Accumulation of heavy metals in two crop seeds due to soil contamination as determined by neutron activation analysis techniques

Samples of two crop seeds (corn and sesame) grown on different contaminated soil sources were collected and prepared for neutron activation analysis. Soil contamination sources were organic waste compost applied to soil amendments namely, sewage sludge(Bs) and municipal solid waste (MSW) at 4%, 6% and 8% respectively. The non destructive NAA technique was used to determine some trace elements accumulation in plant seeds. Results revealed that increasing rate of tested organic waste resulted in dramatic increase in tested heavy metals levels in seeds(i.e., Fe, Zn, Co, Cr, Sc and Hg). Sesame seeds showed higher affinity to accumulate trace elements than corn grains in most tested elements. Moreover, MSW addition enhanced the accumulation of tested metals in seeds more than Bs compost.

Seed Germinability of 23 Crop Species After a Decade of Storage in the National Genebank of China

Seed viability of 18 576 accessions of 23 crops was monitored. After 10-12 years storage in National Crop Genebank ofChina (NCGC), more than 96.12% of the accessions maintained high germination percentage (>85%). The germination of95 accessions, accounting for 0.51% of the total, declined significantly from above 80% to below 70%. For each crop ofcarrot (Daucus carota var. sativa DC.), lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), cotton (Gossypium sp. L.), flax (Linum usitatissimumL.) and castor-oil plant (Ricinus communis L.), the mean monitored germination percentage declined significantly as awhole, of which carrot and lettuce seeds lost viability more rapidly. Seed initial germination percentage and pre-storageenvironments affect subsequent seed viability in storage.

Chemical Weeding in Dry Direct Seeding Fields of Single Cropping Middlelate Rice

Chemical weeding in dry direct seeding fields of single cropping middle-late rice was studied in Huida vegetable farm of Huizhou City in 2012. The main treatment was herbicide（ pretilachlor ＋ bensulfuron-methyl,Yangguo and butachlor）,and the sub-treatment was application method（ soil treatments,seedling treatment and integrated treatment）. The results showed that 80 g pretilachlor ＋ bensulfuron-methyl（ 36% pretilachlor ＋ 4% bensulfuron-methyl） diluted with 50 kg water could be sprayed or 200 g Yangguo（ 23. 9% butachlor ＋ 1. 1% bensulfuron-methyl） mixed with 15 kg sandy soil could be broadcasted per 667 m2 on the sowing day or the second day under moist condition of soil,which could effectively control weeds in dry direct seeding fields of single cropping middle-late rice.

Influence of Crop Nutrition on Grain Yield,Seed Quality and Water Productivity under Two Rice Cultivation Systems

The system of rice intensification （SRI） is reported to have advantages like lower seed requirement,less pest attack,shorter crop duration,higher water use efficiency and the ability to withstand higher degree of moisture stress than traditional method of rice cultivation.With this background,SRI was compared with traditional transplanting technique at Indian Agricultural Research Institute,New Delhi,India during two wet seasons （2009-2011）.In the experiment laid out in a factorial randomized block design,two methods of rice cultivation [conventional transplanting （CT） and SRI] and two rice varieties （Pusa Basmati 1 and Pusa 44） were used under seven crop nutrition treatments,viz.T 1,120 kg/hm2 N,26.2 kg/hm2 P and 33 kg/hm2 K;T 2,20 t/hm2 farmyard manure （FYM）;T 3,10 t/hm2 FYM＋ 60 kg/hm2 N;T 4,5 t/hm2 FYM＋ 90 kg/hm2 N;T 5,5 t/hm2 FYM＋ 60 kg/hm2 N＋ 1.5 kg/hm2 blue green algae （BGA）;T 6,5 t/hm2 FYM＋ 60 kg/hm2 N＋ 1.0 t/hm2 Azolla,and T 7,N 0 P 0 K 0 （control,no NPK application） to study the effect on seed quality,yield and water use.In SRI,soil was kept at saturated moisture condition throughout vegetative phase and thin layer of water （2-3 cm） was maintained during the reproductive phase of rice,however,in CT,standing water was maintained in crop growing season.Results revealed that CT and SRI gave statistically at par grain yield but straw yield was significantly higher in CT as compared to SRI.Seed quality was superior in SRI as compared to CT.Integrated nutrient management （INM） resulted in higher plant height with longer leaves than chemical fertilizer alone in both the rice varieties.Grain yield attributes such as number of effective tillers per hill,panicle length and panicle weight of rice in both the varieties were significantly higher in INM as compared to chemical fertilizer alone.Grain yields of both the varieties were the highest in INM followed by the recommended doses of chemical fertilizer.The grain yield and its attributes of Pusa 44 were significantly higher than those of Pusa Basmati 1.The seed quality parameters like germination rate and vigor index as well as N uptake and soil organic carbon content were higher in INM than those in chemical fertilizer alone.CT rice used higher amount of water than SRI,with water saving of 37.6% to 34.5% in SRI.Significantly higher water productivity was recorded in SRI as compared to CT rice.

