Background Traumatic brain injury （TBI） is a heterogeneous condition that can lead to critical LLLness-related corticosteroid insufficiency （CIRCI） causing a high mortality and morbidity.Glucocorticoids were widel...Background Traumatic brain injury （TBI） is a heterogeneous condition that can lead to critical LLLness-related corticosteroid insufficiency （CIRCI） causing a high mortality and morbidity.Glucocorticoids were widely used in the clinical management of TBI,but their benefit has been challenged in some studies and their efficacy,especially for treating CIRCI in TBI patients,remains unclear.Methods We conducted a meta-analysis of published data to determine if the controversy is related to clinical dosing and timing of glucocorticoids （GCs） application.We analyzed published reports in four databases （MEDLINE,EMBASE,the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register,and CBMdisc）.The published data were stratified into not only low-and high-dose GCs group but also short-and long-term GCs group to compare their effectiveness in improving TBI outcomes.Results We totally identified 16 reports.For low-dose patients,the pooled relative risks （RRs） for two clinical outcomes of death or a combination of death and severe disability were 0.95 （95% confidence interval （CI）：0.80 to 1.13） and 0.95 （95% CI：0.83 to 1.09）,respectively.The risks for infection and gastrointestinal bleeding were 0.85 （95% CI：0.50 to 1.45） and 0.64 （95% Cl：0.15 to 2.70）,respectively.For high-dose group,the pooled RR of death is 1.14 （95% Cl：1.06 to 1.21）.The pooled RRs for infection and gastrointestinal bleeding for the high-dose patients were 1.04 （95% CI：0.93 to 1.15） and 1.26 （95% CI：0.92 to 1.75）,respectively.For long-term use group,the pooled RRs for two clinical outcomes of death or a combination of death and severe disability were 0.98 （95% CI：0.87 to 1.12） and 1.00 （95% CI：0.90 to 1.11）,respectively.The risks for infection and gastrointestinal bleeding were 0.88 （95% CI：0.71 to 1.11） and 0.96 （95% CI：0.35 to 2.66）,respectively.For short-term use group,the pooled RR of death is 1.15 （95% CI：1.07 to 1.23）,and importantly the effects on infections were beneficial in terms of TBI patients suffering from CIRCI.Conclusions This meta-analysis suggests an increased risk of death for TBI patients on a high dose and short term of glucocorticoids compared with those on a low dose and long term,for whom a trend towards clinical improvement is evident.In addition,stress-does of GCs further decrease the pneumonia incidence in TBI patients suffering from CIRCI.A large-scale multicenter randomized controlled trial is warranted for testing （1） the efficacy of stress-dose GCs treatment in the sub-acute phase of TBI （4-21 days after initial trauma）,when CIRCI is most likely to occur; （2） the hypothesis that stress-dose GCs could boost patients＇ stress function and ensure survival.展开更多
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysfunction may lead to the occurrence of critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency.Critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency can easily occur after traumati...Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysfunction may lead to the occurrence of critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency.Critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency can easily occur after traumatic brain injury,but few studies have examined this occurrence.A multicenter,prospective,cohort study was performed to evaluate the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the incidence of critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency during the sub-acute phase of traumatic brain injury.One hundred and forty patients with acute traumatic brain injury were enrolled from the neurosurgical departments of three tertiary-level hospitals in China,and the critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency incidence,critical-illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency-related risk factors,complications,and 28-day mortality among these patients was recorded.Critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency was diagnosed in patients with plasma total cortisol levels less than 10μg/dL(275.9 nM)on post-injury day 4 or when serum cortisol was insufficiently suppressed(less than 50%)during a dexamethasone suppression test on post-injury day 5.The results demonstrated that critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency occurred during the sub-acute phase of traumatic brain injury in 5.6%of patients with mild injury,22.5%of patients with moderate injury,and 52.2%of patients with severe injury.Traumatic brain injury-induced critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency was strongly correlated to injury severity during the sub-acute stage of traumatic brain injury.Traumatic brain injury patients with critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency frequently presented with hemorrhagic cerebral contusions,diffuse axonal injury,brain herniation,and hypotension.Differences in the incidence of hospital-acquired pneumonia,gastrointestinal bleeding,and 28-day mortality were observed between patients with and without critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency during the sub-acute phase of traumatic brain injury.Hypotension,brain-injury severity,and the types of traumatic brain injury were independent risk factors for traumatic brain injury-induced critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency.These findings indicate that critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency is common during the sub-acute phase of traumatic brain injury and is strongly associated with poor prognosis.The dexamethasone suppression test is a practical assay for the evaluation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function and for the diagnosis of critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency in patients with traumatic brain injury,especially those with hypotension,hemorrhagic cerebral contusions,diffuse axonal injury,and brain herniation.Sub-acute infection of acute traumatic brain injury may be an important factor associated with the occurrence and development of critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency.This study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University,China in December 2011(approval No.201189).展开更多
