicchornia crassipes) for Electricity Generation in Kenya

Water hyacinth, E. crassipes, an invasive water weed thrives in fresh water bodies causing serious environmental problems. In Kenya the weed has invaded Lake Victoria and poses great socioeconomic and environmental challenges. Currently the weed is harvested from the Lake and left in the open to rot and decay leading to loss of aesthetics, land and air pollution. There is therefore need for development of value addition and economic exploitation strategies. The aim of the study is to assess the potential for utilization of the weed as a renewable energy resource for biogas production. Samples were collected from Lake Victoria, pulped and blend with cow dung at a ratio of 3:1 as inoculum. The resultant mixture was mixed with water at a ratio of 1:1 and fed into a 6 m3 tubular digester. The digester was recharged with 20 kg after every three days. The temperature, pH variations, gas compositions, upgrading and gas yields were studied. The temperature ranged between 22.8°C - 36.6°C and pH 7.4 - 8.5. Biogas was found to contain 49% - 53% methane (CH4 ), 30% - 33% carbon dioxide (CO2 ), 5% - 6% nitrogen (N2 ) and traces of hydrogen sulphide (H2S). The biogas was upgraded using solid adsorbents and wet scrubbers increasing the methane content by up to 70% - 76%. The upgraded gas was used to power internal combustion engines coupled with an electricity generator and direct heat applications. The study concludes that E. crassipes is a potential feedstock for biogas production especially in areas where it is abundant.

A NOVEL STEROID FROM EICHHORNIA CRASSIPES

6 -Hydroxy-stigmasta-4,22-diene-3-one 1,a novel steroid, was isolated from the Eichhornia Crassipes.Its structure was deter- mined by ~1H and ^(13)C NMR spectroscopy and further confirmed by authen- tic sample,which was synthesized from stigmasterol 2.

Regulative effect of aqueous extract of Eichhornia crassipes on the oxygen uptake capacity and motion responses of mice under wet/cool stress

OBJECTIVE To investigate the regulative effect of aqueous extract of Eichhornia crassipes on the oxygen uptake capacity and motion responses of mice under wet/cool stress. METHODS KM mice were randomly divided into normal control group,model control group,Eichhornia crassipes lowdose group(0.5g·kg-1)and high dose group(1.5g·kg-1),then performed intragastric administration for a period of 7d.Wet/cold stressed mice model was established using repeated intermittent(3h·d-1,consecutive 7d)exposure method by placing mice into the exposure box which was covered by ice at the bottom(T<0℃;RH>85%).Oxygen consumption was observed during exposure.Inclined plane method(muscle coordination capacity test)was performed immediately after exposure.60-second video of exhaustive swimming(to calculate swimming speed)was taken 1hafter the last exposure,the exhaustive swimming time was recorded.RESULTS(1)Compared with normal control group,model control group showed significant improvement in oxygen consumption(P<0.01),with an increase up to 77.33%,while inclined plate time,swimming speed and exhaustive swimming time showed significant reduction(P<0.01),at the rates 46.3%,8.54% and 19.68%respectively.(2)Compared with normal control group,Eichhornia crassipes low dose group and high dose group both improved oxygen consumption significantly(P<0.01),at rates of 10.93% and 90.38%respectively.This indicated high-dose aqueous extract of Eichhornia crassipes could fulfil actual oxygen demand of wet/cold stressed mice effectively.Inclined plate and exhaustive swimming experiments indicated that low-dose aqueous extract of Eichhornia crassipes boosted physical power significantly,as its exhaustive swimming time was increased up to 56.61%.Meanwhile,high-dose aqueous extract of Eichhornia crassipes has significant regulative effect on muscle coordination capability and motion speed,which were increased by 17.38% and 11.17%,respectively.CONCLUSION Aqueous extract of Eichhornia crassipes has definite regulative effect on the oxygen uptake capacity and motion responses of wet/cold stressed mice.Aqueous extract of Eichhornia crassipes can achieve stress protective effect by improving oxygen uptake capacity,muscle coordination capacity and motion abilities.

Effects of Eichhornia crassipes Growth on Aquatic Plants in Dianchi Lake

[Objective] The aim was to study the effects of Eichhornia crassipes as an invasive plant on aquatic plants in Dianchi Lake. [Method] Based on the determination of chlorophyll content of phytoplankton and submerged plant (Potamogeton pectinatus) in Dianchi Lake in different months, the effects of E. crassipes on aquatic plants in Dianchi Lake were studied, and the allelopathy effect of root culture solution of E. crassipes on Microcystis aquaticum was discussed. [Result] The growth of E. crassipes in Dianchi Lake reduced the chlorophyll content of phytoplankton and submerged plant (P. pectinatus), and it showed that E. crassipes had certain inhibitory effect on their growth; the culture solution of E. crassipes root inhibited M. aeruginosa growth obviously. [Conclusion] The study could provide scientific references for the prevention and control of ecological safety of E. crassipes.

