Ending Privacy’s Gremlin: Stopping the Data-Broker Loophole to the Fourth Amendment’s Search Warrant Requirement

Advances in technology require upgrades in the law. One such area involves data brokers, which have thus far gone unregulated. Data brokers use artificial intelligence to aggregate information into data profiles about individual Americans derived from consumer use of the internet and connected devices. Data profiles are then sold for profit. Government investigators use a legal loophole to purchase this data instead of obtaining a search warrant, which the Fourth Amendment would otherwise require. Consumers have lacked a reasonable means to fight or correct the information data brokers collect. Americans may not even be aware of the risks of data aggregation, which upends the test of reasonable expectations used in a search warrant analysis. Data aggregation should be controlled and regulated, which is the direction some privacy laws take. Legislatures must step forward to safeguard against shadowy data-profiling practices, whether abroad or at home. In the meantime, courts can modify their search warrant analysis by including data privacy principles.

The Criminal Law of Public Order as a Guardian of Public Interest in Terrorist Acts Scenario

Promotion of a model of the criminal law of public order represents an important point of reflection in criminal law doctrine. Public order, as a juridical good, has many predispositions to be exposed to criminal activity, and in this point of view, its special protection through criminal law norms constitutes a major concern of criminal legislation objectives. Criminal legislation （as a regulatory and modifying tool within society） is an intelligent social product It is a concrete expression of the important contribution of society in ensuring qualitative and quantitative relations of the model of public order. The latter finds expression as the object of a subjective right, which cannot be divided from the affirmation made by criminal legislation as a primary juridical good. In this context, the model of public order is associated with that of protection of general interest, in the subjective sense of the right to punish （ius puniendO, implemented by state authorities. In their universal meaning, all criminal offences in one way or another affect the normal functioning of public order, but terrorist acts can violate or impinge upon public order more closely and specifically. While affecting the designated model of public order, terrorist crimes put in question the architecture of the rule of law. In response to the mechanisms of terrorist offences, two main criminalization techniques are elaborated： （1） the classical technique of criminalization; and （2] the enumerative technique of criminalization. Criminal sanctions, by which the repression of this criminal vector is carried out, aim at ensuring not only the survival of human society, but also its cardinal values and interests, as well as the technical and scientific progress.

On the Criminal Law Protection of the Marine Ecological Environment

With the continuous and rapid development of the country’s economy and society,it has greatly promoted the leap of the marine economy and brought more severe challenges and tests to the protection of marine ecological environment.How to effectively measure the criminal law protection of the marine ecological environment and take effective measures Measures to deepen the effects of marine ecological environmental protection have become one of the focus topics of widespread concern in the industry.Based on this,this article first introduces the protection of marine ecological interests in China’s criminal law,analyzes the necessity of adjusting the ecological environment in criminal law,and discusses the deficiencies in China’s marine legal system and combines relevant practical experience to improve the marine environment.Various angles and aspects,such as laws and regulations related to resource crimes,put forward the basic approach to strengthen the criminal law protection of the marine ecological environment,and hope to help the practice of related work.

On the Constitutional Review of Correction Activity of Chinese Criminal Law

Chinese criminal law has been amended ten times, which includes a single line criminal law and nine amendments. By taking into account the provisions of the constitution, democracy, the essence of the rule of law and safeguarding the human rights, Chinese criminal law amendment activities have different degrees of violation of the constitution. Criminal law as a restriction of civil rights of the harsh laws, its final decision of correction should be held by the National People＇s Congress. At the same time, the time interval of the amendment of the criminal law is controlled within a reasonable range, unreasonable charges and actions whose main purpose is to explain that the criminal law are constantly decreased, and the criminal law that protects the rights to security is gradually created.

Identify patterns of criminal law of causality

Understanding the causal relationship between the criminal law should start with the objective nature of behavior and then set out to determine whether there is the causal relationship between behavior and results, and then combine with the perpetrator＇ s subjective guilt to determine whether his conduct is harmful behavior, so as to determine the severity of his criminal responsibility. In criminal law the causal relationship between the harmful behavior and harmful results is an intrinsic, essential contact. Endangering behavior （i.e. reason） is generated with contingency; in criminal law causality itself is a dialectical unity of necessity and contingency. One should correctly distinguish causes and conditions in the cause and effect relationship; one cannot equate a causal relationship in criminal law with constituting crime and undertaking criminal responsibility. Criminal law of causality is the main content of a crime in an objective harm, which reflects the intrinsic link of the harm behavior and harm. Correctly solving the criminal law of causality is important for the solution how much criminal responsibility the armful behavior should bear.

