Features of ^(90)Sr behavior in Crimean lakes with different salinity of their water environment

The comparative study of technogenic ^(90)Sr behavior features in Crimea lakes’ ecosystems with different levels of salinity was carried out in 2016-2021.Two sources of ^(90)Sr input were identified for all the studied lakes:the primary source concerned with atmospheric fallout immediately after the Chernobyl NPP accident and the secondary long-term input of this radionuclide by waterway.The half-life of the ^(90)Sr concentration in the water of the hypers aline Lake Sasyk-Sivash was estimated to vary from 0.8 to 1.1 years after the closure of the North Crimean Canal(NCC).Biogeochemical processes in the lake under the absence of the secondary source of the radionuclide input were shown to decrease in the ^(90)Sr residence time in the water column by 131 times.For brackish water bodies,a significant factor influencing the radionuclide concentration in ecosystems of lakes was the pH of their water,while for hypers aline lakes the level of water salinity was the main factor determining ^(90)Sr behavior.The concentration of ^(90)Sr in bottom sediments of studied lakes depended mainly on this radionuclide concentration in a water environment.Calculated ^(90)Sr distribution factors(Kd) for studied lakes’ bottom sediments varied in a range of n·10^(0)÷n·10^(2) for hypersaline lakes and of n·10^(1)÷n·10^(2) for lakes with brackish waters.Due to the closure of the NCC,the ^(90)Sr redistribution took place in lake ecosystems only under the geochemical processes within the water bodies themselves.The results obtained in this work are of particular importance as a starting point or a basis for further radioecological studies of the Crimean inland waters after the reopening of the NCC and the Dnieper waters re-entering the territory of Crimea in 2022after the 8 years of their absence.

Resting Stages of Crustaceans in the Crimean Hypersaline Lakes(Ukraine) and Their Ecological Role

1 Introduction A presence of resting stages in various aquatic organisms is a long-known phenomenon as a mechanism of species adaptation to exist in unstable aquatic habitats,surviving adverse conditions in the"sleeping"state(Radzikowski,2013).Bank of resting stages of planktonic organisms is an important component of the plankton community,without which we cannot understand community dynamics(Brendonck and De Meester,2003).

从地球物理角度研究Crimea大陆架斜坡带气体水合物聚集的来源

位于Crimea大陆边缘（黑海北部）东南面的Sonokin海槽以泥岩的穿刺作用而闻名。1988年已经在此区域的海床沉积层中了气体水合物。1996年“Gelendzhik”号的TTR-6航次期间，在五个含有泥质角砾岩的岩芯中观察了气体水合物，据此进行了一次综合地球物理勘探，以更深入地了解气体水合物的区域分面上以及水合物聚集与流体排出口之间的关系，并由此提出此研究区域的气体水合物很可能由外来气体形成，对含气体水合物的岩芯进行岩性研究的初步结论显示从中采到气体水合物的泥火山有一个复杂的形成机理，水合物来源之一的气体也有一段复杂的历史。

Paleozoic Exotic Blocks of the Crimean Mountains: Stratigraphy and Origin

Based on numerous geological data obtained by the authors for several decades, the stratification of Permian and Carboniferous ancient and exotic blocks of Crimean Mountains is performed. The sequence of geological events that cause their origin is revealed. Carnian-Norian, Rhaetian-Hettangian and Early-Pliensbachian phases of collapse, sliding and burial of Paleozoic blocks are specified. Final stage (block re-deposition) is confined to the Toarcian and Aalenian ages. The data obtained allow re-interpreting the origin of ancient exotic blocks of the Crimea.

Primary Production and the Hydrochemical Parameters of the Salt Lakes in the North-Western Part of the Crimea(Russia)

1 Introduction It is known that more than 300 lakes and lagoons are present in the Crimean Peninsula,which are divided depending on position to 7 groups:Perekop,Tarkhankut,Evpatoriyskaya,Khersonesskaya,lake on the mountainpastures,Kerch and Genicheskaya.Almost the all lakes,with the exception of the small freshwater lakes,which situated on mountain pastures of the Main ridge of

Radiochemoecological Monitoring of the Salt Lakes of the Crimea

1 Introduction The salt lakes of the Crimea contain the practically inexhaustible sources of salts of sodium,magnesium,bromine and other chemical elements(Ponizovskii,1965),being the potential powerful raw materials base for the

Dormant stages of crustaceans as a mechanism of propagation in the extreme and unpredictable environment in the Crimean hypersaline lakes