Establishment and Control of Water Hyacinth(Eichhornia Crassipes) Invasive Species in Aquatic System

This dissertation chiefly examines the functions of water hyacinth and discusses the potential problems associated with invasive species.In general,E.crassipes has significant potential as a source of biomass energy,such as improving physical properties of soil as well as soil structure;additionally,ventilates the soil and brings great conveniences for water penetrating through soil.With regard to the overall research,an amount of significant research has illustrated that water hyacinth can form dense mats that spread out across water surfaces in the end blocking the entire water body.Specifically,water hyacinth would change water clarity and lessening phytoplankton production,dissolved oxygen,nitrogen,phosphorous,heavy metals and concentrations of other pollutants.Relevant studies quoted in this report would gain prominence in further aquatic conservation and maintaining the integrity of ecosystem function since previous research and experience would be highlighted and explored in depth.Although some gaps between theory and experimental evidence still exist,preferable management method combines chemical,mechanical,fire and biological control methods with land management changes.

STUDIES ON THE PURIFICATION OF SILVERCONTAINING WASTE WATER AND THE RECLAMATION OF SILVER BY Eichhornia crassipes AND OTHER AQUATIC PLANTS

At present, sensitive material factories and various cinefilm processing factories can only treat silver-containing waste water of high concentration, and have difficulties in dealing with the waste water of silver concentration lower than 2-3 mg/1. Therefore the loss of silver is relatively large. This not only leads to a great economic loss, but also brings about seri-

The effects of two free-floating plants (Eichhornia crassipes and Pistia stratiotes) on the burrow morphology and water quality characteristics of pond loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus) habitat

Loach exhibit conspicuous drilling behaviors in the mud of shallow waters,yet their burrow morphology and the factors affecting this behavior have received little attention.We characterized the burrow morphology and water quality of the pond loach Misgurnus anguillicaudatus in three scenarios:in tanks without plants,tanks with the free-floating plant water hyacinth Eichhornia crassipes,and tanks with water lettuce Pistia stratiotes.Water hyacinth effectively removed water TN,COD,NO3-N and NH4-N,and water lettuce removed water TP and NH4-N.Water hyacinth and water lettuce markedly reduced water turbidity and DO,increased TOC and EC.Water hyacinth purified water more effectively than water lettuce,providing a suitable habitat for loach feeding,living and burrowing.The burrow structures were V-shaped,Y-shaped,inverted L-shaped,or complicated dendritic networks composed of multiple V shapes.The hyacinth treatment was characterized by the greatest burrow volume,length,depth,and structural complexity,but the opening size was reduced by dense root mat coverage.Burrows in the water lettuce treatment were characterized by intermediate volume,length,branches and sinuosity,but they had the largest opening and pit size.The control treatment had a flat bottom with the smallest,shortest burrows.This study indicates that free-floating plants improve habitat suitability and change burrow morphology and may be used to improve loach breeding methods。

AkElaphoglossum crassipes（舌蕨属）中分离得到新的酰基间苯三酚：CrassipinA的类抗抑郁活性

作者从Elaphoglossum crassipes的鳞茎和根茎中分离得到9种新的酰基间苯三酚，并且通过大鼠强制游泳试验评估了化合物1、化合物8的抗抑郁活性。干燥Elaphoglossumcrassipes根茎（92g），用乙醚提取，得到乙醚提取物（5．8g）。乙醚提取物经硅胶柱色谱分离，用正己烷／乙酸乙酯梯度洗脱，得到4个含间苯三酚的溶液部分。部分I（240mg）经正相HPLC分离，用正己烷／乙酸乙酯洗脱，得到1（163mg）、3a（14．4mg）、3b（13．4mg）。

