Quantitative Evaluation of Heavy Metal Pollution and Its Influencing Factors in Water Bodies of Karst Areas

At present, there is relatively little research on the synergistic effects of heavy metals in soil, sediment, and bedrock on heavy metal pollution in water bodies. In this paper, heavy metals in soil, sediment, bedrock, and water of a typical karst watershed in southwest China were investigated. The results indicated that the average values of heavy metals in soil and sediment were relatively higher than those in bedrock except for Ni and As. During the research period, As and Cd were the main heavy metal elements polluting the soil and sediment in the study area, while water bodies were mainly polluted by Ni, As, and Cd. The pollution assessment indicated that there were instances of poor or very poor water quality in the study area during the study period;the soil as a whole was slightly polluted by Cd and As;sediment was subject to moderate Cd pollution and mild As pollution. Analysis of geochemical form for heavy metals showed that heavy metals in soil and sediment were mainly in residual form, and the proportions of exchangeable As and Cd were relatively high. Multiple statistical analysis showed that heavy metals in sediment, soil, and bedrock explained 23.8%, 16.8%, and 16.2% of the changes in heavy metals of water, respectively. The research results can provide scientific basis for the prevention and control of heavy metal pollution in water bodies.

Automated Extraction for Water Bodies Using New Water Index from Landsat 8 OLI Images

The extraction of water bodies is essential for monitoring water resources,ecosystem services and the hydrological cycle,so analyzing water bodies from remote sensing images is necessary.The water index is designed to highlight water bodies in remote sensing images.We employ a new water index and digital image processing technology to extract water bodies automatically and accurately from Landsat 8 OLI images.Firstly,we preprocess Landsat 8 OLI images with radiometric calibration and atmospheric correction.Subsequently,we apply KT transformation,LBV transformation,AWEI nsh,and HIS transformation to the preprocessed image to calculate a new water index.Then,we perform linear feature enhancement and improve the local adaptive threshold segmentation method to extract small water bodies accurately.Meanwhile,we employ morphological enhancement and improve the local adaptive threshold segmentation method to extract large water bodies.Finally,we combine small and large water bodies to get complete water bodies.Compared with other traditional methods,our method has apparent advantages in water extraction,particularly in the extraction of small water bodies.

Water Quality Criteria for Water Bodies in Urban Areas and Accompanying Changes in Surrounding and <i>In-Situ</i>Vegetation: Considerations from the Landscape Aspect of Planning Water Recreational Areas

Water bodies in urban areas are important as recreational areas. Thus, management plans that maintain high water quality are quite important. At the Hatadate Water Park adjacent to Miyagi University, water quality parameters such as visibility, COD, TOC, and TN were monitored at a small pond and the inflowing stream from August to December in 2011, and photographs were taken of these sites. Variations in COD and TOC were highly related to changes in the physical appearance, especially changes in vegetation. These findings suggest: 1) the importance of management of vegetation for water quality control;and 2) the importance of collecting photographic records of sites for research purposes of interpreting data and even as a data point of water quality. Together with the water quality goals for water bodies in urban areas proposed by Sudo et al. [1], these water quality criteria were assessed, and it was notable that COD often exceeded the set goal. These results suggest that the maintenance of vegetation is more important than controlling incoming TN for primary production in the pond. Seasonal variations in COD and TOC were plotted for surface water of Kamafusa and Okura dams, both are important lakes in Miyagi area and the catchments of both lakes are mainly hilly area, using published water quality reports. Similar annual-cycle changing patterns were shown both for the dams, implying that some kinds of ecological factors in the catchments are affecting the water qualities of the dam, even at those larger scale water bodies. Finally, by shifting the focus from only water to upstream features such as small park, or pocket park, with a parking lot for the water body, the importance of landscape including vegetation and tree cover was highlighted.

Pollution control of urban black-odor water bodies

On the basis of on-the-spot investigation, the causes of urban black-odor water bodies and the problems existing in the treatment are analyzed, and the control techniques and management countermeasures for black-odor water bodies were put forward. The countermeasures include: treating from both the roots and the symptoms and combining multiple technologies; comprehensively managing and improve the monitoring systems; coordinating functions and implementing long-term management; opening information and innovating supervision platform; coordinating advance and promoting the construction of sponge city; diversified financing to form the market-oriented model of water pollution control.

