Uncertainties of ENSO-related Regional Hadley Circulation Anomalies within Eight Reanalysis Datasets

El Nino-Southern Oscillation(ENSO),the leading mode of global interannual variability,usually intensifies the Hadley Circulation(HC),and meanwhile constrains its meridional extension,leading to an equatorward movement of the jet system.Previous studies have investigated the response of HC to ENSO events using different reanalysis datasets and evaluated their capability in capturing the main features of ENSO-associated HC anomalies.However,these studies mainly focused on the global HC,represented by a zonal-mean mass stream function(MSF).Comparatively fewer studies have evaluated HC responses from a regional perspective,partly due to the prerequisite of the Stokes MSF,which prevents us from integrating a regional HC.In this study,we adopt a recently developed technique to construct the three-dimensional structure of HC and evaluate the capability of eight state-of-the-art reanalyses in reproducing the regional HC response to ENSO events.Results show that all eight reanalyses reproduce the spatial structure of HC responses well,with an intensified HC around the central-eastern Pacific but weakened circulations around the Indo-Pacific warm pool and tropical Atlantic.The spatial correlation coefficient of the three-dimensional HC anomalies among the different datasets is always larger than 0.93.However,these datasets may not capture the amplitudes of the HC responses well.This uncertainty is especially large for ENSO-associated equatorially asymmetric HC anomalies,with the maximum amplitude in Climate Forecast System Reanalysis(CFSR)being about 2.7 times the minimum value in the Twentieth Century Reanalysis(20CR).One should be careful when using reanalysis data to evaluate the intensity of ENSO-associated HC anomalies.

Digital Development Rights in Developing Countries:Where the Governance Rules for Cross-Border Data Flows

The digital development rights in developing countries are based on establishing a new international economic order and ensuring equal participation in the digital globalization process to achieve people's well-rounded development in the digital society.The relationship between cross-border data flows and the realization of digital development rights in developing countries is quite complex.Currently,developing countries seek to safeguard their existing digital interests through unilateral regulation to protect data sovereignty and multilateral regulation for cross-border data cooperation.However,developing countries still have to face internal conflicts between national digital development rights and individual and corporate digital development rights during the process of realizing digital development rights.They also encounter external contradictions such as developed countries interfering with developing countries'data sovereignty,developed countries squeezing the policy space of developing countries through dominant rules,and developing countries having conflicts between domestic and international rules.This article argues that balancing openness and security on digital trade platforms is the optimal solution for developing countries to realize their digital development rights.The establishment of WTO digital trade rules should inherently reflect the fundamental demands of developing countries in cross-border data flows.At the same time,given China's dual role as a digital powerhouse and a developing country,it should actively promote the realization of digital development rights in developing countries.

Advances in Studying Oceanic Circulation from Hydrographic Data with Applications in the South China Sea

Methods for studying oceanic circulation from hydrographic data are reviewed in the context of their applications in the South China Sea. These methods can be classified into three types according to their different dynamics as follows: (1) descriptive methods, (2) diagnostic methods without surface and bottom forcing, and (3) diagnostic methods with the above boundary forcing. The paper discusses the progress made in the above methods together with the advancement of study in the South China Sea circulation.

Assimilation of High Frequency Radar Data into a Shelf Sea Circulation Model

High Frequency(HF) radar current data is assimilated into a shelf sea circulation model based on optimal interpolation(OI) method. The purpose of this work is to develop a real-time computationally highly efficient assimilation method to improve the forecast of shelf current. Since the true state of the ocean is not known, the specification of background error covariance is arduous. Usually, it is assumed or calculated from an ensemble of model states and is kept in constant. In our method, the spatial covariances of model forecast errors are derived from differences between the adjacent model forecast fields, which serve as the forecast tendencies. The assumption behind this is that forecast errors can resemble forecast tendencies, since variances are large when fields change quickly and small when fields change slowly. The implementation of HF radar data assimilation is found to yield good information for analyses. After assimilation, the root-mean-square error of model decreases significantly. Besides, three assimilation runs with variational observation density are implemented. The comparison of them indicates that the pattern described by observations is much more important than the amount of observations. It is more useful to expand the scope of observations than to increase the spatial interval. From our tests, the spatial interval of observation can be 5 times bigger than that of model grid.

