Identification of the child with influenza A (H1N1): Clinical criteria versus the rapid influenza A-B test

Introduction: During the influenza A (H1N1) pandemic infection, the Ministry of Health in Mexico recommended that it be considered as a suggestive clinical picture in patients with fever, cough and headache. In some places where the resource was available, the rapid seasonal influenza (A-B) test was used as an alternative identification strategy. Methods: From April 2009 to May 2010, patients under 18 years of age with acute respiratory tract symptoms were included in a retrospective study. They underwent the following procedures: 1) application of the clinical criteria recommended by the federal Ministry of Health during the A (H1N1) pandemic;2) rapid test for seasonal influenza (A-B), and 3) search for the influenza A (H1N1) virus by means of the real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The study was approved by the research and ethics committee at the Central South Hospital of the government-owned Mexican Petroleum Company (PEMEX). Results: One hundred and thirty pediatric patients with a median age of eight years and a range between one and 17 years were included. Taking into account the Ministry of Health’s criteria, we found the following: 50% sensitivity, 69% specificity, 80% positive predictive value and 27% negative predictive value versus the rapid test that displayed 82% sensitivity, 70% specificity, 80% positive predictive value and 27% negative predictive value. Conclusions: Clinical criteria display low sensitivity in the infected children studied, whereas the rapid influenza A-B test constitutes a better option to identify these patients.

Developing an ICAO Criteria Aviation English Proficiency Test for CAAC Pilots

Since the ICAO new aviation language requirement comes into being in 2003,several tester organizations try to develop tests for pilots.Recently CAAC has tried to develop ICAO criteria Aviation English Proficiency Test for Pilots.But,does Chinese pilots' language proficiency satisfy the ICAO requirements?How to test a pilot's language ability?How to develop ICAO standard test?To explore the keys to these questions,the paper has applied the theoretical framework in development of the test,in construction of the tests and in scoring.

Block-based test data adequacy measurement criteria and test complexity metrics

On the basis of software testing tools we developed for programming languages, we firstly present a new control flowgraph model based on block. In view of the notion of block, we extend the traditional program\|based software test data adequacy measurement criteria, and empirically analyze the subsume relation between these measurement criteria. Then, we define four test complexity metrics based on block. They are J\|complexity 0; J\|complexity 1; J\|complexity \{1+\}; J\|complexity 2. Finally, we show the Kiviat diagram that makes software quality visible.

Some Analyses Concerning Interpretation Quality Assessment Criteria——A Case Study of TEM8 Interpretation Test

his paper,through analyzing the current TEM8 interpretation test,concludes that the present TEM 8 interpretation test has various unsatisfactory points in its interpretation quality assessment criteria.Therefore,in light of the interpretation quality assessment criteria proposed by Butler,this paper put forwards some constructive suggestions in this aspect,which will be helpful to get better and fair assessment results.

Type 2 diabetes after gestational diabetes: The influence of changing diagnostic criteria

A previous diagnosis of gestational diabetes(GDM)carries a lifetime risk of progression to type 2 diabetes of up to 60%.Identification of those women at higher risk of progression to diabetes allows the timely introduction of measures to delay or prevent diabetes onset.However,there is a large degree of variability in the literature with regard to the proportion of women with a history of GDM who go on to develop diabetes.Heterogeneity between cohorts with regard to diagnostic criteria used,duration of follow-up,and the characteristics of the study population limit the ability to make meaningful comparisons across studies.As the new International Association for Diabetes in Pregnancy Study Group criteria are increasingly adopted worldwide,the prevalence of GDM is set to increase by two-to three-fold.Here,we review the literature to examine the evolution of diagnostic criteria for GDM,the implications of changing criteria on the proportion of women with previous GDM progressing to diabetes,and how the use of different diagnostic criteria may influence the development of appropriate follow-up strategies.

Research of testing method based on UML statecharts

Unified modeling language （UML） is a powerful graphical modeling language with intuitional meaning. It provides various diagrams to depict system characteristics and complex environment from different viewpoints and different application layers. UML-based software development and modeling environments have been widely accepted in industry, including areas in which safety is an important issue such as spaceflight, defense, automobile, etc. To ensure and improve software quality becomes a main concern in the field. As one of the key techniques for software quality, software testing can effectively detect system faults. UML based software testing based is an important research direction in software engineering. The key to software testing is the generation of test cases. This dissertation studies an approach to generating test cases from UML statecharts.