凤眼莲入侵对洪湖湿地CO_(2)、CH_(4)、N_(2)O通量的影响初探

为揭示外来植物入侵对湖泊湿地温室气体排放的影响机制,选择入侵植物样地和本土植物样地,通过漂浮箱-气相色谱法原位研究了洪湖湿地温室气体排放规律及其控制因子,探讨了外来入侵植物对洪湖湿地温室气体排放的影响。结果表明,外来植物凤眼莲(Eichhornia crassipes)入侵洪湖湿地后,CO_(2)通量高于开阔水域,但低于挺水植物区莲+菰群落和浮水植物区欧菱群落;入侵植物区凤眼莲群落监测点CH_(4)通量高于浮水植物区欧菱群落监测点,但低于开阔水域和莲+菰群落监测点;凤眼莲群落监测点N_(2)O通量均低于莲+菰群落、欧菱群落和开阔水域监测点。相关分析表明,莲+菰群落和凤眼莲群落监测点CO_(2)通量与温度显著正相关,莲+菰群落监测点N_(2)O通量与温度显著正相关,而4个监测点CH_(4)通量与环境因子无显著相关性。洪湖湿地CH_(4)排放通量(1.11~534.40 mg·m^(-2)·h^(-1))比通常观测到的数值高1~2个数量级,可能是由于该湖泊湿地水体污染严重,湖泊呈富营养化。

Chemical Composition of the Neochetina eichhorniae and Neochetina bruchi and Their Potential for Use as Livestock Feed

Neochetina eichhorniae and Neochetina bruchi have been used for over four decades as Eichhorniae crassipes classical biological control agents globally. Despite the success of bio-control against the water hyacinth globally at different levels and environmental sustainability, biological control against water hyacinth seems to have overlooked the socio-economic sustainability in assisting the ravaged communities, gain resilience and adapt to the challenges of the invasive alien species. This manuscript evaluates the potential to draw out more from biological control of the water hyacinth by evaluating the potential to utilize Neochetina eichhorniae and Neochetina bruchi as feed. The live insects of the two species were collected from the water hyacinth marts in the nearby L. Victoria in Siaya county, Kenya. Where they were then transferred for semi-cultivation in localized ponds for reproduction and closer monitoring. The ponds having been set up in completely randomized design while in the open within the same climatic region mimicked the water quality and most abiotic conditions of the lake necessary for the insects’ and host plant acclimatization and reproduction. The samples for proximate analysis were collected from these ponds as per the research and experimental design. The chemical compositions of the Neochetina bruchi, N. eichhorniae and their larvae composite, satisfactorily compared to basic fish feed requirements, specifically as a protein source having crude protein (CP) percentage per DM of 55.0350 ± 0.025, 54.4350 ± 0.035 and 62.2750 ± 0.025 respectively.

不同营养水平对外来物种凤眼莲生长特征及其竞争力的影响

入侵种凤眼莲(Eichhorniacrassipes)在中国的泛滥不仅与其强大的适应力和繁殖能力有关,还与水体的富营养化有很大的关系。作者通过盆栽实验比较了三个营养水平的模拟富营养条件下凤眼莲的生长特征和对当地种黄花水龙(Ludwigiapeploidesssp.stipulacea)和黑藻(Hydrillaverticillata)两个不同生长型的影响。结果表明:富营养条件增强了凤眼莲的生长繁殖能力,使其平均每母株克隆分株数、平均株高以及总生物量极大的增加。凤眼莲的生长优势导致了其竞争优势,对黄花水龙和黑藻都发生了明显的竞争效应。迅速繁殖的凤眼莲覆盖大量水面,通过排挤作用抑制了黄花水龙的生长(低营养水平除外);黑藻因光照缺乏,导致正常光合作用受阻,生物量急剧下降。凤眼莲对黑藻的竞争效应较黄花水龙更强。富营养化的水体为凤眼莲的成功入侵提供了优越条件,因此解决当前水体的富营养化状况能有效控制凤眼莲入侵,同时也有利于本地生物多样性的保护。

凤眼莲根对东海原甲藻生长的抑制作用及机制研究

观察凤眼莲Eichhornia crassipes根粉末及丙酮提取物对东海原甲藻Prorocentrum donghaiense生长的影响,比较分析根系丙酮提取物中的化学成分以及不同成分抑藻效果,探讨凤眼莲根对藻类生长的抑制作用及其化学基础。结果显示,1.5g.L-1以上的凤眼莲根粉末可完全抑制东海原甲藻的生长。实际浓度0.019g.L-1的凤眼莲根丙酮提取物对东海原甲藻可产生50%的抑制率。N-苯基-2-萘胺浓度为1mg.L-1时,第6天对东海原甲藻的抑制率超过60%。浓度50μl.L-1时,亚油酸对东海原甲藻的抑制率超过80%。气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)或高效液相色谱(HPLC)检测显示,凤眼莲根丙酮提取物中含有一定量的亚油酸和N-苯基-2-萘胺,同时还有大量的长链脂肪酸如十六酸、9-十六碳烯酸等。结果表明,凤眼莲根可显著抑制东海原甲藻的生长,N-苯基-2-萘胺、亚油酸可能是凤眼莲根抑藻的主要因子。