On the Criminal Protection of the Right to Education of Chinese Citizens——With a Review on Article 32 of the Amendment to the Criminal Law(Ⅺ)

The Amendment(Ⅺ)to the Criminal Law of the People’s Republic of China responds to the institutional needs of civic education,and supplements the clause of the Criminal Law on protection of citizens’right to education nuy means of Article 32.Imposing legal responsibility in the form of internal punishments,administrative punishments,and economic compensation have failed to prevent infringements on citizens’right to education.Its role as a"secondary protection law"is the conceptual obstacle that hinders the Criminal Law from effectively intervening in the field of citizens’right to education.The equivalence between the legal interests of people to the right to education and the rights protected by the existing charges in the Criminal Law is the legitimate basis for it to intervene in disputes over the right to education.Based on Article 32 of the Amendment(Ⅺ)to the Criminal Law of the People’s Republic of China,it is suggested to further clarify the prepositional law,improve the liability provisions for the right to education,change the modest and restrained view of the Criminal Law regarding protection of the right to education,and expand the behavior types of Article 32 provided in the Amendment(Ⅺ)in due time.

Commentary on the Newly Implemented Amendment Ⅷ to the Criminal Law Concerning Children’s Rights in China

Amendment VIII to the Criminal Law of the PRC, which went into effect on hMay 1, 2011, is not only in line with the basic spirit of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and relevant international human rights treaties, but also is related to the priority area of the Program for The Development of Chinese Children （2011- 2020）. Thus, it helps to safeguard the rights of juveniles and strengthens criminal law protection of their rights and interests. In consideration of the weak position of juveniles and the criminal law means of protecting their rights and interests,

From Power to Rights: Interpreting Inscribing “To Respect and Protect Human Rights” in the Amended Criminal Procedure Law

Human rights are one of the widely acknowledged value systems in the international ,community. The core of human rights lies in the life and dignity of human beings. On the one hand, criminal procedure law is related to life and freedom, which is the concern of everybody. On the other hand, it involves direct dialogue between national power and citizens＇ fights.

Rule by Criminal Law is a Seismograph for the Protection of Human Rights

Criminal law involves crucial rights of the public,including property rights,political rights,freedom,and even life.As a result,on the one hand,any change to the rule by criminal law may have a significant impact on people’s lives;on the other hand,any change to the rule by criminal law is a highly sensitive issue.In view of these points,the rule by criminal law is often referred to as the seismograph for the protection of human rights,indicating the utmost importance of rule by criminal law

Fiduciary Duties in Company Law:A German Perspective

As Chinese practitioners and scholars ponder the scope of fiduciary obligations under the country’s company law,this paper offers a comparative perspective from German law.Although German corporate law has not rejected legal transplants,the common law trust has never been accepted as an organizational device for administering third-party funds or doing business.Nonetheless,the German judiciary has developed a sophisticated concept of fiduciary obligations where the statutes remain silent.This paper explores the application of fiduciary obligations to limited partnerships,limited liability companies,and stock corporations.It takes a membership perspective to ascertain the legal relationships between a corporation and its shareholder-members and among fellow-shareholders,as business entities evolve from personalistic to capitalistic settings.Fiduciary obligations also inform the relationship between the corporation and its directors and corporate officers.Although German law does not classify directors and corporate officers as the shareholders’direct trustees,shareholders stand nonetheless to benefit from the way directors and corporate offices discharge their duties towards the respective corporate entities.Moreover,criminal law rules on embezzlement operate to protect the corporation and the monies it administers from overly risky business projects.

The Discussion of the Compensation Ability Terms on Traffic Accident Crime

In 2000, the interpretation of the specific application of law on the trial of traffic accident criminal cases was issued by the Supreme People＇ s court. The second article and the fourth article in the judicial interpretation take the ＂no ability of the amount of compensation＂ as conviction and aggravated punishment standard after the traffic accident, causing the academic community fierce controversy. This article briefly states the publishing background, applicable conditions, defects and its positive significance of the two provisions. This paper nresents the immature modification suggestions for the two nrovisions.

Value Judgments in Criminal Law Interpretation

Criminal law interpretation in China faces two primary challenges in terms of value judgments. Normative interpretations often fall into circular and inadequate reasoning, while judges, the key figures in applying interpretive principles, frequently lack the necessary value judgment engagement and proficiency. Traditional criminal law interpretation is ensnared in a subjective-objective dichotomy, resulting in a misalignment with the aim of "legitimate and rational" interpretation practices in China. To rectify this, a philosophical shift is required to allow intersubjective value judgments while maintaining subjectivityobjectivity as the prerequisite. Criminal law interpretation ensures the completeness of value judgments through a combination of specialized knowledge and public discourse.This involves the creation of systematic criteria for value judgments and adherence to legal principles. The former necessitates defining the internal and external standards of value judgments, formulating rules for the resolution of conflicting standards, and underlining the practical importance of criminalization under law, or "no crime or punishment without law"(the principle that only the law can define a crime and prescribe a penalty) and "Where no law applies, it is permissible to redefine a crime as non-criminal or minor"(decriminalization).The latter involves three perspectives: logical reasoning and theoretical arguments;positive and negative judgments;and formal and substantive rationality. Moreover, it should be approached from four dimensions: normative orientation, individual case promotion, reverse exclusion, and constitutional guidance.

