Hydrogen Spillover Effect in Electrocatalysis:Delving into the Mysteries of the Atomic Migration

Hydrogen spillover effect has recently garnered a lot of attention in the field of electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reactions.A new avenue for understanding the dynamic behavior of atomic migration in which hydrogen atoms moving on a catalyst surface was opened up by the setup of the word"hydrogen spillover."However,there is currently a dearth of thorough knowledge regarding the hydrogen spillover effect.Currently,the advancement of sophisticated characterization procedures offers progressively useful information to enhance our grasp of the hydrogen spillover effect.The understanding of material fabrication for hydrogen spillover effect has erupted.Considering these factors,we made an effort to review most of the articles published on the hydrogen spillover effect and carefully analyzed the aspect of material fabrication.All of our attention has been directed toward the molecular pathway that leads to improve hydrogen evolution reactions performance.In addition,we have attempted to elucidate the spillover paths through the utilization of DFT calculations.Furthermore,we provide some preliminary research suggestions and highlight the opportunities and obstacles that are still to be confronted in this study area.

Internal Polarization Field Induced Hydroxyl Spillover Effect for Industrial Water Splitting Electrolyzers

The formation of multiple oxygen intermediates supporting efficient oxygen evolution reaction(OER)are affinitive with hydroxyl adsorption.However,ability of the catalyst to capture hydroxyl and maintain the continuous supply at active sits remains a tremendous challenge.Herein,an affordable Ni2P/FeP2 heterostructure is presented to form the internal polarization field(IPF),arising hydroxyl spillover(HOSo)during OER.Facilitated by IPF,the oriented HOSo from FeP2 to Ni2P can activate the Ni site with a new hydroxyl transmission channel and build the optimized reaction path of oxygen intermediates for lower adsorption energy,boosting the OER activity(242 mV vs.RHE at 100 mA cm-2)for least 100 h.More interestingly,for the anion exchange membrane water electrolyzer(AEMWE)with low concentration electrolyte,the advantage of HOSo effect is significantly amplified,delivering 1 A cm^(-2)at a low cell voltage of 1.88 V with excellent stability for over 50 h.

Impact of digital economy development on carbon productivity:An empirical analysis based on threshold effect and spatial spillover effect

Utilizing provincial panel data from 2014 to 2020,this study employs a fixed effect model,a threshold effect model,and a spatial lag model to empirically examine the correlation between digital economic development and carbon productivity.The findings indicate that digital economic development significantly contributes to the enhancement of carbon productivity in the long term.Furthermore,through instrumental variable method,replacement of explanatory variables and other methods to test its endogeneity and stability,the results remain robust.In terms of regional heterogeneity,the impact of digital economic development on carbon productivity is less pronounced in the central and western regions compared to the eastern region.Additionally,further investigation reveals that industrial structure upgrading and science and technology investment level exhibit different threshold effects on the influence of digital economy development level on carbon productivity.Moreover,there is a significant spatial spillover effect of digital economy development on carbon productivity with H-H and L-L agglomeration spatial correlation.

Research on the Impact of China’s Foreign Trade Technology Spillover on Green Total Factor Productivity of Countries Along the“Belt and Road”:Based on the Institutional Quality Threshold Effect

China’s growing trade with countries along the“Belt and Road”Initiative is accompanied by a focus on green development.Based on the panel data from 2007 to 2018,this paper establishes a threshold regression model to empirically analyze the institutional quality threshold effect of China’s foreign trade technology spillover on the GTFP of countries along the“Belt and Road.”The results show that China’s foreign trade technology spillover has a significant institutional quality double threshold effect on the green total factor productivity of the countries along the“Belt and Road.”As the institutional quality of the countries along the“Belt and Road”crosses a specific threshold value,the impact of China’s foreign trade technology spillover on the green total factor productivity of the countries along the“Belt and Road”has a significant positive promoting effect,and corresponding suggestions are put forward.