BACKGROUND: This study aimed to investigate the prevalence rate of critical illness-related corticosteroid insuffi ciency(CIRCI) and the effect of low-dose glucocorticoid on prognosis of CIRCI in patients with acute e...BACKGROUND: This study aimed to investigate the prevalence rate of critical illness-related corticosteroid insuffi ciency(CIRCI) and the effect of low-dose glucocorticoid on prognosis of CIRCI in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(AECOPD).METHODS: Since January 2010 to December 2012, 385 patients, who met the criteria of AECOPD, were enrolled in the Intensive Care Unit(ICU) of the First People's Hospital and Municipal Central Hospital of Xiangtan City. The AECOPD patients complicated with CIRCI screened by an adrenalcorticotrophic hormone test within 12 hours after admission to ICU were divided into a treatment group(n=32) and a control group(n=31) for a prospective, randomized and controlled clinical trial. Hydrocortisone(150 mg/d) or normal saline was injected intravenously for 7 days. The patients were followed up for 28 days after injection. The endpoint included 28-day survival time, non-shock time, ICU stay and the period of non-mechanical ventilation. The markers ofinfl ammation C-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin 6 and procalcitonin were measured at baseline and 7 days after treatment. The variables were analyzed by Student's t test, the non-parametric statistical test, the Chi-square test or the Kaplan-Meier method with SPSS18.0 statistic software. A P value <0.05 was considered statistically signifi cant.RESULTS: Totally 63 patients were diagnosed with CIRCI by an adrenalcorticotrophic hormone test and the prevalence rate was 16.4%. The shock rate of the AECOPD patients complicated with CIRCI was higher than that of the AECOPD patients without CIRCI(23.8% vs. 8.7%, P<0.01). KaplanMeier analysis revealed that the 28-day survival time of the treatment group was obviously longer than that of the control group(P<0.05). Compared with the control group, shock-free days within 28 days was longer in the treatment group(18.2±9.5 vs. 25.8±4.1, P<0.05). Treatment with low-dose glucocorticoid obviously decreased the markers ofinfection and inflammation(P<0.01), such as C-reactive protein(13.2±5.5 mg/L vs. 8.3±3.1 mg/L for the control group; 13.5±5.9 mg/L vs. 5.1±2.3 mg/L for the treatment group), tumor necrosis factor-α(26.1±16.2 g/L vs. 17.5±11.7 g/L for the control group; 25.0±14.8 g/L vs. 10.4±7.8 g/L for the treatment group) and procalcitonin(3.88 g/L vs. 2.03 g/L for the control group; 3.77 g/L vs. 1.26 g/L for the treatment group). Furthermore, the markers in the treatment group decreased more obviously than those in the control group(P<0.01).CONCLUSION: The prevalence rate of CIRCI was higher in the patients with AECOPD in the department of critical medicine, and low-dose glucocorticoid treatment for one week reduced the 28-day mortality, shock time and markers ofinfection and infl ammation.展开更多
Adrenal reserve depletion and overstimulation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal(HPA) axis are causes for adrenal insufficiency(AI) in critically ill individuals. Cirrhosis is a predisposing condition for AI in cir...Adrenal reserve depletion and overstimulation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal(HPA) axis are causes for adrenal insufficiency(AI) in critically ill individuals. Cirrhosis is a predisposing condition for AI in cirrhotics aswell. Both stable cirrhotics and liver transplant patients(early and later after transplantation) have been reported to present AI. The mechanisms leading to reduced cortisol production in cirrhotics are the combination of low cholesterol levels(the primary source of cortisol), the increased cytokines production that overstimulate and exhaust HPA axis and the destruction of adrenal glands due to coagulopathy. AI has been recorded in 10%-82% cirrhotics depending on the test used to evaluate adrenal function and in 9%-83% stable cirrhotics. The similarity of those proportions support the assumption that AI is an endogenous characteristic of liver disease. However, the lack of a gold standard method for AI assessment and the limitation of precise thresholds in cirrhotics make difficult the recording of the real prevalence of AI. This review aims to summarize the present data over AI in stable, critically ill cirrhotics and liver transplant recipients. Moreover, it provides information about the current knowledge in the used diagnostic tools and the possible effectiveness of corticosteroids administration in critically ill cirrhotics with AI.展开更多
基金This work was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China （No. 81000533）, the Project of Tianjin Applied Basic and Cutting-edge Technological Research （No. 13JCQNJC10500） and National Key Basic Research Program in China （No. 2005CB522600）. Conflicts of interest： none.