Towards Multi-Faceted Test Cases Optimization

The target of software engineering is to produce high quality software product at low cost. Software testing is labour-intensive, ambiguous and error prone activity of software development. How to provide cost-effective strategies for software test cases optimization problem such as classification, minimization, selection, and prioritization has been one of the research focuses in software testing for a long time. Many researchers and academicians have addressed the effectiveness/fitness and optimization of test cases, and obtained many interesting results. However, one issue of paramount importance in software testing i.e. the intrinsic imprecise and uncertainty of test cases fitness, fitness parameters, multi-objective optimization, is left unaddressed. Test cases fitness depends on several parameters. Vagueness of fitness of test cases and their fitness parameters have created the uncertainty in test cases optimization. Cost and adequacy values are incorporated into multi-faceted optimization of test cases. This paper argues test cases optimization requires multi-faceted optimization in order to adequately cater realistic software testing. In this paper, authors have identified several parameters for test cases fitness and multiple objectives for test cases optimization. In addition above, authors have formulated the test cases optimization problem in three different ways using multi-faceted concept. These formulations can be used in future by authors and researchers.

Pathophysiology of functional heartburn based on Rome Ⅲ criteria in Japanese patients

AIM:To investigate the pathophysiology of functional heartburn(FH) in Japanese patients.METHODS:A total of 111 patients with proton pump inhibitor(PPI)-refractory non-erosive gastroesophageal reflux disease underwent intraesophageal pressure testing and 24-h multichannel intraluminal impedancep H(24MII-p H) testing.The patients also completed several questionnaires while they were receiving the PPI treatment, including the questionnaire for the diagnosis of reflux disease(QUEST), the frequency scale for the symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease(FSSG), the gastrointestinal symptoms rating scale(GSRS), SF-36, and the Cornell Medical Index(CMI).The subjects were classified into FH and endoscopy-negative reflux disease(ENRD) groups based on the Rome Ⅲ criteria.RESULTS:Thirty-three patients with esophageal motility disorder were excluded from this study, while 22 patients with abnormal esophageal acid exposure time(p H-POS) and 34 with hypersensitive esophagus(HE) were included in the ENRD group.The FH group included 22 patients with no reflux involvement.Sex, age, and body mass index did not differ significantly between the groups.The mean SF-36 values were < 50(normal) for all scales in these groups, with no significant differences.The GSRS scores in these groups were not different and showed overlap with other gastrointestinal symptoms.The QUEST and the FSSG scores did not differ significantly between the groups.Neuroticism was diagnosed using the CMI questionnaire in 17 of the 78 included subjects within the p H-POS(n=4),HE(n=8),and FH(n=5)groups,with no significant differences.CONCLUSION:Clinical characteristics of the FH and PPI-refractory ENRD groups were similar.Therefore,esophageal function should be examined via manometry and 24MII-p H testing to differentiate between them.

生成式人工智能创作使用作品的合理使用调适

技术迭代易造成规则失范,随着生成式人工智能技术与创作的深度融合、著作权权利边界的不断扩张,以及著作权领域不同利益之间的杂糅、冲突与博弈,对于生成式人工智能创作使用作品的法律规制已迫在眉睫。从合理使用的制度功能出发,生成式人工智能创作过程吸纳合理使用具备了相当程度的正当性与可行性。但是,合理使用的适用过程也面临着利益平衡格局受损、现有规定适用困难以及与技术措施协调不足等现实梗阻,而这也对合理使用的适应性、柔韧性和包容性提出了新要求。未来,可从专门例外、三步检测法、技术措施、配套措施等方面进行完善,以调适著作权领域相关主体差异化的利益诉求,实现产业发展、私权保护与公共利益的良性互动。

Threefold Increase in the Number of Drug Resistant TB Cases after Introduction of Universal Drug Susceptibility Testing: Experiences from Two South India Districts