Tail spillover effects between cryptocurrencies and uncertainty in the gold,oil,and stock markets

This study investigates tail dependence among five major cryptocurrencies,namely Bitcoin,Ethereum,Litecoin,Ripple,and Bitcoin Cash,and uncertainties in the gold,oil,and equity markets.Using the cross-quantilogram method and quantile connectedness approach,we identify cross-quantile interdependence between the analyzed variables.Our results show that the spillover between cryptocurrencies and volatility indices for the major traditional markets varies substantially across quantiles,implying that diversification benefits for these assets may differ widely across normal and extreme market conditions.Under normal market conditions,the total connectedness index is moderate and falls below the elevated values observed under bearish and bullish market conditions.Moreover,we show that under all market conditions,cryptocurrencies have a leadership influence over the volatility indices.Our results have important policy implications for enhancing financial stability and deliver valuable insights for deploying volatility-based financial instruments that can potentially provide cryptocurrency investors with suitable hedges,as we show that cryptocurrency and volatility markets are insignificantly(weakly)connected under normal(extreme)market conditions.

Spillover effects and incentive initiatives of green behavior

Spillover effects play a crucial role in hindering the effective implementation of green behavior.Whether it pertains to enterprises or individuals,engaging in green behavior often leads to increased costs.However,the benefits derived from green behavior cannot be fully recouped but rather spill over and benefit other non-green entities,thereby undermining the incentives for companies or individuals to engage in green practices.The study categorizes the spillover effects of corporate green investment into three aspects based on the channels through which they occur:environmental spillover,inter-industry spillover(vertical spillover),and intra-industry spillover(horizontal spillover).While these three spillover mechanisms work in tandem with green behavior,existing literature has predominantly focused on the "free-rider " effect of environmental spillover and horizontal spillover,neglecting the impact of vertical spillover.Additionally,this paper provides a comprehensive review of measures aimed at incentivizing corporate green investment.Current government-level measures often overlook the multifaceted nature of spillover effects stemming from green behavior and the factors influencing corporate decision-making in this regard,resulting in various limitations and deficiencies.The paper argues that,besides relying solely on direct interventions from external actors such as the government or society,a more significant emphasis should be placed on enhancing the role of enterprises as a fundamental approach.This involves fostering the endogenous capacity of enterprises to generate green investment and facilitating a beneficial interaction that respects corporate autonomy.Consequently,policymakers should consider multiple dimensions of spillover effects and design appropriate mechanisms that leverage the inherent capabilities of enterprises,thus stimulating green investment.This approach represents a crucial area for future research that warrants further in-depth inve stigation.

Research on interaction of innovation spillovers in the AI,Fin‑Tech,and IoT industries:considering structural changes accelerated by COVID‑19

This paper aims to probe the influence of innovation spillovers in the artificial intelligence(AI)and financial technology(Fin-tech)industries on the value of the internet of things(IoT)companies.Python was utilized to download public information from Yahoo Finance,and then the GARCH model was used to extract the fluctuations of cross-industry innovation spillovers.Next,the Fama–French three-factor model was used to explore the interactive changes between variables.The panel data regression analysis indicates that the more firms accept innovation spillovers from other industries,the better the excess return;however,this effect differs because of industrial attributes and the environmental changes induced by COVID-19.Additionally,this study finds that investing in large-cap growth stocks of IoT firms is more likely to yield excess returns.Finally,the study yields lessons for policy leverage to accelerate the upgrading and transformation of innovation-interactive industries by referring to the practices of Singapore and South Korea.