Preceding Crops Selection, Colza Seeding Norms and Dates Optimization in North Kazakhstan

Colza is a relatively new crop for North Kazakhstan. The increase of colza seeds production is restricted by its cultivation technology imperfection. Empiric model of colza for seeds cultivation is designed, allowing using its maximum potential. It was found out that correct preceding crops selection, optimization of norms and dates of colza seeding provide seeds heavy weight crops, reducing crops production cost and increasing cost efficiency at 62% average.

EFFECTS OF SEEDING DENSITY AND BASIC MANURE ON THE GROWTH OF DRY NURSERY SEEDLINGS IN LATE DOUBLE CROPPING RICE IN SOUTH CHINA

During the period of dry nursery seedling raising of late double cropping indica rice in South China, both chemical fertilizer and farmyard manure did not show obvious effect on the growth of shoot and root in young seedlings at 4-leaf stage （18-day-old seedling）, but had significant effects on root growth in old seedlings with 6-7 leaves （27-day-old seedling） at suitable seeding densities (65-125g m-2). There were satistically significant differences （at 0.01 or 0.05 levels）between treatments in root number and rooting ability of root-pruned seedlings.

油料作物种子中神经酸含量提升研究进展

神经酸(NA)是一种超长链单不饱和脂肪酸,为大脑神经纤维髓鞘的核心成分,具有修复受损大脑神经纤维、促进神经细胞再生等功能。因此,NA受到越来越多的研究和关注。目前NA主要依赖于从天然物种中提取,难以满足市场需要,限制其进一步发展和应用。近年来,随着基因工程以及合成生物学的发展,通过多基因策略,在现有物种中构建NA代谢路径,可经济且可持续地获得NA,以满足营养、制药和化学工业等领域的需求。本文综述了NA的生物功能、生物来源、合成途径,并比较了基因工程生产NA各底盘的优劣,进一步探讨了十字花科油料作物底盘生产富含NA种子油的影响因素,以期为将来通过转基因技术和分子育种调控NA的生产,获得可再生的NA资源提供一定的思路和策略。

农学类专业作物种子学实验教学改革与实践

作物种子学实验是作物种子学课程教学中的重要内容,是农学类专业培养本科生实践能力、创新能力和科研能力的重要手段。本文以安徽农业大学为例,针对作物种子学实验教学存在的突出问题,从教学设计、教学方式、考核办法等方面对本课程进行了改革和探索,旨在为高等农业院校农学类专业作物种子学实验课程建设和教学改革提供参考。

浙江省作物种子品质现状与提升对策

为进一步加强浙江省农资市场监管,打击生产经营假冒伪劣农资的违法行为,维护农民群众合法权益,确保农业生产和农产品安全,为农业生产及种子市场管理提供借鉴。文章对2017—2021年浙江省监督抽检和例行抽检的4 049个大田作物种子样品数据进行统计,分析大田和蔬菜作物种子品质状况,发现非单粒播玉米种子标准过低、大豆种子水分合格率较低、蔬菜种子整体合格率偏低等问题,并提出了合理建议。

免耕播种机播深智能控制系统设计

免耕播种机作为免耕播种技术的核心装备,播种深度的精准控制直接影响作物的生长发育。为了进一步提高免耕播种机智能控制系统的稳定性,构建免耕播种机播深自动控制系统,系统阐述其工作原理与流程,并对关键控制模块及设备进行设计与选型。系统测试试验表明,该系统通过充分利用先进的传感器和算法技术,系统响应时间在0.12~0.18 s之间,能够根据不同作物和土壤条件,自动调整播种深度,并取得了良好的播种效果和产量表现。