A pool of dormant stages of planktonic organisms in saline lakes is a substantial component in the plankton communities;we need to take it into account to understand plankton dynamics.Hypersaline water bodies in Crimea,the largest peninsula in the Black Sea,constitute a very characteristic and peculiar habitat type in the region.We examined the presence of crustacean resting stages in sediments of dried up sites of the Crimean hypersaline lakes.Sediment samples were taken in 9 different lakes.Experiments performed on the hatching of these resting stages showed the presence of Moina salina(Cladocera),parthenogenetic Artemia and Artemia urmiana(Anostraca),Eucypris mareotica( inflata)(Ostracoda),and Cletocamptus retrogressus(Harpacticoida).Comparing the experimental results obtained with clean dried brine shrimp cysts and those kept in sediment samples,it was noted that clean cysts hatched much faster than those from sediments did.Some components in bottom sediments slow down and desynchronize hatching from resting eggs in different groups of crustaceans.The sediments of different lakes inhibited the nauplii output from Artemia and ostracod resting eggs to different degrees.More data are needed before we can discuss the reasons of this inhibition.The nonsynchronous output of active stages from the bottom resting ones may be an adaptation that allows crustacean species to exist in extreme and unpredictably changing environments,avoiding the risk that all may emerge at once under unsuitable conditions.

Radionuclides and mercury in the salt lakes of the Crimea

90 Sr concentrations,resulting from the Chernobyl NPP accident,were determined in the salt lakes of the Crimea(Lakes Kiyatskoe,Kirleutskoe,Kizil-Yar,Bakalskoe and Donuzlav),together with the redistribution between the components of the ecosystems.The content of mercury in the waters of the studied reservoirs was also established.Vertical distributions of natural radionuclide activities( 238 U,232 Th,226 Ra,210 Pb,40 K) and anthropogenic 137 Cs concentrations(as radiotracers) were determined in the bottom sediments of the Koyashskoe salt lake(located in the south-eastern Crimea) to evaluate the longterm dynamics and biogeochemical processes.Radiochemical and chemical analysis was undertaken and radiotracer and statistical methods were applied to the analytical data.The highest concentrations of 90 Sr in the water of Lake Kiyatskoe(350.5 and 98.0 Bq/m 3) and Lake Kirleutskoe(121.3 Bq/m 3) were due to the discharge of the Dnieper water from the North-Crimean Canal.The high content of mercury in Lake Kiyatskoe(363.2 ng/L) and in seawater near Lake Kizil-Yar(364 ng/L) exceeded the maximum permissible concentration(3.5 times the maximum).Natural radionuclides provide the main contribution to the total radioactivity(artificial and natural combined) in the bottom sediments of Lake Koyashskoe.The significant concentration of 210 Pb in the upper layer of bottom sediments of the lake indicates an active inflow of its parent radionuclide—gaseous 222 Rn from the lower layers of the bottom sediment.The average sedimentation rates in Lake Koyashskoe,determined using 210 Pb and 137 Cs data,were 0.117 and 0.109 cm per year,respectively.

扑朔迷离的乌克兰国家未来发展方向——对克里米亚危机的国际舆情分析报告

美俄在乌克兰危机的对峙不在前线的战场上,而是在媒体信息和金融战场上展开。美俄两国由于对乌克兰危机的分歧较大,双方都在向对方施加心理战,以求达到中国《孙子兵法》中所描述的"不战而屈人之兵"。加入俄罗斯或留在乌克兰的公投结果将使普京在这场关于乌克兰危机的国际舆论战中,取得控制克里米亚的实质权力。颜色革命后,媒体进一步撕裂了乌克兰整体国家的感情。在经历经济危机的过程中,乌克兰媒体受到了来自俄罗斯、美国、欧盟的严重影响,这样,克里米亚面临的危机同样是乌克兰国家未来发展方向上的危机。

乌克兰危机:内因、大国博弈因素与前景

乌克兰危机是深刻的国内政治矛盾在俄罗斯与西方博弈因素的作用下发展而成的。迄今为止,乌克兰危机经历了三个阶段,即反对派通过街头抗议活动夺取政权、克里米亚危机、东南部地区局势动荡。在深入分析每个阶段危机的演变过程、内部原因以及俄罗斯与西方在乌克兰的竞争的基础上,可以看出,乌克兰危机最为有利的解决方案,是在俄罗斯和美国、欧盟的调解下,由分别代表中西部和东部地区、乌克兰族和俄罗斯族利益的政治力量通过对话与谈判,达成一份可行、有效的乌克兰危机调解协议,内容包括乌国家体制、中央与地方权力划分、俄语地位等。

克里米亚的前世今生俄罗斯欧盟与乌克兰危机

目前的乌克兰危机既是国内政治斗争和地区隔阂的结果,也是外部力量争夺其地缘政治优势的产物;既有复杂的历史背景,也有严酷的现实利益;既有一定的偶然性,也有无可避免的必然性。内部因素与外部因素相互影响,互为因果。乌克兰政治危机的危害性及其国际影响比十年前爆发的"橙色革命"有过之而无不及。这一危机不仅使乌克兰经济雪上加霜,而且还损害了这个国家的国际声誉。克里米亚的归属之争使危机进一步升级。为了稳定乌克兰局势,有关各方必须保持冷静克制,在法律和秩序框架内,通过对话和谈判的方式寻求政治解决。