Monitoring Surface Water Change in Northeast China in 1999–2020:Evidence from Satellite Observation and Refined Classification

As a typical region with high water demand for agricultural production,understanding the spatiotemporal surface water changes in Northeast China is critical for water resources management and sustainable development.However,the long-term variation characteristics of surface water of different water body types in Northeast China remain rarely explored.This study investigated how surface water bodies of different types(e.g.,lake,reservoir,river,coastal aquaculture,marsh wetland,ephemeral water) changed during1999–2020 in Northeast China based on various remote sensing-based datasets.The results showed that surface water in Northeast China grew dramatically in the past two decades,with an equivalent area increasing from 24 394 km^(2) in 1999 to 34 595 km^(2) in 2020.The surge of ephemeral water is the primary driver of surface water expansion,which could ascribe to shifted precipitation pattern.Marsh wetlands,rivers,and reservoirs experienced a similar trend,with an approximate 20% increase at the interdecadal scale.By contrast,coastal aquacultures and natural lakes remain relatively stable.This study is expected to provide a more comprehensive investigation of the surface water variability in Northeast China and has important practical significance for the scientific management of different types of surface water.

First record of abnormal body coloration in a rockfish Sebastes koreanus(Scorpaenoidei:Sebastidae)from coastal water of China based on morphological characteristics and DNA barcoding

The first record of abnormal body coloration in Sebastes koreanus Kim and Lee,1994,from the Yellow Sea of China,was documented based on morphological characteristics and DNA barcoding.The two rockfish specimens were collected from the coastal waters of Qingdao,China,and the whole body and all fins of them were red.Of the two red-colored rockfish,there were tiny deep red spots on each fin,2 red radial stripes behind and below the eyes and 1 large deep red blotch on the opercula,while the similar stripe and spot patterns are also present in the S.koreanus specimens with normal body coloration.The countable characteristics of the two specimens are in the range of the morphometry of S.koreanus.To further clarify the species identity and taxonomic status of the two specimens,DNA barcode analysis was carried out.The genetic distance between the red-colored rockfish and S.koreanus was 0,and the minimum net genetic distances between the red-colored rockfish and other Sebastes species except for S.koreanus were 3.0%,which exceeds the threshold of species delimitation.The phylogenetic analysis showed that the DNA barcoding sequences of the two red-colored rockfish clustered with the S.koreanus sequences.The above results of DNA barcode analysis also support that the two red-colored rockfish could be identified as the species of S.koreanus.The mechanism of color variation in S.koreanus is desirable for further research and the species could be an ideal model to study the color-driven speciation of the rockfishes.

Ecological Remediation Technology of Urban Landscape Water Body

Urban landscape water body is not only an important part of urban landscape construction,but also an important way to maintain landscape diversity and biodiversity,carrying the beautiful yearning of urban residents for natural life.A good state of urban landscape water body is crucial to the ecological environment of the city.However,due to the poor kinetic energy of urban landscape water body and the influence of various human factors,the quality of urban landscape water body often declines,and urban population is threatened by water security problems.Through the study of several water body ecological remediation technologies,relevant suggestions are put forward,in order to provide a reference for water pollution restoration and treatment in urban human settlement environment.

Dying Traditional Water Bodies in India Struggling to Survive against Unplanned Development

India is endowed with diverse and distinctive traditional water bodies. They support large human population and biodiversity but are under continuous stress, caused primarily by demographic pressure and unplanned growth. There has been a decline in their water quality and quantity and several of them have vanished, thanks to improper monitoring of these water bodies. This research study was conducted in Meerut district to help government in identifying status of traditional water bodies and suggest steps necessary for protection of these water bodies. Similar research framework, with minor customization, could be applied to any other district in India. Meerut district, with a population of around 3.5 million people is in an abysmal state as the rivers and groundwater are highly polluted. The last resort—the traditional water bodies are also getting transformed into sewage ponds. A field based research was undertaken—which involved on-ground survey using GPS, GIS mapping & water quality testing of 120 ponds, distributed across 12 blocks of Meerut district to acquire a practical understanding of the status of these water bodies. The research team also did an informal discussion with around 500 residents, located nearby ponds, to understand the water situation of the locality. Results show that more than 50% of water bodies are severely polluted (with D.O below 5mg/l) and total dissolved solids (more than 100 NTU). Fecal contamination was observed in all the ponds that were analyzed. The major problems are excessive nutrient pollution, leading to eutrophication, and sewage contamination. The spatial analysis finds out that around half the ponds have reduced in area. With around 100 upcoming cities in India and most of the cities already experiencing water scarcity, it is essential to digitize, monitor, control & prevent pollution and most essentially make the people and grassroots institutions aware in order to protect these essential water bodies from getting extinct.