中国农作物种子进出口贸易现状及发展对策研究

种子是农业生产的重要物资,对于保障国家粮食安全和农业发展具有重要意义。本文在研究梳理2017~2023年中国农作物种子进出口贸易的基础上,通过贸易差额、贸易竞争力指数、对外贸易依存度、国际市场占有率、比较优势指数等评价指标,探讨中国农作物种子进出口贸易的影响因素,并提出了中国农作物种子产业发展的对策建议。分析结果显示,中国农作物种子进出口贸易总体呈逆差状态,对外贸易依存度指数很低,在全球种子贸易市场中份额较小,比较优势指数较低。总体来说,目前我国仍是种子进口大国,种业研发推广的比较优势相对较低,在一段时间内还需依靠进口种子满足我国种业市场需求。目前中国农作物种子进出口贸易的影响因素主要有人口因素、耕地资源、经济因素、汇率因素、科研投入、外资投资、植物新品种权等方面,可通过优化种子产业结构、提高种子质量与竞争力、加大育种关键技术的研发与投入力度、加强种业国际合作以及强化种业科技成果的转化和推广等方面进一步促进中国农作物种子产业发展。

2011~2020年全球农作物种子贸易格局与主要贸易国竞争力分析

分析了2011~2020年全球农作物种子贸易和主要贸易国竞争力。全球农作物种子出口量和贸易额呈波动上升趋势,进口量和贸易额也呈增长趋势,表明全球种子贸易持续增长。大田作物种子占主导地位,蔬菜种子和花卉种子占比较小,但贸易额占比相对较高。美国、荷兰、法国、德国既是全球前四大种子出口国也是前四大种子进口国,但这4个国家在进出口的具体排名有所不同。荷兰、法国、美国市场占有率较高,匈牙利、法国、荷兰显示性比较优势指数较高。荷兰、法国、匈牙利、美国在这10年中持续保持贸易顺差状态,贸易竞争力指数和显示性竞争比较优势指数均大于0,表明具有较强的竞争优势,中国在这2个指标上均小于0,竞争力较弱。

高质量推进农作物制种基地建设研究——基于四省五地实践的调研思考

采用扎根理论研究方法,对5个典型国家级农作物制种大县开展深入的实地调研,与有关主体进行一系列专题座谈,总结归纳了农作物制种基地近年来的做法与成效,以此为基础分析了主要面临的问题挑战,指出未来建设过程中需防范的一些误区与待深化的诸多认识。最后,提出了关于制种基地科学定位、深入“两藏”工程、培养生产服务主体、丰富制种人才类型、构建长效利益机制、优化基地扶持政策、强化属地监管责任等7个方面、20条务实有效的基地高质量发展建议。

川南“直播稻+泽泻”稻药轮作轻简化种植技术研究与探讨

结合川南的地貌和生态特点,开展了“直播稻+泽泻”稻药轮作研究,从品种选择、轮作茬口问题、栽培轻简化等方面,集成了稻药轮作轻简化种植技术,以供川南地区稻药轮作种植参考。

Progress of the Research on the Conservation of Crop Germplasm Resources in China

In the last 20 years, China has made considerable achievements in the conservation of crop germplasm resources. A network for crop germplasm conservation has been established by the end of 2002, which includes a national long-term seed genebank and its duplicated genebank, 8 national medium-term seed genebanks, 30 national field genebanks. 2 national in vitro genebanks, and 3 in situ conservation sites including 1 for wild soybean and 2 for wild rice. More than 334 000 crop germplasm accessions are currently stored in the national long-term genebank, covering 35 families, 192 genera and 712 species, which rank in the first place in the world. More than 43 000 accessions of vegetatively propagated crops and perennial crops covering more than 900 species are conserved in the national field genebanks. In addition, 2 300 accessions are stored in the national in vitro genebanks. This paper reviewed the latest advances of techniques for safety preservation of stored germplasm in seed genebank, ultra-dried seed storage and in vitro preservation in China and discussed current highlights in germplasm conservation.