Background: In India, tuberculosis (TB) is a major public health problem, and the advent of drug resistance TB (DR-TB) has worsened the situation. The Revised National TB Control Programme (RNTCP) has introduced universal drug susceptibility testing (UDST) for all diagnosed TB cases in 2018. We conducted this study to know the advantage of implementing UDST when compared to selective testing existent in 2017 on key diagnostic cascade parameters and to identify the challenges in the implementation of UDST. Methods: The study was conducted in two districts of Karnataka, India during January 2017-December 2018. The quantitative part consisted of before-and-after design and the qualitative part consisted of descriptive design. Results: In 2017 (during selective testing/“before” period) out of the 2440 TB patients, 80 (3%) were diagnosed with Isoniazid and Rifampicin resistance patients;in contrast in 2018 (during UDST/“after” period) of the 5129 TB patients 258 (5%) were diagnosed with Isoniazid and Rifampicin resistance. However, the proportion of eligible patients tested for rifampicin resistance during the “after” period was 60% when compared to 100% during the “before” period and median turnaround time for testing was also longer during the “after” period when compared to the “before” period (32.5 days vs 27.5 days). Major reasons for these two gaps were found to be difficulties in collecting sputum specimens and transportation. Conclusion: The rollout of UDST has led to a three-fold increase in a number of DR-TB cases detected in the region. There is a need for the programme to increase the proportion tested for DST by increasing the laboratory capacity and address the challenges in sputum collection and transportation.

卡尔曼滤波器异常自检及其在SINS初始对准中的应用

卡尔曼滤波器是惯性导航系统初始对准和组合导航问题中的常用工具。针对滤波时系统噪声和观测噪声异常导致的滤波精度下降甚至发散问题,从理论上分析了基于新息协方差匹配和马氏距离卡方检验的两种滤波器异常检验判据,结合判据在传统卡尔曼滤波、无迹卡尔曼滤波和容积卡尔曼滤波中的典型应用,设计了针对捷联式惯性导航系统初始对准问题的测试实验,实验结果表明两种判据对滤波器系统噪声和观测噪声异常都有一定的检验能力,但检验判据严格程度存在不同且判据存在拖尾效应,由此给出了在实践应用中的建议。

基于贝叶斯方法的混凝土强度接收准则研究

以一次计量抽样检验理论为依据,综合平衡生产方风险和使用方风险,并适当考虑保护生产方利益,提出无论对于标准差已知统计方法还是标准差未知统计方法,混凝土强度平均值的评定系数k均应对应于90%的等效保证率(0.9分位值);并以贝叶斯理论为依据确定了标准差未知统计方法的抽样方案。样本容量很小时,以平均质量标准差为依据建立了非统计方法的接收准则,并根据一次计数抽样检验理论提出最小值接收准则,并作为平均值接收准则的补充。采用贝叶斯方法,将前一检验周期内的样本和本次抽样样本合并,通过扩大样本容量,提高了标准差已知统计方法接收准则的检验功效;同时采用贝叶斯方法,综合考虑平均质量标准差和实测样本标准差,提高了非统计方法接收准则的检验功效。本文建议的接收准则具有更明确的统计学依据,通过采用统一的等效保证率使各种方法保持了较接近的检验功效,并用贝叶斯方法将各种方法统一于标准差未知统计方法。实例分析表明,本文建议的接收准则总体上略比GB/T 50107—2010严格,但变动幅度在可接受范围;采用合理的先验标准差后,本文建议的贝叶斯改进方法可以得到科学合理的评定结果。

振动试验质量监控方法探究

该文为了监控实验室振动试验实施运行情况,切实保障实验室振动试验的运行质量,通过设计一套振动试验工装,并对15家实验室随机振动试验进行研究,利用试验件监测点值进行比对,并在实验室间利用评判标准进行评判,计算其z值,发现参与本次随机振动试验比对的所有试验室比对结果值均|z|≤2,均满足判定准则的要求,验证了试验工装满足振动试验要求,试验方法满足振动试验需求,为业界同类检测实验室提供一定的参考,具有一定的借鉴意义。

《国民体质测定标准(2023年修订)》幼儿部分的革新、审视与应用思考

《国民体质测定标准(2023年修订)》(以下简称新标准)是我国国民体质测定新的纲领性文件。本文运用文献资料法、逻辑分析法,对其幼儿部分进行分析与思考,旨在普及与应用新标准,掌握幼儿真实的体质健康状况,促进幼儿体质健康水平的提升。新标准主要修订内容包括测试指标、单项评分方法、综合评级指标及权重和评分标准。审视新标准发现,测试方法标准化、部分设备说明不明晰、缺乏分段评价、测试方法的应用及评分情况合理。针对未来的应用,认为在部分测试项目适宜性上需改善与优化,在权重划分科学性上需进一步思考与验证,尝试开展周期性游戏化测试方法,加强幼儿体育教学的落实,将新标准在幼儿园中推广、普及与应用。