文摘Background Traumatic brain injury （TBI） is a heterogeneous condition that can lead to critical LLLness-related corticosteroid insufficiency （CIRCI） causing a high mortality and morbidity.Glucocorticoids were widely used in the clinical management of TBI,but their benefit has been challenged in some studies and their efficacy,especially for treating CIRCI in TBI patients,remains unclear.Methods We conducted a meta-analysis of published data to determine if the controversy is related to clinical dosing and timing of glucocorticoids （GCs） application.We analyzed published reports in four databases （MEDLINE,EMBASE,the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register,and CBMdisc）.The published data were stratified into not only low-and high-dose GCs group but also short-and long-term GCs group to compare their effectiveness in improving TBI outcomes.Results We totally identified 16 reports.For low-dose patients,the pooled relative risks （RRs） for two clinical outcomes of death or a combination of death and severe disability were 0.95 （95% confidence interval （CI）：0.80 to 1.13） and 0.95 （95% CI：0.83 to 1.09）,respectively.The risks for infection and gastrointestinal bleeding were 0.85 （95% CI：0.50 to 1.45） and 0.64 （95% Cl：0.15 to 2.70）,respectively.For high-dose group,the pooled RR of death is 1.14 （95% Cl：1.06 to 1.21）.The pooled RRs for infection and gastrointestinal bleeding for the high-dose patients were 1.04 （95% CI：0.93 to 1.15） and 1.26 （95% CI：0.92 to 1.75）,respectively.For long-term use group,the pooled RRs for two clinical outcomes of death or a combination of death and severe disability were 0.98 （95% CI：0.87 to 1.12） and 1.00 （95% CI：0.90 to 1.11）,respectively.The risks for infection and gastrointestinal bleeding were 0.88 （95% CI：0.71 to 1.11） and 0.96 （95% CI：0.35 to 2.66）,respectively.For short-term use group,the pooled RR of death is 1.15 （95% CI：1.07 to 1.23）,and importantly the effects on infections were beneficial in terms of TBI patients suffering from CIRCI.Conclusions This meta-analysis suggests an increased risk of death for TBI patients on a high dose and short term of glucocorticoids compared with those on a low dose and long term,for whom a trend towards clinical improvement is evident.In addition,stress-does of GCs further decrease the pneumonia incidence in TBI patients suffering from CIRCI.A large-scale multicenter randomized controlled trial is warranted for testing （1） the efficacy of stress-dose GCs treatment in the sub-acute phase of TBI （4-21 days after initial trauma）,when CIRCI is most likely to occur; （2） the hypothesis that stress-dose GCs could boost patients＇ stress function and ensure survival.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.81671902(to XC)81501704(to YC)+3 种基金the Project of Tianjin Applied Basic and Cutting-edge Technological Research of China,No.17JCYBJC25200(to XC)15JCQNJC44900(to YC)Tianjin Health Care Elite Prominent Young Doctor Development Program(to XC)the Young and Middle-aged Backbone Innovative Talent Program(to XC)
文摘Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysfunction may lead to the occurrence of critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency.Critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency can easily occur after traumatic brain injury,but few studies have examined this occurrence.A multicenter,prospective,cohort study was performed to evaluate the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the incidence of critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency during the sub-acute phase of traumatic brain injury.One hundred and forty patients with acute traumatic brain injury were enrolled from the neurosurgical departments of three tertiary-level hospitals in China,and the critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency incidence,critical-illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency-related risk factors,complications,and 28-day mortality among these patients was recorded.Critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency was diagnosed in patients with plasma total cortisol levels less than 10μg/dL(275.9 nM)on post-injury day 4 or when serum cortisol was insufficiently suppressed(less than 50%)during a dexamethasone suppression test on post-injury day 5.The results demonstrated that critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency occurred during the sub-acute phase of traumatic brain injury in 5.6%of patients with mild injury,22.5%of patients with moderate injury,and 52.2%of patients with severe injury.Traumatic brain injury-induced critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency was strongly correlated to injury severity during the sub-acute stage of traumatic brain injury.Traumatic brain injury patients with critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency frequently presented with hemorrhagic cerebral contusions,diffuse axonal injury,brain herniation,and hypotension.Differences in the incidence of hospital-acquired pneumonia,gastrointestinal bleeding,and 28-day mortality were observed between patients with and without critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency during the sub-acute phase of traumatic brain injury.Hypotension,brain-injury severity,and the types of traumatic brain injury were independent risk factors for traumatic brain injury-induced critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency.These findings indicate that critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency is common during the sub-acute phase of traumatic brain injury and is strongly associated with poor prognosis.The dexamethasone suppression test is a practical assay for the evaluation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function and for the diagnosis of critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency in patients with traumatic brain injury,especially those with hypotension,hemorrhagic cerebral contusions,diffuse axonal injury,and brain herniation.Sub-acute infection of acute traumatic brain injury may be an important factor associated with the occurrence and development of critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency.This study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University,China in December 2011(approval No.201189).