数据空间建设的实践进展与运营模式分析——基于Data Spaces Radar的案例

数据空间建设为数据要素的价值实现提供了可资借鉴的实践经验,全面解析其实践进展与运营模式,有助于破解数据流通的现实堵点、拓展数据利用的发展思路。文章首先将结构主义分析方法中的案例研究法作为主要研究方法,综合运用文献调研、比较分析等方法,以Data Spaces Radar为案例来源,从实践进展、运营模式、核心要素等维度提炼数据空间建设特征。其次,在制度与技术的双轮驱动下,数据空间建设秉持制度规范统一性、技术设计整体性和治理模式协同性的架构原则,并按照产业思维、底线思维、信任思维、链式思维、集约思维的底层逻辑,形成较为完整的运营体系。未来应着力探索和解决数据空间视域下的数据资源价值化开发路径,针对数据流通堵点、利用痛点及信任难点问题,从体制机制、政策框架与技术应用等角度为推进我国的数据要素流通利用提供有益参考。

Variability of the deep South China Sea circulation derived from HYCOM reanalysis data

This study aims to investigate variability of the deep South China Sea(SCS)circulation using the Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model(HYCOM)global reanalysis product.The results reveal that annual cycle is a dominant component in the deep SCS circulation.Meanwhile,the boundary circulation strength is the weakest in January and peaks between June and September.The eastern and southern boundary currents strengthen/weaken one to three months earlier than that in the western and northern boundaries.Vector Empirical Orthogonal Functions(VEOF)analysis results reveal that semiannual and intraseasonal fluctuations are significant components,of which the spatial patterns are mainly confined in the northern and western boundary areas as well as the southwestern sub-basin.Wavelet analysis results show the strength of significant fluctuation varies year to year.Trend analysis results indicate a decadal weakening in the deep SCS circulation.An anomalous anticyclonic circulation,50–70 km apart from the slope break,tends to weaken the cyclonic boundary circulation in the western and northern boundaries as well as the southwestern sub-basin.This trend is similar to the observed decadal weakening in the North Atlantic deep circulation.Thus,the findings of this study reveal that the variation of the deep SCS circulation has a remarkable response to the climate change.The mechanisms responsible for the variation are worth pursuing if more observations are available.

Application of Big Data Analysis Technology in Cross-Border E-Commerce

Under the background of national development strategy in the new era,cross-border e-commerce with the help of Internet platfbnn can realize the interconnection between producers and consumers,and gradually expand the influence of international trade.Based on big data technology,this paper builds an industry chain with cross-border e-commerce members'participation,and analyzes the specific application of big data in the product support,internal operation,external marketing,logistics service and service evaluation of cross-border e-commerce industry chain.The purpose is to effectively promote the healthy development of cross-border e-commerce and improve China's trade and economic level.

Modeling seasonal variations of ocean and sea ice circulation in the Beaufort and Chukchi Seas:A model-data fusion study

A 3.8-kin Coupled Ice-Ocean Model （C1OM） was implemented to successfully reproduce many observed phenomena in the Beaufort and Chukchi seas, including the Bering-inflow-originated coastal current that splits into three branches： Alaska Coastal Water （ACW） , Central Channel, and Herald Valley branches. Other modeled phenomena include the Beaufort Slope Current （BSC） , the Beaufort Gyre, the East Siberian Current （ ESC）, mesoscale eddies, seasonal landfast ice, sea ice ridging, shear, and deformation. Many of these downscaling processes can only be captured by using a high-resolution CIOM, nested in a global climate model. The seasonal cycles for sea ice concentration, thickness, velocity, and other variables are well reproduced with Solid validation by satellite measurements. The seasonal cycles for upper ocean dynamics and thermodynamics are also well reproduced, which include the formation of the cold saline layer due to the injection of salt during sea ice formation, the BSC, and the subsurface upwelling in winter that brings up warm, even more saline Atlantic Water along the shelfbreak and shelf along the Beaufort coast.

Features of eddy kinetic energy and variations of upper circulation in the South China Sea

The features of eddy kinetic energy (EKE) and the variations of upper circulation in theSouth China Sea (SCS) are discussed in this paper using geostrophic currents estimated from Maps of Sea Level Anomalies of the TOPEX/Poseidon altimetry data. A high EKE center is identified in the southeast of Vietnam coast with the highest energy level 1 400 cm2 ·s^(-2) in both summer and autumn. This high EKE center is caused by the instability of the current axis leaving the coast of Vietnam in summer and the transition of seasonal circulation patterns in autumn. There exists another high EKE region in the northeastern SCS, southwest to Taiwan Island in winter. This high EKE region is generated from the eddy activities caused by the Kuroshio intrusion and accumulates more than one third of the annual EKE, which confirms that the eddies are most active in winter. The transition of upper circulation patterns is also evidenced by the directions of the major axises of velocity variance ellipses between 10?and 14.5°N, which supports the model results reported before.