浅谈新版《检验检测机构资质认定评审准则》

本文将新旧版《检验检测机构资质认定评审准则》进行了对比分析,旨在帮助检验检测机构理解和掌握新版准则的条款内容及与旧版准则存在的差异,同时为评审员老师提供参考。有助于检验检测机构更好地按照新评审准则进行资质认定的准备工作,利于评审老师更好地准备和指导资质认定评审工作。

洱源县土官村水库黏土心墙坝的反滤设计及复核

设计合理的反滤层是防止黏土心墙坝防渗体渗透破坏非常有效的措施,滤土排水是反滤层设计的根本要求,但当前的反滤设计中,仅通过保护料和被保护料级配曲线的特征粒径来确定相关反滤准则,忽略了密实度等因素对渗透性的影响,因此,根据排水准则确定了反滤料的级配后,仍需根据实际的碾压标准开展土体渗透特性试验,以验证在坝体实际填筑的条件下,反滤料和防渗土料是否满足层间排水关系;通过对有无保护情况下防渗土料抗渗透破坏能力的对比,且对于试验过程中反滤料是否发生淤塞失效的观察,可以判断反滤料是否能够对防渗土料起到一定的反滤保护作用,然而除了特征粒径,当前对于反滤层滤土能力仍缺乏最直接的判断依据,相关判别标准仍需进一步研究。

精准判断高阻故障的选线录波装置的研究

配网各种中性点接地模式保护的共性难题是存在高阻接地故障盲区,是电网安全领域亟待解决的问题。由于配电网线路分布广,负荷不均衡等原因,造成不同地区配电网络中出现单个或多个站点发生单相接地故障现象,容易导致各区域内同一供电设备相继跳闸,为了解决上述普遍存在的共性问题,通过深入研究和分析各种中性点接地方式下的单相接地故障特征,开发并研制了具有多处理器硬件内核的选线录波装置,创新了一种符合接地故障规律的算法和判据。基于此算法和判据所研发的装置经过10 kV真型配网试验平台多种接地试验,最终结果证实其能够精准感知各类接地故障、高耐受接地过渡电阻,消除高阻保护盲区,成倍扩大保护范围,提升整个电网系统的安全性和可靠性。

非致命动能弹测试靶标发展现状及趋势分析

为追踪非致命动能弹测试靶标发展现状,预测其发展趋势,进而为国内测试靶标的构建提供支撑,通过对比分析动能判据、比动能判据、钝性判据、粘性判据、最大颅内压/最大头部冲击力判据5类非致命动能弹损伤判据,梳理生物靶标、物理靶标、仿生靶标、数字靶标4类终点效应测试靶标的研究进展和国外3种损伤评估标准关于靶标构建与验证的方法,结合非致命动能弹致伤关键因素,从开发复合型人体躯干靶标、开发科学综合损伤评估标准、突出与人工智能交叉融合3个方面对靶标发展进行趋势预测,提出意见建议,为下一步非致命动能弹终点效应测试靶标制备和损伤评估标准制定提供参考。

基于覆盖准则的多轮测试用例优先排序方法

针对测试用例优先排序中存在的覆盖准则选择困难、确定最优准则序列难等问题,提出了一种基于扩展有限状态机模型的最优覆盖准则序列排序方法(CWTCP)。该方法首先运用鲸鱼优化算法挑选出最优覆盖准则序列,为后续的排序提供了有力支持;其次将覆盖准则序列依次应用在多轮排序中,以应对可能出现的平局问题。为了验证CWTCP方法的有效性,在5个扩展有限状态机模型上进行了实验,采用平均故障检测百分比(APFD)作为度量标准。实验结果表明,CWTCP的平均APFD值为0.918,比随机算法的相应值高了19.8%。

语言测试混合方法研究的设计类型与质量标准

混合方法研究是教育研究领域的“第三种研究范式”,它能整合质性和量化研究方法,更有效地解决复杂的研究问题,因而逐渐应用在语言测试研究领域。考察混合方法研究设计类型后发现,语言测试混合方法研究可分为“无名有实”“半名半实”“名实兼备”三种类型,且当前语言测试混合方法研究仍有潜力需要挖掘。探究混合方法研究质量的评价标准、模型与指标,有助于找寻当前语言测试混合方法研究存在问题的根源,提升语言测试混合方法研究的质量。混合方法研究的应用可以推动语言测试学科的发展,也将助益我国全面建设外语能力测评体系。