Diversity and Adaptations of Immature Diptera in Semiaquatic Habitats at Shorelines of Hypersaline Lakes in the Crimea,with a Brief Review of Diptera in Mineralized Bodies of Water

The order Diptera(Insecta)is one of animal groups most successful in the colonization of mineralized shallow aquatic and semiaquatic environments.At the same time,the taxonomic composition of Diptera,their role in

Stand-Alone Photovoltaic System to Mitigate Pollution in Bodies of Water CASE Study: Laguna Del Carpintero, Tampico, Tamaulipas

One of the main environmental issues at present times is the pollution of hydrological resources. Water quality is a major factor to ecosystems, mostly those that support human health, food production and biodiversity. The utilization of renewable energy sources as solar energy through Photovoltaic Cells is a competitive and consolidated option to approach the solution of this kind of issues. This document is intended to introduce a prototype powered by photovoltaic cells to aerate a body of water and increase the amount of Dissolved Oxygen (DO) in water. The body of water studied is the lagoon Laguna del Carpintero in Tampico, Tamaulipas, Mexico. A Stand-alone Photovoltaic System (SPS) prototype was designed for this matter with the purpose of powering a pumping system to sprinkle water to the lake’s surface. This system is a way of ventilating the water so that it gets in direct contact with the surrounding atmosphere obtaining mean values compared to prevailing values of DO contained in the lagoon. We obtained DO concentration values going from 7 to 8 mg/L of O2 in different tests which can be considered an appropriate parameter for this body of water. The efficiency of the SPS was proved as it showed good performance by supplying power to the oxygenation system compared to the dimensional estimate. Improving the SPS prototype is the main goal of this work so that this oxygenation system could be used in other urban lagoons in the surrounding area without being powered by electrical grid. This makes possible to locate it at any point of the body of water to mitigate the pollution by increasing the amount of DO.

Impact of Urban Land Transformation on Water Bodies in Srinagar City, India

Human actions rather than natural forces are the source of most contemporary changes in the state and flows of the biosphere. Understanding these actions and the social forces that drive them is crucial to understanding, modelling and predicting local, regional as well as global environmental change and also for managing and responding to such change. The present study investigates the patterns of urban land transformation in Srinagar City, which lies in fragile hill eco-system of Kashmir valley. The results points towards unplanned and haphazard urban expansion and transformation. These transformations have severely destroyed the water bodies both in terms of area as well as its quality.

Bacterial Biofilm in Water Bodies of Cherrapunjee: The Rainiest Place on Planet Earth

Bacterial attachment is influenced by the cell surface, attachment media and other environmental factors. Bacterial community composition involved in biofilm formation in extremely high rainfall areas like Cherrapunjee has not been reported. The present study was undertaken to characterize bacteria involved in biofilm formation on different substrata in water bodies of Cherrapunjee, the highest rainfall receiving place on planet earth and to assess if the continuous rainfall has an effect on nature and colonization of biofilm bacteria. We developed the biofilm bacteria on stainless steel and glass surfaces immersed in water bodies of the study sites. Isolation of biofilm bacteria were performed on different culture media followed by estimation of protein and carbohydrate content of bacterial exopolysaccharides. 16S rRNA gene sequences were amplified for molecular characterization. The results showed that the biofilm bacterial diversity in water bodies of Cherrapunjee was influenced by substratum and was observed more in stainless steel than glass surface. Scanning electron microscopy images revealed that biofilm microstructure may represent a key determinant of biofilm growth and physiology of associated bacteria. The overall protein content of the extracted EPS of all the isolates were relatively higher than the carbohydrate content. Diverse bacteria proliferated on the substrata regardless of each other's presence, with more diverse bacteria colonizing the substrata on 7th day compared to 15th day of incubation. The biofilm bacteria compositions in the highest rainfall receiving habitat were not distinctly different from reports available, hence not unique from other water bodies.

Distributive Characteristics of Metallic Nano-particles in China's Urban Water Bodies and their Ecological Risks

Engineering nano-materials & their impact on human health or environmental security constitute a newly emerging R&D hot spot and a key problem now urgently waiting for its solution in supporting the sustainability of China's nano-science and related technology development. At present, water bodies in Chinese cities have been seriously polluted by metallic nano-particles (MNPs) while related monitoring data are found woefully lacking throughout the country. Based on the above understanding, this article gives a round-up explanation on distributive characteristics of MNPs in the river mouths or water bodies of Chinese cities, their ecological hazards as well as our research in this regard, providing some inspiring ideas and data for control over this scourge. In addition, our exploration probes the discharge traits of MNPs themselves and the mechanism underlying its impact on water pollution.