氧化应激对粗柄羊肚菌菌丝生长和菌核发生的影响

采用平板覆盖玻璃纸培养法,初步探讨了甘露醇、二甲基亚砜(DMSO)、苯甲酸钠和N,N-二甲基对亚硝基苯胺等4种羟基自由基清除剂,L-半胱氨酸、还原型谷胱甘肽和β-巯基乙醇等3种巯基化合物和抗坏血酸对粗柄羊肚菌(Morchella crassipes)菌丝生长和菌核发生的影响。结果表明,作为可以降低真菌胞内氧化应激的活性氧自由基清除剂,测试药剂对菌丝生长和菌核发生具有抑制作用,且该抑制作用随着药剂浓度的增加而增强,较高浓度的添加药剂可完全抑制菌核发生。随着测试药剂的羟基自由基清除能力增强,完全抑制粗柄羊肚菌菌核发生的浓度相应降低,菌丝生长也大致表现出类似的趋势。测试的较强自由基清除剂苯甲酸钠、N,N-二甲基对亚硝基苯胺、3种巯基化合物和抗坏血酸改变了粗柄羊肚菌菌落的色泽,表明打破了粗柄羊肚菌正常的生理活动。

凤眼莲对不同富营养化程度水体的净化效果研究

为研究凤眼莲(Eichhornia crassipes)对不同富营养化程度水体的净化修复效果,按照地表水环境质量标准Ⅲ类水至劣Ⅴ类水配制5种不同浓度梯度的废水进行水培试验,考察凤眼莲对不同初始浓度废水中CODcr、TN和TP的净化效果。当废水CODcr、TN、TP初始浓度分别为25.720~136.040、1.263~32.011、0.942~4.111 mg/L时,凤眼莲对CODcr、TN和TP的净化处理效果良好,去除率随初始浓度升高而呈增加趋势,最高可分别达到80%、97%和98%,表明凤眼莲对不同浓度的富营养化水体都具有较好的修复效果,尤其适于净化修复劣Ⅴ类水质水体。

水葫芦叶中总黄酮的提取及其抗氧化性研究

为研究水葫芦(Eichhornia crassipes)叶中总黄酮的超声波法提取工艺,并测定其抗氧化活性,通过单因素试验和正交试验优化提取条件,对总黄酮还原能力及清除自由基能力进行测定。结果表明,水葫芦叶中总黄酮最佳提取条件为超声功率320 W、乙醇浓度70%、超声时间30 min、料液比1∶45、提取次数3次,此条件下总黄酮得率为5.71%,提取物呈现出良好的抗氧化活性。

三种北极石竹科植物中的环肽及石竹科环肽的化学分类和分布意义

用HPLC等现代分离技术，从各样少于100g的北极3种石竹科(Caryophyllaceae)植物Stellaria crassipes Hult. Cerastium arcticum Lange和C.regelii Ostenf.中分得5个新环肽，分别命名arcticuminA(1)、arcticumin B(2)、arcticumin C(3)、regelin A(4)和crassipin B(5)，并通过FAB^+-MS和氨基酸组成分析初步鉴定了它们的结构；通过对北极石竹科环肽与青藏高原石竹科环肽的比较，证明了环肽是石竹科的特征成分以及北极地区是石竹科植物分布中心的一个区域。

凤眼莲净化含铜废水的效果研究

采用水培的方法对凤眼莲(Eichhornia crassipes)在不同Cu2+质量浓度和不同pH条件下进行培养,研究了凤眼莲对水体Cu2+的吸收特性以及Cu2+质量浓度、pH对凤眼莲吸收Cu2+的影响。结果表明:凤眼莲在短期内对含铜废水具有良好的净化效果,在Cu2+质量浓度为2.00、4.00和8.00mg/L时凤眼莲对Cu2+的总去除率分别达91.38%、91.64%和77.64%;在铜离子浓度为4.00mg/L,pH为4.0、5.5和7.0时,凤眼莲对Cu2+的总去除率分别为88.02%、93.15%和81.32%。凤眼莲对含铜废水的净化主要依靠根的吸收富集,但当Cu2+质量浓度高于20mg/L时,凤眼莲植株受害症状明显。