文摘BACKGROUND: This study aimed to investigate the prevalence rate of critical illness-related corticosteroid insuffi ciency(CIRCI) and the effect of low-dose glucocorticoid on prognosis of CIRCI in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(AECOPD).METHODS: Since January 2010 to December 2012, 385 patients, who met the criteria of AECOPD, were enrolled in the Intensive Care Unit(ICU) of the First People's Hospital and Municipal Central Hospital of Xiangtan City. The AECOPD patients complicated with CIRCI screened by an adrenalcorticotrophic hormone test within 12 hours after admission to ICU were divided into a treatment group(n=32) and a control group(n=31) for a prospective, randomized and controlled clinical trial. Hydrocortisone(150 mg/d) or normal saline was injected intravenously for 7 days. The patients were followed up for 28 days after injection. The endpoint included 28-day survival time, non-shock time, ICU stay and the period of non-mechanical ventilation. The markers ofinfl ammation C-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin 6 and procalcitonin were measured at baseline and 7 days after treatment. The variables were analyzed by Student's t test, the non-parametric statistical test, the Chi-square test or the Kaplan-Meier method with SPSS18.0 statistic software. A P value <0.05 was considered statistically signifi cant.RESULTS: Totally 63 patients were diagnosed with CIRCI by an adrenalcorticotrophic hormone test and the prevalence rate was 16.4%. The shock rate of the AECOPD patients complicated with CIRCI was higher than that of the AECOPD patients without CIRCI(23.8% vs. 8.7%, P<0.01). KaplanMeier analysis revealed that the 28-day survival time of the treatment group was obviously longer than that of the control group(P<0.05). Compared with the control group, shock-free days within 28 days was longer in the treatment group(18.2±9.5 vs. 25.8±4.1, P<0.05). Treatment with low-dose glucocorticoid obviously decreased the markers ofinfection and inflammation(P<0.01), such as C-reactive protein(13.2±5.5 mg/L vs. 8.3±3.1 mg/L for the control group; 13.5±5.9 mg/L vs. 5.1±2.3 mg/L for the treatment group), tumor necrosis factor-α(26.1±16.2 g/L vs. 17.5±11.7 g/L for the control group; 25.0±14.8 g/L vs. 10.4±7.8 g/L for the treatment group) and procalcitonin(3.88 g/L vs. 2.03 g/L for the control group; 3.77 g/L vs. 1.26 g/L for the treatment group). Furthermore, the markers in the treatment group decreased more obviously than those in the control group(P<0.01).CONCLUSION: The prevalence rate of CIRCI was higher in the patients with AECOPD in the department of critical medicine, and low-dose glucocorticoid treatment for one week reduced the 28-day mortality, shock time and markers ofinfection and infl ammation.
文摘Adrenal reserve depletion and overstimulation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal(HPA) axis are causes for adrenal insufficiency(AI) in critically ill individuals. Cirrhosis is a predisposing condition for AI in cirrhotics aswell. Both stable cirrhotics and liver transplant patients(early and later after transplantation) have been reported to present AI. The mechanisms leading to reduced cortisol production in cirrhotics are the combination of low cholesterol levels(the primary source of cortisol), the increased cytokines production that overstimulate and exhaust HPA axis and the destruction of adrenal glands due to coagulopathy. AI has been recorded in 10%-82% cirrhotics depending on the test used to evaluate adrenal function and in 9%-83% stable cirrhotics. The similarity of those proportions support the assumption that AI is an endogenous characteristic of liver disease. However, the lack of a gold standard method for AI assessment and the limitation of precise thresholds in cirrhotics make difficult the recording of the real prevalence of AI. This review aims to summarize the present data over AI in stable, critically ill cirrhotics and liver transplant recipients. Moreover, it provides information about the current knowledge in the used diagnostic tools and the possible effectiveness of corticosteroids administration in critically ill cirrhotics with AI.