Extreme dependencies and spillovers between gold and stock markets:evidence from MENA countries

This study addresses whether gold exhibits the function of a hedge or safe haven as often referred to in academia.It contributes to the existing literature by(i)revisiting this question for the principal stock markets in the Middle East and North Africa(MENA)region and(ii)using the copula-quantile-on-quantile and conditional value at risk methods to detail the risks facing market participants provided with accurate information about various gold and stock market scenarios(i.e.,bear,normal,bull).The results provide strong evidence of quantile dependence between gold and stock returns.Positive correlations are found between MENA gold and stock markets when both are bullish.Conversely,when stock returns are bearish,gold markets show negative correlations with MENA stock markets.The risk spillover from gold to stock markets intensified during the global financial and European crises.Given the risk spillover between gold and stock markets,investors in MENA markets should be careful when considering gold as a safe haven because its effectiveness as a hedge is not the same in all MENA stock markets.Investors and portfolio managers should rebalance their portfolio compositions under various gold and stock market conditions.Overall,such precise insights about the heterogeneous linkages and spillovers between gold and MENA stock returns provide potential input for developing effective hedging strategies and optimal portfolio allocations.

Non-Symmetry of China’s and US Monetary Policy Spillovers:Theoretical Modelling and Empirical Analysis

This study develops a structural vector autoregression(SVAR)framework to empirically examine the reciprocal transmission channels of monetary policies between China and the United States.The primary objective is to discern potential disparities in the spillover effects of monetary policies and ascertain any contrasting mechanisms underlying these effects across the two countries.Based on our research,it appears that there exists a certain level of non-symmetry in the spillover effects of monetary policy between the two countries.Moreover,this paper provides adequate analysis of disparities in the trade framework,capital control,and financial market operations of both countries in constructing a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium(DSGE)model that incorporates financial frictions for the examination of the theoretical rationale.The empirical findings indicate that China’s monetary policy creates a spillover effect primarily through trade.In China,following an increase in its interest rates,the domestic economic activity will experience a contraction,leading to a decline in both investment and output.Consequently,this will result in a decrease in China’s imports of investment goods from the United States,impacting the output of the US economy.In contrast,the US monetary policy exerts a spillover effect primarily through finance.An increase in interest rates by the United States is associated with a notable outflow of capital from China.This leads to a rise in the financing costs for Chinese firms,consequently diminishing their overall net worth.In light of the financial accelerator effect,corporate external financing risk premium will continue to increase,exacerbating the downward trajectory of China’s output.

Research on the Spillover Effects of Digital Transformation on the Sustainable Growth of Green Schools

The development of society and the advancement of science and technology have led to the widespread integration of digital transformation in the field of education.However,the current establishment of green schools faces various challenges,including non-environmental building facilities,high renovation costs,low organizational management efficiency,high energy consumption,outdated office tools,and insufficient environmental awareness among teachers and students.Through thorough research and analysis,it becomes evident that digital technology can play a pivotal role in addressing these challenges and contribute to all aspects of green school establishment.The incorporation of digital thinking concepts is essential for the construction of ecologically civilized campuses and inclusive innovation.The process of digital design and transformation proves instrumental in optimizing both software and hardware facilities within the campus,thereby reducing energy consumption.Simultaneously,comprehensive digital teaching management enhances overall efficiency in management and service delivery.Innovative digital teaching and learning models emerge as transformative tools,providing new avenues to create low-carbon,green classrooms for both teachers and students.By exploring the application of digital transformation in establishing green schools and examining the resulting spillover effects,valuable insights can be gained.These insights,in turn,serve as reference points for building diversified digital technology paths on campus and fostering the creation of green schools.

Spatial spillover effects of transport infrastructure on regional economic growth

Spatial spillover effects,either positive or negative,of transport infrastructure,highways/expressways,etc.,on regional economic growth are proposed.Using the panel data for 11 cities of Zhejiang province from 1994 to 2003,a spatial production function is applied to examine the spatial spillovers which can be generated as a positive output spillover from the transport infrastructure between neighboring cities.Some spatial weighted matrices are adopted to define different neighboring cities to measure how easily factors or economic activities can migrate between regions.The estimation results show that the output elasticity of the highway infrastructure in 11 cities are all insignificant at a 5% significance level;hence,highway infrastructure in a region cannot explain the same region's economic growth.On the other hand,the highway infrastructure of other contiguous regions has positive spillover effects on a same region's economic growth.