Abyssal Circulation in the Philippine Sea

The abyssal circulation in the Philippine Sea(PS)is investigated,with outputs from the Simple Ocean Data Assimilation version 2.2.4(SODA224).The deep-water currents in SODA224 are carefully evaluated,with sparse in situ observations in the North Pacific Ocean.In the upper deep layer(20003000 m)of the PS,a strong westward current,which originates from the Northeast Pacific Basin and enters the PS through the Yap-Mariana Junction,exists along 1114 N.This strong westward current bifurcates into two western boundary currents off the Philippines.The northward-flowing current flows out of the PS around 2021 N,whereas the southward-flowing current transports deep water from the northern hemisphere to the southern hemisphere.In the lower deep layer(30004500 m),the inflow water first flows northward to the east of the Western Mariana Basin and then turns westward at approximately 18 N.The inflow water mainly enters the Philippine Basin(PB),with a small part turning southward to constitute a weak cyclonic circulation.The water entering the PB mainly merges into a strong southward western boundary current in the south-ern PB.In the bottom layer(below 4500 m),both the northeast and northwest PB show single cyclonic gyres,whereas the south PB shows a single anticyclonic gyre.Moreover,comparisons with the observations indicate the possible existence of a cyclonic sense of circulation over the Philippine Trench.The current study provides the implications for future observations,which are needed to fur-ther investigate the temporospatial variations of the abyssal circulation in the PS on multiple scales.

Argo floats revealing bimodality of large-scale mid-depth circulation in the North Atlantic

Analysis of Argo float trajectories at 1 000 m and temperature at 950 m in the North Atlantic between November 2003 and January 2005 demonstrates the existence of two different circulation modes with fast transition between them. Each mode has a pair of cyclonic - anticyclonic gyres. The difference is the location of the cyclonic gyre. The cyclonic gyre stretches from southeast to northwest in the first mode and from the southwest to the northeast in the second mode. The observed modes strongly affect the heat and salt transport in the North Atlantic. In particular, the second mode slows down the westward transport of the warm and saline water from the Mediterranean Sea.

Diagnostic calculation of the upper-layer circulation in the South China Sea during the winter of 1998

On the basis of hydrographic data obtained in November 28 to December 27, 1998 cruise, the calculation of the circulation in the South China Sea (SCS) is made by using the P-vector method, in combination with SSH data from TOPEX/ERS-2 analysis. For study of the dynamical mechanism, which causes the pattern of winter circulation in the SCS, the diagnostic model (Yuan et al., 1982; Yuan and Su, 1992) is used to simulate numerically the winter circulation in the SCS. The following results have been obtained. (1) The main characteristics of the circulation systems in the central SCS are as follows: A coastal southward jet in winter is present at the western boundary near the coast of Vietnam; there is a stronger cyclonic circulation with a larger horizontal scale east of this coastal southward jet and west of 114°E; there is a weaker anti-cyclonic circulation in the central part of eastern SCS; there is a stronger and northeastward flow opposing the northeasterly monsoon between above a stronger cyclonic circulation and a weaker anti-cyclonic circulation. (2) The circulation systems in the northern SCS are as follows: 1) There is a cyclonic circulation system northwest of Luzon, and it has three centers of the cold water; 2) There is an anti-cyclonic eddy. Its center is located near(20°N, 116°40' E); 3)There is a warm and anti-cyclonic circulation south of Hainan Island; 4) There is a northeastward flow, the South China Sea Warm Current, in winter off Guangdong coast in the northern SCS. (3) In the southern SCS there is an anti-cyclonic circulation, and also there is a smaller scale cold water and cyclonic eddy. (4) The above pattern of winter circulation in the SCS agrees qualitatively with the horizontal distribution of temperature at 200 m level. (5) The dynamical mechanism which produces the above basic pattern of winter circulation is because of the following two causes: 1) The joint effect of the baroclinity and relief (JEBAR) is an essential dynamical cause; 2) The interaction between the wind stress and bottom topographic (IBWT) under the strong northeasterly monsoon is the next important dynamical mechanism. (6) Comparing the hydrographic structure and the horizontal distribution of velocity with the SSH data from TOPEX/ERS-2 analysis in the SCS during December of 1998, it is found that they agree qualitatively.