Influence of Seed Priming on Performance and Water Productivity of Direct Seeded Rice in Alternating Wetting and Drying

Direct seeded rice is promising alternative to traditional transplanting, but requires appropriate crop and water management to maintain yield performance and achieve high water productivity. Present study evaluated the effect of seed priming and irrigation on crop establishment, tillering, agronomic traits, paddy yield, grain quality and water productivity of direct seeded rice in alternate wetting and drying （DSR-AWD） in comparison with direct seeded rice at field capacity （DSR- FC）. Seed priming treatments were osmo-priming with KCI （2.2%）, CaCI2 （2.2%） and moringa leaf extracts （MLE, 3.3%） including hydro-priming as control. Among the treatments, seed osmo-primed with MLE emerged earlier and had higher final emergence, followed by osmo-priming with CaCI2. Tillering emergence rate and number of tillers per plant were the highest for seed priming with CaCI2 in DSR- AWD. Total productive and non-productive tillers, panicle length, biological and grain yields, harvest index were highest for seed priming with MLE or CaCI2 in DSR-AWD. Similarly, grain quality, estimated in terms of normal grains, abortive and chalky grains, was also the highest in DSR-AWD with MLE osmo-priming. Benefit cost ratio and water productivity was also the highest in DSR-AWD for seed priming with MLE. In conclusion, seed priming with MLE or CaCI2 can be successfully employed to improve the direct seeded rice performance when practiced with alternate wetting and drying irrigation.

三种绿肥种子萌发期抗旱性评价

为筛选适宜潞江坝干热河谷区种植的抗旱萌发的绿肥品种,以箭舌豌豆、硬皮豆和田菁为研究对象,采用2%的PEG-6000浓度模拟处理干旱胁迫,以蒸馏水处理为对照,测定发芽率、发芽指数、根系形态指标,并计算其相对值。以相对发芽率、相对发芽指数、相对根长、相对根鲜重、相对主根长、相对主根平均直径、相对总根体积、相对总根表面积等各指标抗旱系数为依据,利用隶属函数法进行抗旱能力的综合评价。结果表明,除了箭舌豌豆的主根平均直径外,3个绿肥种子的各指标均随PEG-6000浓度的升高而逐渐降低;但是各指标降低幅度不同。2处理中,发芽率、发芽指数大小顺序均为硬皮豆>箭舌豌豆>田菁。根系形态指标中,PEG组所有指标大小顺序均为箭舌豌豆>硬皮豆>田菁;蒸馏水组,除了总根重外,其他指标大小顺序是硬皮豆>箭舌豌豆>田菁,总根重大小顺序是硬皮豆>田菁>箭舌豌豆。根系形态指标的变化幅度顺序均是硬皮豆>田菁>箭舌豌豆,发芽率的降低幅度顺序为箭舌豌豆>硬皮豆>田菁,发芽指数的降低幅度顺序为硬皮豆>箭舌豌豆>田菁。可见各材料在各指标间的表现趋势并不一致。各指标的相对值显示,3种绿肥作物种子萌发期抗旱性存在较大差异。通过加权隶属函数法综合评价,其抗旱性顺序为箭舌豌豆>田菁>硬皮豆。

饲料油菜在新疆南北部不同模式下的产量及品质分析

【目的】研究饲料油菜在新疆南北部正播、复播模式和不同采收次数下的生物产量及品质。【方法】以甘蓝型油菜饲油2号为研究对象,分别在新疆南北部正播、复种栽培试验,分析不同模式下饲料油菜的生物产量构成及品质指标含量变化。【结果】新疆南部复播模式下,饲料油菜生长92 d时,株高为1.47 m,单株鲜重0.77 kg,鲜草的生物量为7923 kg/667m^(2),粗蛋白含量高达20%,粗纤维和灰分含量分别为21%和14.5%,饲用品质好;新疆北部种植区,复播种植饲料油菜89 d,株高为0.91 m,单株鲜重0.3 kg,鲜草产量为4978 kg/667m^(2),粗蛋白含量为14.9%,纤维和灰分含量分别为14.1%和12.5%,利于消化吸收,但部分营养品质指标低于其他种植模式。正播种植模式下饲料油菜的产量较低,第一茬鲜草产量为1243 kg/667m^(2),粗脂肪含量高达3.6%,植株成熟度高,鲜草纤维化程度高,饲用品质差。第二茬鲜草粗蛋白含量为15.9%,灰分含量为21%,粗纤维含量为18.6%,鲜草产量最低,为311 kg/667m^(2)。【结论】新疆南北部均采用复播模式,并在植株成熟后尽早收获,整个生育期以90 d为宜。

Gel Electrophoresis of Proteins for the Identification of Crop Varieties

With the development of the international trade and agricultural science and technology, especially after the execution of the rules on protection of new plant varieties, considerable emphasis has been placed on variety identification. Many evidences have suggested that gel electrophoresis have great influence on this area. This paper reviewed study status of various gel electrophoresis, including development of the meth-