俄国历史进程中的克里米亚

在俄国历史过程中,黑海及克里米亚半岛是俄罗斯海洋之梦的起点,塞瓦斯托波尔是俄罗斯军事荣耀之城。克里米亚在俄国历史进程中起着重要的作用。当今克里米亚脱乌入俄的过程,也反映出俄国现实与历史某些一脉相承的特征。

“克里米亚入俄”的合法性——基于民族自决权的视角

民族自决权同人权一样,已成为国际法中公认的原则,它于第二次世界大战后,在殖民地人民争取民族独立、国家统一的过程中发挥着显著作用。在"克里米亚入俄"事件中克里米亚地方机构在缺乏国际法规定的可以适用民族自决权的条件下,未经主权国乌克兰的同意,举行住民公投,利用民族自决权挑战主权原则,有损害已经实现民族平等权和自决权的国家领土完整和政治统一之嫌。

乌克兰前瞻:俄罗斯的战略困境与抉择

乌克兰是俄罗斯国家安全的重大战略依托,是俄罗斯推动的欧亚一体化进程的重要环节,是俄罗斯实现大国复兴梦想的战略支点。虽然克里米亚"回归"俄罗斯及乌克兰东部地区"独立",表明俄国在此轮对决中略占上风,但也难以扭转苏联解体以来俄罗斯对乌克兰战略选择上的困境,即未来俄罗斯仍将面临着既不能放弃乌克兰但又无法阻止其西进的两难局面。在可预测的未来,维持乌克兰的现状、保持俄乌特殊伙伴关系是俄罗斯可行的战略选择,甚至可以说是唯一的战略选择。

我国克里米亚－刚果出血热的研究现状

本文简要综述了克里米亚－刚果出血热（Grimean．Congo Hemorrhagic Fever）的病原学、流行病学、临床学和防治，给进一步作好本病的研究与防治工作提供了依据。

俄乌克里米亚争端及其原因浅析

1954年,为纪念乌克兰与俄罗斯合并300周年,苏联最高苏维埃主席团决定将克里米亚作为“礼物”赠送给乌克兰,以示俄乌之间的亲密关系。但这一决定,却为后来双方的争吵埋下了祸根。苏联解体后,克里米亚争端伴随着俄乌之间一系列冲突的发生很快浮出水面,成为90年代初困扰俄乌关系发展的一大障碍。经过多回合的较量、妥协与各种力量的分化组合,克里米亚争端在1997年基本得到了解决,也给我们留下了一些值得思考的问题和启示。

1954年克里米亚归属重划与苏联俄乌两加盟共和国边界变化的影响因素

1954年,克里米亚被赫鲁晓夫从俄罗斯苏维埃联邦社会主义共和国划给了乌克兰苏维埃社会主义共和国。克里米亚归属重划受到了历史、民族、法律、政治、经济等一系列因素的影响。同时,这些也是影响俄罗斯苏维埃联邦社会主义共和国与乌克兰苏维埃社会主义共和国边界变化的重要因素,是影响现阶段克里米亚再次并入俄罗斯联邦的重要因素。

俄罗斯在乌克兰危机中的情报支援

[目的/意义]乌克兰危机中,俄罗斯以有限军事行动达到了克里米亚“脱乌入俄”的目的。俄罗斯打赢这场“混合战争”,极大依赖情报支持。目前国内尚无俄在乌克兰危机中的情报问题研究。[方法/过程]总体上采用逻辑分析法,利用外语和情报研究优势,广泛收集翻译第一手英文、俄文资料,通过文献分析法,全面梳理俄罗斯在乌克兰危机中的情报活动;通过辩证分析法,总结俄情报特点和启示。[结果/结论]情报活动古已有之,各国对其从未等闲视之。俄在乌克兰危机中情报活动的技术进步、理念创新,体现出情报已是“混合战争”中最重要的一种作战样式。

俄罗斯、乌克兰海洋争端问题的历史与现状

苏联解体以来,俄罗斯和乌克兰之间海洋争端凸显。双方曾就海上划界和俄黑海舰队驻扎塞瓦斯托波尔港的问题进行了多轮谈判,达成了原则性协议。2014年2月乌克兰政权更迭后,俄罗斯实际控制了乌克兰南部的克里米亚半岛,加强了在黑海地区的军事部署,近两年还修建了连接俄罗斯本土和克里米亚的刻赤大桥。乌克兰加强了对其东部地区分离势力的打击力度,并向海牙"常设仲裁法院"控告俄罗斯违反联合国1982年海洋法公约。俄乌海洋争端的背后是俄罗斯与北约的地缘政治角力。虽然遭受了西方的制裁,但俄罗斯不会放弃克里米亚。由于北约和俄罗斯的地缘政治利益冲突将长期存在,俄乌海上争端在两国现任领导人任内很难得到有效解决。