Calculation of circulation in the South China Sea during summer of 2000 by the modified inverse method

On the basis of hydrographic data obtained in August 2000 cruise, the circulation in the South China Sea (SCS) is computed by the modified inverse method in combination with SSH data from TOPEX/ERS-2 analysis. For study of the dynamical mechanism, which causes the pattern of summer circulation in the SCS, the diagnostic model (Yuan et al. 1982. Acta Oceanologica Sinica,4(1):1-11; Yuan and Su. 1992. Numerical Computation of Physical Oceanography.474-542) is used to simulate numerically the summer circulation in the SCS. The following results have been obtained. (1) The central and southwestern SCSs are dominated mainly by anticy-clonic circulation systems. They are mainly as follows. 1) There is strong anticyclonic eddy southeast of Vietnam (W1). Its horizontal scale is about 300 km, and it extends vertically from the surface to the about 1 000 m level. 2) There are a warm eddy W2 southeast of Zhongsha Islands and the anticyclonic circulation system W3 west off the Luzon Island. 3) There is a stronger cyclonic eddy C1 between the anticyclonic eddies W1 and W2.4) A strong northward coastal jet is present near the coast of Vietnam, and separates from the coast of Vietnam at about 12° N to the northeast.(2)The northern SCS is dominated mainly by a cyclonic circulation system. There is a cyclonic circulation system near and north of Section N2. (3) The southeastern SCS is dominated mainly by the cyclonic circulation system. (4) Comparing the results of circulation in the SCS during the summer of 2000 with those during the summer of 1998, it is found that they agree qualitatively, but there is the some difference between them in quantity.This shows that the circulation in the SCS has obviously seasonal feature. (5) The dynamical mechanism which products the basic pattern of summer circulation is because the following two reasons: 1) the joint effect of the baroclinity and relief (JEBAR) is essential dynamical cause; and 2) it is next important dynamical cause that the interaction between the wind stress and bottom topography under the southerly monsoon. (6) Comparing the hydrographic structure and distribution of stream functions with the SSH data from TOPEX/ERS-2 analysis in the SCS during August of 2000, they agree qualitatively.

Changes of Atmospheric Circulation since the Last Interstadial as Indicated by the Lake-status Record in China

The effective precipitation and the frame of atmospheric circulation in the past three key periods, i.e. 30 ka BP, 18 ka BP and 6 ka BP, have been analyzed on the basis of the palaeolake status record produced by the Chinese Lake Status Data Base. The results show that the west-central part of China was characterized by high lake-levels at 30 ka BP, resulting from strengthened southwest monsoons; whereas the high lake stand, occurring in the west-central part of China at 18 ka BP, was caused by the southward shift and the strengthening of westerlies although the high-stand distribution was reduced. Meanwhile, the east-central part of China was under the control of strong winter monsoons at 18 ka BP. The high lake-levels, which occurred in the east-central part of China at 6 ka BP, are related to the enhanced East-Asian summer monsoons; while the lowering of the lake-level in the west-central part of China at 6 ka BP was due to the northward shift and corresponding shrink of the westerlies.A comparison between the lake status and the palaeoclimate models has shown that there do exist discrepancies between the geological evidence and the model simulations. The agreement between them provides a possible mechanical explanation on the geological phenomena, but the discrepancy shows that the model needs to be revised to a great extent.

An Evaluation of the Main Physical Features and Circulation Patterns in the Black Sea Basin

Having as target the semi-enclosed basin of the Black Sea,the primary purpose of the existing paper is to present an overview of its extensive physical features and circulation patterns.To achieve this goal,more than five decades of data analysis-from 1960 to 2015-were taken into consideration and the results were validated against acknowledged data,both from satellite data over the last two decades and in-situ measurements from first decades.The circulation of the Black Sea basin has been studied for almost 400 years since the Italian Count Luigi Marsigli first described the“two-layer”circulation through the Bosphorus Strait in the year 1681.Since climate change projections for the Black Sea region foresee a significant impact on the environment in the coming decades,a set of adaptation and mitigation measures is required.Therefore more research is needed.Nowadays,the warming trend adds a sense of immediate urgency because according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s National Centre for Environmental Information,July 2020 was the second-hottest month ever recorded for the planet.Its averaged land and ocean surface temperature tied with July 2016 as the secondhighest for the month in the 141-year NOAA’s global temperature dataset history,which dates back to 1880.It was 0.92°C above the 20th-century average of 15.8°C,with only 0.01°C less than the record extreme value measured in July of 2019.