Magic of hydrogen spillover: Understanding and application

The hydrogen spillover effect(HSPE)plays an important role in heterogeneous catalysis and hydrogen storage as an interfacial phenomenon,which facilitates the improvement of hydrogen storage properties of porous nanomaterials and indirectly or directly affects the reaction performance of multiphase catalytic reactions.The setting-up of the word“hydrogen spillover”opened up a new area to gain insight into the dynamic behavior of migrating hydrogen atoms on a catalyst surface.However,a comprehensive understanding of the HSPE is still lacking.Today,the development of advanced characterization techniques provides increasingly valuable information to further our understanding of the HSPE.Based on these considerations,in this review,we hope to provide some answers to the question“What is hydrogen spillover and how do we recognize it?”.To do this,we will rely on advanced characterization techniques as well as experimental and theoretical studies.Then,we discuss in detail the influences of the HSPE on hydrogen storage performance and the important catalytic effects of the HSPE in catalysis.These effects will be reviewed by looking through the catalytic results obtained in many reactions in thermal catalysis,electrocatalysis,and photocatalysis.Furthermore,based on the application potential of hydrogen spillover,we present some preliminary research proposals and discuss the opportunities and challenges that remain to be faced in this research area.

Method of spillover identification in urban street networks using loop detector outputs

Quick and reliable identification of the traffic state is of critical importance to traffic control systems, especially when spillovers appear. Firstly, a calculation method for the occupancy per cycle under different traffic conditions were presented, based on the relationship between the three basic traffic flow parameters, speed, traffic flow and density. Secondly, the times at which the stopping and starting waves approach a loop detector were confirmed using the traffic wave models modified by a kinematic equation. Then, the threshold of occupancy, which characterizes the appearance of spillovers, was determined by the premise that the stopping and starting waves had the same speed. At last, the accuracy and usability of the new method were verified by VISSIM simulation, using the ratio of misjudgment as the evaluation index. The results show that the ratio of misjudgment of the new method is about 11.36% compared to 17.65% of the previous method.

Spillover on a Platinum Electrode Modified by MWNTs

The spillover phenomenon is observed on the platinum (Pt) disk electrode modified bymulti-wall carbon nanotubes (MWNTs). The rate of the spillover of oxygen-containing speciesproduced on Pt surface to and from MWNTs is fast. However for hydrogen-adatoms, thespillover is very weak. The selective spillover on the Pt/MWNTs electrode may provide a novelway to design catalysts.

The Spillover Effect between Futures and Spot Price of Agricultural Products:A Case Study of Soybean Products of China

Taking soybean products as an example and using the daily price data of 2007-2015,this paper established the error correction model and BEKK-GARCH model,and made an empirical study on the spillover effect of futures and spot price of agricultural products of China. According to this study,there were mean spillover effect and two-way volatility spillover effect in futures and spot price of soybean,soybean oil,and soybean meal; soybean futures prices significantly guided the spot price; in the price linkage between the types,the price relationship between the soybean meal and soybean was closer than between the soybean oil and soybean.

Regime specific spillover across cryptocurrencies and the role of COVID‑19

The aim of this study is to examine the daily return spillover among 18 cryptocurrencies under low and high volatility regimes,while considering three pricing factors and the effect of the COVID-19 outbreak.To do so,we apply a Markov regime-switching(MS)vector autoregressive with exogenous variables(VARX)model to a daily dataset from 25-July-2016 to 1-April-2020.The results indicate various patterns of spillover in high and low volatility regimes,especially during the COVID-19 outbreak.The total spillover index varies with time and abruptly intensifies following the outbreak of COVID-19,especially in the high volatility regime.Notably,the network analysis reveals further evidence of much higher spillovers in the high volatility regime during the COVID-19 outbreak,which is consistent with the notion of contagion during stress periods.

