Digital Development Rights in Developing Countries:Where the Governance Rules for Cross-Border Data Flows

The digital development rights in developing countries are based on establishing a new international economic order and ensuring equal participation in the digital globalization process to achieve people's well-rounded development in the digital society.The relationship between cross-border data flows and the realization of digital development rights in developing countries is quite complex.Currently,developing countries seek to safeguard their existing digital interests through unilateral regulation to protect data sovereignty and multilateral regulation for cross-border data cooperation.However,developing countries still have to face internal conflicts between national digital development rights and individual and corporate digital development rights during the process of realizing digital development rights.They also encounter external contradictions such as developed countries interfering with developing countries'data sovereignty,developed countries squeezing the policy space of developing countries through dominant rules,and developing countries having conflicts between domestic and international rules.This article argues that balancing openness and security on digital trade platforms is the optimal solution for developing countries to realize their digital development rights.The establishment of WTO digital trade rules should inherently reflect the fundamental demands of developing countries in cross-border data flows.At the same time,given China's dual role as a digital powerhouse and a developing country,it should actively promote the realization of digital development rights in developing countries.

Digital Marketing and B2B Cross-Border E-Commerce: A Case Study of Alibaba International Station in China

The rapid development of the“Internet+”has ushered in a new era of global digital technology innovation.Concurrent with the deepening trends of economic globalization and integration,international trade is progressively undergoing extensive digitization,with cross-border e-commerce emerging as a significant manifestation of this transformation.Within this landscape,the cross-border e-commerce B2B platform is anticipated to become a pivotal driver for China’s cross-border trade growth,representing a strategic opportunity for trade transformation.This paper provides a comprehensive examination of the concepts,characteristics,and development status of cross-border e-commerce and B2B platforms,considering both global and Chinese perspectives.Focusing on a prominent case study,Alibaba International Station,a B2B cross-border e-commerce platform,the paper delves into its business model and core competencies,offering a thorough analysis of its role in the intricacies of international e-commerce and its contribution to the field.Drawing on insights gained,the paper concludes by presenting targeted recommendations from both the platform and government perspectives.These suggestions are informed by a nuanced understanding of the development opportunities and challenges facing China’s cross-border e-commerce B2B platforms.

Research on decision-making behavior of multi-agent alliance in cross-border electricity market environment: an evolutionary game

Constructing a cross-border power energy system with multiagent power energy as an alliance is important for studying cross-border power-trading markets.This study considers multiple neighboring countries in the form of alliances,introduces neighboring countries’exchange rates into the cross-border multi-agent power-trading market and proposes a method to study each agent’s dynamic decision-making behavior based on evolutionary game theory.To this end,this study uses three national agents as examples,constructs a tripartite evolutionary game model,and analyzes the evolution process of the decision-making behavior of each agent member state under the initial willingness value,cost of payment,and additional revenue of the alliance.This research helps realize cross-border energy operations so that the transaction agent can achieve greater trade profits and provides a theoretical basis for cooperation and stability between multiple agents.

Micro,Small,and Medium Enterprises’Cross-Border Business Strategies

This paper explores the operational strategies of cross-border micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs). Against the backdrop of globalization and digitalization, cross-border trade has become one of the important pathways for many MSMEs to achieve growth and competitive advantage. Firstly, the paper outlines the concept and characteristics of cross-border MSMEs, as well as the analysis of their operational environment in the context of globalization, including political, economic, social, technological, environmental, and legal factors. Secondly, the paper proposes operational strategies for cross-border MSMEs, including international market selection and positioning, cross-border marketing strategies, supply chain management, cross-border financial management, and cross-border risk management. Finally, the paper summarizes the importance of effectively implementing these strategies for cross-border MSMEs to seize international market opportunities, reduce operational risks, and enhance competitiveness and profitability.

An Optimized Method for Information System Transactions Based on Blockchain

Accounting Information System(AIS),which is the foundation of any enterprise resource planning(ERP)system,is often built as centralized system.The technologies that allow the Internet-of-Value,which is built onfive aspects that are network,algorithms,distributed ledger,transfers,and assets,are based on blockchain.Cryptography and consensus protocols boost the blockchain plat-form implementation,acting as a deterrent to cyber-attacks and hacks.Blockchain platforms foster innovation among supply chain participants,resulting in ecosys-tem development.Traditional business processes have been severely disrupted by blockchains since apps and transactions that previously required centralized struc-tures or trusted third-parties to authenticate them may now function in a decentra-lized manner with the same level of assurance.Because a blockchain split in AIS may easily lead to double-spending attacks,reducing the likelihood of a split has become a very important and difficult research subject.Reduced block relay time between the nodes can minimize the block propagation time of all nodes,resulting in better Bitcoin performance.In this paper,three problems were addressed on transaction and block propagation mechanisms in order to reduce the likelihood of a split.A novel algorithm for blockchain is proposed to reduce the total pro-pagation delay in AIS transactions.Numerical results reveal that,the proposed algorithm performs better and reduce the transaction delay in AIS as compared with existing methods.