Specific Issues of Criminal Protection in the Field of Genetics:International and Spanish Experience

Background:Methods for combining cloning techniques with genetic engineering techniques(gene manipulation)are currently being developed in order to enhance predetermined biological or mental characteristics.Admissibility of conducting research on human embryos is justified by the fact that it will help to improve the human species and free it from serious diseases.However,two competing rights stand in the way of legality of this practice.On the one hand,the right of a human embryo to development and life.On the other hand,the right of mankind to use all scientific means to fight more effectively against diseases and to receive organs and tissues for transplantation to improve the quality of life.Some researchers believe that human life,if regarded as a moral value,cannot be absolute.Aims and Objectives:This paper examines the relevant legislation on both international and national levels and the Spanish doctrine in terms of defining acts against genetics and evaluating effectiveness to criminalize them in order to ensure the balance between medical ethics and community best interests.Materials and Methods:This study is a description paper on gene-manipulation regulation in Spain,the EU and worldwide.It is based primarily on genetic,systematic-functional and systematization methods with regard to special legal ones.Results and Conclusion:There is a wide of international,supranational and national acts that governs gene manipulation and secures society from illegal actions.Still,there are vague issues to revise either by enacting amendments or referencing to doctrine.The perfect way to ensure community interests is to elaborate both.

Criteria for determining illegality and the theory of anti-value acts （Handlungsunwert）： with a discussion of the standpoint of contemporary Chinese criminal jurisprudence

The doctrine of illegality serves as a touchstone of criminal law theory, and research into the criteria for determining illegality is of great significance for promoting debate between different schools of thought and for the overall development of Chinese criminal jurisprudence. The theories of anti-value consequences （Erfolgsunwert） and anti-value acts （Handlungsunwert） take different approaches to thinking about the issue of illegality, leading to differences in the scope of establishing what constitutes a crime, the process of determining whether a crime has been committed, the relationship between crime and punishment and the correlation between criminal law and society. The （dualistic） theory of anti-value acts takes into full consideration the social reality and normative anticipations of a given period and gives due weight to the function of criminal law in guiding behavior; it is therefore a rational theory. According to this view of illegality, the act is the core issue determining illegality; infringement of legal interests is simply an element determining the ＂nature of the act.＂ Criminal law does not exist only to provide restitution for injury, but also aims to cultivate citizens＇ consciousness of norms to prevent possible future injury. Contemporary criminal jurisprudence in China should be constructed on the basis of the （dualistic） theory of anti-value acts with a view to responding to the needs of society and promoting normative identification on the part of the general public.

Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China (extracts)

This issue u’e uould like to inlroduce our readers to the Criminal Lau’ of the People’s Republic of China. The law was adopted at the Second Session of the Fifth National People’s Congress on July 1, 1979, promulgated by Order No.5 of the Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress on July’ 6, 1979 and effectire as of January 1, 1980.The Criminal Lau’ consists of tu’o parts. The first has 5 chapters and 89 articles and the second has 8 chapters and 192 articles. We hare only extracted a feu’ articles concerning u’omen and children and some general prorisions.

Cyber Variants of Traditional Crimes and Criminal Law Responses

The reasons for cyber variants of traditional crimes are many. A direct catalyst is the generation gap caused by the transition from Web 1.0 to Web 2.0. Such variation takes the following three forms： variation in the elements constituting a crime, in the social harm done and in the form of the crime. Expansion of judicial interpretation is the primary choice for handling cybercrime. However, its limitations are also obvious. In the face of cyber variants of traditional crimes, we argue that raising the status of some acts of preparation to that of independent acts of execution and making some joint offenders into principal offenders offers two important solutions that can no longer be avoided by China＇s criminal law legislation.

Revival and Development of the Criminal Reconciliation System in China

With the adoption of the governance policy of a harmonious society and with the further strengthening of the criminal policy of mitigating severity with leniency, China＇s criminal reconciliation system is undergoing rapid development. In the 2012 Criminal Procedure Law of the People＇s Republic of China, criminal reconciliation is stipulated in a separate chapter under ＂Special Procedures,＂ thereby comprehensively establishing for the first time a criminal reconciliation system with Chinese characteristics in the Criminal Procedure Law. However, China＇s legislation on criminal reconciliation remains relatively broad-brush and controversial. Improved regulation and system construction now point the way for future development.

A Brief Review of the Second Revision of China's Criminal Procedure Law

Since the enactment of China＇s Criminal Procedure Law in 1979, China＇s criminal procedure system has undergone a process of refinement and elaboration. A relatively complete framework for the criminal procedure system has been constructed that fits in well with contemporary international thinking on criminal procedure. The Decision on Amending the Criminal Procedure Law of the People＇s Republic of China passed by the National People＇s Congress on March 14, 2012 highlights China＇s strenuous efforts in protecting human rights and promoting the modernization of the legal system. It also demonstrates the consolidation and absorption of the achievements of China＇s continuing reforms. A review of the main content of the Amendment to Criminal Procedure Law is highly significant for the further improvement of the system.

How Flexible Should the Law Be Against Criminal Corporate Executives?

Against the backdrop of a widely spread-ing global economic crisis, coupled with the slowdown facing China’s own economy, cases of fraud and corruption are becoming a