IAP General Circulation Models: A First Step Towards Developing a Local Area Model for Weather Prediction in Nigeria

In an earlier study, the Atmospheric Models Intercomparison Program (AMIP) simulations of African climate using the nine-layer gridpoint atmospheric general circulation model were found to be closely related to the observed European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecast (ECMWF) temperature data at 500 and 850 hPa. This paper presents the analysis of the simulation of African climate using the Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land System Model (IAP/LASG GOALS) and the nine-layer spectral general circulation model rhomboidally truncated at zonal wave number 15 (L9R15) developed at the Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing. Both model simulations were not significantly different from the National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Reanalysis monthly mean data for 1980-1995 in the case of surface air temperature, sea level pressure and precipitation, with the GOALS reproducing the seasonal mean climate over Africa better. The implications of the encouraging results in developing a local area model for Nigeria have been discussed. The great role of topography in the developing of general circulation models for numerical modelling of weather and climate has been stressed.

新型电力系统数据跨域流通泛安全边界防护技术

新型电力系统建设涉及多业务系统、多部门、多方主体间进行海量、异构数据的交互和共享,电力数据的内外部网络环境与安全形势日趋复杂化,数据流通的脆弱性风险加剧。首先,分析新型电力系统下数据流的类型与特性,概括电力数据流通安全防护面临的新形势;其次,基于专用数据处理器(DPU)的高性能流量编排和多功能安全网关能力,构建面向电力数据跨域流通安全增强的泛安全边界,凭借数据面可编程技术沟通网络安全与数据安全双维度安全能力,提出基于DPU的数据跨域流通协同防护技术应用方案;最后,阐释DPU在不同电力通信网络层次的部署方式、价值与关键技术,分析现阶段DPU在电力领域应用存在的挑战。

公共数据授权运营数据要素流通监管的理念、模式与发展策略

[目的/意义]加强授权运营公共数据要素流通全生命周期的监管是其安全、高质量、平等和包容创新利用的重要保障。[方法/过程]文章采用了文献研究法和案例分析法,阐述了公共数据授权运营数据要素流通监管的含义、相关研究以及监管理念,重点构建和分析了其监管模式和发展策略。[结果/结论]提出公共数据授权运营需要建立全生命周期的数据质量管控机制,构建可用不可见与全程可追溯的科技监管模式,促进授权运营公共数据多元共享、严格规制算法垄断行为以及以监管沙盒优化与促进“包容审慎”监管模式的发展策略。

数据“利益束”:数据权益制度新论

创设排他性、利己性的数据权利不利于海量数据的高效流通与多元价值的实现,加剧了数据私权化与效用化之间的内生性冲突。在权益区分保护理论框架下,采取数据利益保护进路更具正当性和相对优势。我国宜将数据利益作为数据权益制度的中心,建构人与人之间动态灵活、有机立体的利他性数据“利益束”范式,以有效协调和整合多元主体之间复杂的数据利益关系,并在数据“利益束”范式下,充分利用Web3.0以用户为中心的开放式价值互联网效能,通过点对点的数据利益流通来构建全网络利益格局。我国还应建立合理的激励与收益实现机制,促进所有数据主体共创和共享数据红利,在数据财产行为主义保护模式基础上,建立智能化治理体系来保障数据安全,最终形成中国自主且更能适应数字经济发展规律的新型数据权益制度体系,以此推进我国数字经济的健康发展。

数据要素与流通企业高质量发展

作为新型生产要素,数据要素已快速融入生产、流通、消费等环节,深刻改变着经济运行过程与企业组织管理模式。基于2007—2021年我国沪深A股上市流通企业样本,尝试利用Python技术爬取年报中的数据要素关键词频并进行量化处理,由此从理论和实证两个层次探究数据要素对流通企业高质量发展的影响及其作用机制。研究发现:数据要素能够显著促进流通企业高质量发展,这种结论在稳健性检验和内生性处理后仍然成立;数据要素主要通过降本增效与提质增效两种路径促进流通企业高质量发展,前者表现为以节约流通成本为核心的降低经营成本与扩大市场规模效应,后者表现为以提高流通速度为核心的促进市场匹配与增强部门协同效应;数据要素对流通企业高质量发展的促进作用存在明显异质性,这种作用在非国有企业、非零售行业以及大数据政策提出之后更显著。