The Application of Transaction Cost Theory in Supply Chain Management

In the context of globalization and digitalization, the application of transaction cost theory in supply chain management has become increasingly important. As business environments grow more complex, enterprises face challenges in effectively managing supply chain transaction costs. This paper systematically explores the application of transaction cost theory in supply chain management, covering key areas such as supplier selection, supply chain integration, and risk management. The research finds that supplier evaluation models based on transaction costs can help enterprises make more comprehensive selection decisions. In terms of supply chain integration, transaction cost theory provides important guidance for vertical integration decisions and the design of collaboration mechanisms. The application of digital technologies has both reduced traditional transaction costs and introduced new cost considerations. Faced with emerging risks such as cybersecurity and geopolitical issues, enterprises need to adopt dynamic transaction cost management strategies. In the future, the application of transaction cost theory in supply chain management will likely place greater emphasis on interdisciplinary integration and sustainable development, providing theoretical support for enterprises to achieve efficient, flexible, and sustainable supply chain management in the changing global business environment.

交易费用理论视角下数字乡村建设障碍与跨越

从交易费用理论视角出发,探讨数字乡村建设过程中面临的障碍,剖析城乡数字鸿沟、政策支持与资源配置不均、环境不确定性以及资产专用性等4大障碍对沟通协调成本、监督执行成本、风险管理成本和重新配置资源成本的影响。并针对障碍,提出相应的跨越策略,建议从缩小数字鸿沟、加大政策支持与资源配置的精准性、强化应对环境不确定性的风险管理策略、进行资产专用性调整等方面突破障碍,以降低交易费用,推动数字乡村建设。

Are Chinese Acquirers Discriminated against in Cross-border Mergers and Acquisitions?An Analysis Based on Covered Transactions Filed with CFIUS

This study employs a sample of covered transactions filed with the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States(CFIUS)of cross-border mergers and acquisitions targeting American companies based on publicly available news reports and announcements to examine the heterogeneity hypothesis in the CFIUS review process.A comparative analysis of case studies and an empirical analysis of logit regressions are performed.We also explore how CFIUS reviews may have an impact on corporations'future mergers and acquisitions decisions in a panel data model setting.The results show that both unfair treatment in CFIUS review and the deterrent effect of CFIUS interventions have contributed to the recent sharp decline in China s direct investment in the US.

Enhancing Cross-Border Interoperability to Advance International Digitalization Cooperation

This paper delves into the national standards for e-invoices,the seamless integration of fully-digitalized e-invoices with international norms,and the digital identity system,shares the explorations and practices made by China’s tax authorities in cross-border interoperability,and proposes suggestions and outlook for future development.

供应链数字化能否提高企业全要素生产率?

本文将供应链创新与应用试点工作视为企业供应链数字化建设的准自然实验,基于2012—2022年中国沪深A股上市公司数据,采用双重差分倾向得分匹配法(PSM-DID)实证检验供应链数字化对企业全要素生产率的影响及作用机制。研究结果显示:供应链数字化能提高企业全要素生产率;供应链数字化对国有企业、低供应链集中度企业、产业链上游企业和营商环境优势区企业全要素生产率的促进作用更显著;供应链数字化通过增强企业创新能力、提升供应链效率和降低企业交易成本提高企业全要素生产率。本文不仅有助于厘清供应链数字化对企业全要素生产率的作用机制,而且为企业通过供应链数字化转型实现高质量发展提供了经验证据。

数字化转型对制造业企业风险承担水平的影响

数字化转型背景下,提高风险承担水平对制造业企业可持续发展具有重要的影响作用。文章以2012—2022年中国A股制造业上市公司为研究样本,通过构建过程机制模型,考察数字化转型对制造业企业风险承担水平的影响。结果表明:数字化转型显著提高了制造业企业风险承担水平;外部交易成本和内部控制质量在数字化转型影响制造业企业风险承担水平过程中发挥中介作用;供应链集成对数字化转型影响制造业企业风险承担水平起正向调节作用;数字化转型对制造业企业风险承担水平的提升作用在非国有制造业企业中显著,而在国有制造业企业中不显著。