A Comparison of Spillover Effects before, during and after the 2008 Financial Crisis

This paper applies graphical modelling to the S & P 500, Nikkei 225 and FTSE 100 stock market indices to trace the spillover of returns and volatility between these three major world stock market indices before, during and after the 2008 financial crisis. We find that the depth of market integration changed significantly between the pre-crisis period and the crisis and post-crisis period. Graphical models of both return and volatility spillovers are presented for each period. We conclude that graphical models are a useful tool in the analysis of multivariate time series where tracing the flow of causality is important.

Low-carbon technology innovation responding to climate change from the perspective of spatial spillover effects

China's technological efforts to tackle climate change have lasted for many years. It is necessary to test the effect of these efforts with quantitative method. To be exact, whether and how China's low-carbon technology innovation responds to climate change should be tested. Based on the2004-2015 panel data of 30 provinces in China, we use the method of ESDA analyzing the spatial correlation of China's low-carbon innovation technology. Furthermore, we use the spatial Durbin model empirically analyzing the spatial spillover effects. The results obtained are as follows: first,supply and demand of Chinese low-carbon innovation has some deviation in the spatial distribution. The low-carbon technology innovation as the supply factor shows the characteristics of expanding from the east to the west. Innovation in eastern China has always been the most active, but innovative activities in the middle and western China are gradually decreased.However, carbon emissions have the characteristics of moving westward, implying the change of technology demand different from technology supply. Second, China's low-carbon innovation actively responds to the trend of climate change, indicating China's technological efforts have paid off. However, the spatial spillover effects are not significant, showing that the efforts in each region of China still work for himself. Third, environmental regulation and market pull are important factors for low-carbon technology innovation. Among them, both supporting policy and inhibitory policy have significant impact on the local low-carbon technology innovation, but no significant spatial spillover effects. It shows that environmental policies in different regions are competitive and lack of demonstration effects. Economic growth and export as market pull have higher level of effect on low-carbon technology innovation for both local and adjacent areas.Some policy implications are proposed based on these results finally.

Dynamics of volatility spillover between stock market and foreign exchange market: evidence from Asian Countries

Background:The purpose of this study is to examine volatility spillover effects between stock market and foreign exchange market in selected Asian countries;Pakistan,India,Sri Lanka,China,Hong Kong and Japan.This study considered daily data from 4th January,1999 to 1st January,2014.Methods:This study opted EGARCH(Exponential Generalized Auto Regressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity)model for the purpose of analyzing asymmetric volatility spillover effects between stock and foreign exchange market.Results:The EGARCH analyses reveal bidirectional asymmetric volatility spillover between stock market and foreign exchange market of Pakistan,China,Hong Kong and Sri Lanka.The results reveal unidirectional transmission of volatility from stock market to foreign exchange market of India.The analysis reveals no evidence of volatility transmission between the two markets in reference to Japan.Conclusions:The result of this study provide valuable insights to economic policy makers for financial stability perspective and to investors regarding decision making in international portfolio and currency risk strategies.

Study on spillover effect of copper futures between LME and SHFE using wavelet multiresolution analysis

Research on information spillover effects between financial markets remains active in the economic community. A Granger-type model has recently been used to investigate the spillover between London Metal Exchange(LME) and Shanghai Futures Exchange(SHFE) ,however,possible correlation between the future price and return on different time scales have been ignored. In this paper,wavelet multiresolution decomposition is used to investigate the spillover effects of copper future returns between the two markets. The daily return time series are decomposed on 2n(n=1,…,6) frequency bands through wavelet mul-tiresolution analysis. The correlation between the two markets is studied with decomposed data. It is shown that high frequency detail components represent much more energy than low-frequency smooth components. The relation between copper future daily returns in LME and that in SHFE are different on different time scales. The fluctuations of the copper future daily returns in LME have large effect on that in SHFE in 32-day scale,but small effect in high frequency scales. It also has evidence that strong effects exist between LME and SHFE for monthly responses of the copper futures but not for daily responses.