产业集群效应与企业数字化转型——基于广东省制造业集群的调研

产业集群数字化转型是实现中国制造业高质量发展的重要手段。文章基于广东省关于“加快产业集群数字化转型推进先进制造业高质量发展”的专题调研及问卷数据,检验了产业集群归属是否促进企业数字化转型和提升企业数字化转型成效,同时探究其作用机制,并考察了企业产业链供应链特征、企业规模与所有制以及企业技术特征等不同情境下产业集群效应的异质性。结果表明:产业集群有利于推进企业数字化转型进程并提高数字化转型成效,且集群内的企业主攻生产制造环节更能充分发挥效能。产业集群的效应在企业产业链供应链特征、企业规模与所有制以及企业技术特征三个方面体现出异质性,更有利于产业链供应链稳定性薄弱、中小民营和“专精特新”等企业破解数字化转型难题。机制分析表明,产业集群通过共享技术研发、培训服务、同源供应商和订单分配等途径推动数字化转型,反映出集群的知识溢出、资源共享和交易匹配等三大效益机制。该研究以一手调研数据拓展了现有文献中对产业集群与企业数字化转型的测度方法;以机制分析揭示产业集群影响企业数字化转型的机制和阶段差异,印证并深化产业集群理论。文章的研究结论为企业“不敢转、不想转、不会转”,推动中国制造业数字化转型实现高质量发展提供了重要启示和有效途径。

数字普惠金融、城市群建设与共同富裕效应

共同富裕是中国式现代化的本质要求,作为金融发展的新业态,融合了数字性和普惠性的数字普惠金融发展能否为共同富裕的实现提供抓手,值得高度关注。利用2013—2019年面板数据,基于发展与共享的核心内涵构建的指标体系测度了地级市共同富裕水平,对数字普惠金融的共同富裕效应进行了检验。基准检验发现,数字普惠金融能够促进共同富裕,且这种效应在城市群地区更加明显,在缓解内生性、变换样本、调整变量及更换实证模型重新检验后,该结果依然稳健。机制分析表明,城市群内部主要通过降低来自地理距离、文化距离的交易成本增强数字普惠金融的共同富裕效应。异质性分析显示,数字普惠金融的共同富裕效应在成熟型城市群、多中心城市群、东部城市群更加明显。分维度回归揭示,城市群政策主要激活了数字普惠金融使用深度、数字化程度对共同富裕的作用。最后,从推进数字普惠金融发展、加快城市群建设、结合城市群发展特征制定政策、激活金融行业数据要素市场等方面,提出增强数字普惠金融共同富裕效应的有效路径。

企业数字化转型促进了资本跨区域流动吗——基于异地并购视角的研究

加快资本跨区域流动对构建以国内大循环为主体、国内国际双循环相互促进的新发展格局具有重要的战略意义。本文以2008—2022年中国A股上市公司为样本,借助异地并购这一重要的资本跨区域流动形式,考察新发展格局下企业数字化转型对资本跨区域流动的影响。研究发现:企业数字化转型通过降低并购交易成本和提高集团管控能力,有效地促进了异地并购决策,尤其对跨省并购决策的促进作用更显著。异质性分析结果表明,当并购企业所在地区市场化程度更高、税负水平更低、数字金融发展水平更高以及目标企业所在地区营商环境更好时,企业数字化转型对异地并购决策的促进作用更强;同时,这一促进作用在民营企业、非高新技术企业以及高管具有金融背景或海外背景的企业中更显著。本研究丰富了数字经济时代资本跨区域流动驱动因素的研究,从异地并购视角提供了企业数字化转型促进资本跨区域流动的微观证据。

数字化转型能够提升产业链韧性吗?

数字经济时代,通过数字化转型提升产业链韧性,是推动制造业高质量发展、增强制造业国际竞争力的重要举措,也是保障国家产业安全的重要路径。本文分析数字化转型不同阶段对产业链韧性的差异化作用机制,从要素市场化和降低交易成本两大视角探讨如何提升产业链韧性。在理论分析的基础上,基于驱动力、压力、状态、响应(DPSR)模型构建产业链韧性测度指标体系,并采用2002—2020年中国制造业行业面板数据和企业微观数据测度产业链韧性,实证检验数字化转型对提升产业链韧性的影响机制和路径。研究发现,数字化转型整体上能够提升产业链韧性,二者之间呈现非线性的马鞍型关系;要素市场化程度在数字化转型与产业链韧性提升中起到正向调节作用;数字化转型可以通过影响市场渠道性交易成本和融资性交易成本对产业链韧性发挥作用,而监督性交易成本暂无作用。数字化转型与产业链韧性之间的马鞍型关系在不同要素密集度的产业链和产业链韧性不同维度均表现出异质性。加快数字基础设施建设、推动制造业数字化转型,能够提高要素市场化程度、降低交易成本,进而提升产业链韧性和现代化水平。

数字化转型对企业边界的影响研究

基于我国A股上市企业2010—2023年面板数据,采用双向固定效应模型,探究数字化转型对企业边界的影响及作用机制。研究发现:数字化转型对企业边界具有负向影响,即数字化转型会缩小企业边界;交易费用对数字化转型与企业边界之间的关系具有部分中介作用,动态能力对数字化转型与企业边界之间的关系具有部分遮掩作用;企业家精神可以增强数字化转型对企业边界的负向影响;进一步异质性分析表明,对于中西部地区企业和非高科技产业企业,数字化转型对企业边界的负向影响更显著。研究结论为数字化转型与企业边界治理的理论研究与管理实践提供了参考。

数字基础设施与服务型制造

作为制造与服务融合发展的新业态模式,服务型制造成为制造业高质量发展和现代化产业体系建设的重要内容。基于2012—2021年制造业上市公司数据,系统考察了数字基础设施对服务型制造的影响及作用机制。研究发现,数字基础设施建设显著推动了服务型制造,并且在小型企业、高竞争行业和高生产性服务业集聚地区效果更明显。机制检验表明,数字基础设施对服务型制造的促进作用主要是通过创新效应和成本效应实现的。具体来说,数字基础设施提高了制造业的专利申请数量和专利申请质量,降低了市场交易成本。上述研究结果为数字经济背景下推动制造业和服务业深度融合发展提供了可参考的经验证据。

基于数字孪生技术的云储能点对点交易双层优化策略

为解决云储能(Cloud energy storage, CES)日前交易模型预测精度低、信息传输不及时、交易机制可靠性差等问题,提出一种基于数字孪生技术的云储能点对点交易双层优化策略。首先,针对环境因素的时变性,采用数字孪生(Digital Twins, DT)技术实现新能源电厂出力与负荷的超短期预测;其次,考虑到用户规模不断增大,构建以云储能供应商-社区-用户为体系的改进分布式点对点(Peer-to-peer, P2P)交易策略,实现交易的去中心化;再次,为同时满足CES供应商与用户两大主体的利益需求,建立基于日内滚动优化的双层优化配置模型,上层求解储能电站的优化配置,下层求解用户用电策略,并采用Karush-Kuhn-Tucher(KKT)条件与Big-M法将多目标双层非线性优化问题转化为单层线性优化问题;最后,通过两次使用shapley值计算社区与用户成本分摊。算例仿真结果表明,所提策略能够实现新能源电厂出力与负荷的高精度预测,降低用户群与CES供应商交易的复杂度,在用户购电成本最小的基础上最大化CES供应商的收益,保证交易市场的长期稳定运行。

投入数字化对企业出口产品质量的影响研究

基于2000—2013年世界投入产出数据库及中国工业企业和海关数据库,测算企业投入数字化水平和出口产品质量,通过构建固定效应模型、中介效应模型和非线性效应模型,研究投入数字化对企业出口产品质量的影响及其作用机制。结果表明:第一,投入数字化显著提高了企业出口产品质量。第二,相较于数字化基础设施投入,数字化媒体与交易投入对企业出口产品质量的促进作用更大;投入数字化对东部地区企业、加工贸易企业及外资企业的出口产品质量促进作用更大。第三,投入数字化通过成本效应和创新效应促进企业出口产品质量提升。第四,投入数字化与企业出口产品质量之间存在倒U型的非线性效应。因此,未来需要加快推进中国投入数字化进程,提高制造业行业中的数字要素渗透率;鼓励企业进行数字化转型,加大对企业的政策和资金支持;注重区域数字化协调联动,强化区域数字化合作;推进国内统一大市场建设,畅通国内大循环,促进国内国际双循环。

数字加密艺术品的法律属性及其交易规制

数字加密艺术品是文艺创作加持区块链科技所产生的多要素融合式美学产物,加密技术赋予数字化艺术品版权确定性、交易可追溯、价值变现快等异于传统艺术的商业化特征。数字环境下的加密艺术创作具有跨越版权、物权、虚拟财产权益等传统制度框架的法律属性,需要结合加密艺术品的现实样态与流转效果对其作出准确的法律解释,同时正确认识“数字商品”和“数字作品”之间在权利内容与交易行为上的差异性。针对平台经济衍生出的非同质化权利保护与监管难题,应从网络平台公共性角度规范数字加密艺术品运营相关主体的责任行为。