Extracting water body data based on SDWI and threshold segmentation:A case study in permafrost area surrounding Salt Lake in Hoh Xil,Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,China

There are a large number of lakes,rivers,and other natural water bodies distributed in the permafrost area of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau(QTP).The changes in water bodies will affect the distribution of water resources in sur-rounding areas and downstream areas,resulting in environmental impact and bringing potential flood disasters,which will induce more serious issues and problems in alpine and high-altitude areas with a fragile habitat(such as the QTP in China).Generally,effective,reasonable,and scientific monitoring of large-scale water bodies can not only document the changes in water bodies intuitively,but also provide important theoretical reference for subsequent environmental impact prediction,and disaster prevention and mitigation in due course of time.The large-scale water extraction technology derived from the optical remote sensing(RS)image is seriously affected by clouds,bringing about large differences among the extracted water result products.Synthetic aperture radar(SAR)RS technology has the unique advantage characteristics of all-weather,all-day,strong penetration,and not being affected by clouds,which is hopeful in extracting water body data,especially for days with cloudy weather.The data extraction of large-scale water bodies based on SAR images can effectively avoid the errors caused by clouds that become prevalent at present.In this paper,the Hoh Xil Salt Lake on the QTP and its surrounding five lakes are taken as the research objects.The 2-scene Sentinel-1 SAR image data covering the whole area on 22 August 2022 was used to verify the feasibility of extracting water body data in permafrost zones.Furthermore,on 22 August 2022,the wealth here was cloudy,which made the optical RS images,e.g.,Sentinel-2 images full of clouds.The results show that:using the Sentinel-1 image and threshold segmentation method to extract water body data is efficient and effective with excellent results in permafrost areas.Concretely,the Sentinel-1 dual-polarized water index(SDWI),calculated by combining dual vertical–vertical(VV)polarized and verti-cal–horizontal(VH)polarized data is a useful index for water extraction and the result is better than each of the VV or VH polarized images.

Wave Radiation by a Floating Body in Water of Finite Depth Using an Exact DtN Boundary Condition

The present paper focuses on the wave radiation by an oscillating body with six degrees of freedom by using the DtN artifi-cial boundary condition.The artificial boundary is usually selected as a circle or spherical surface to solve various types of fields,such as sound waves or electromagnetic waves,provided that the considered domain is infinite or unbounded in all directions.However,the substantial wave motion is considered in water of finite depth,that is,the fluid domain is bounded vertically but unbounded horizon-tally.Thus,the DtN boundary condition is given on an artificial cylindrical surface,which divides the water domain into an interior and exterior region.The boundary integral equation is adopted to implement the present model.In the case of a floating cylinder,the results of hydrodynamic coefficients of a chamfer box are discussed.

“培土制水”治法的历史源流及其发展初探

“培土制水”渊源于“五行学说”,是对五行制化理论的具体应用,经过历代医家不断发展与完善,已经成为中医治疗疑难杂病的基本治法之一。文章通过文献研究探讨“培土制水”法理论源流以及临床应用,总结认为“培土制水”法首倡于《黄帝内经》,首次应用于《伤寒杂病论》,在北宋时期方书《圣济总录》首次提出,经过宋金元时期的发展,在明清时期逐渐完善,现代医家广泛应用于内伤杂病;“培土制水”理论不仅指狭义的健脾制水,还应包括“宽脾利水”“温阳利水”“摄纳肾气”等。“培土制水”的实际含义是通过调理脾土等脏腑机能,使水液代谢以及肾脏功能恢复正常,拓展了临床治疗的实践思路。

川西须二气藏产水气井合理配产方案探讨

川西须二气藏储层致密,气井普遍产水,且断缝体规模和水体强度差异大,渗流机理复杂,使得单一产能模型和配产方法适用性差。综合因素导致气井合理配产方案不明确,从而制约了气藏的规模生产和效益开发。文中建立了考虑启动压力梯度、应力敏感等影响的气井气水两相产能评价模型,结合采气指示曲线法、动态分析法、无阻流量法及数学统计法,分别探讨了不同断缝体规模、不同水体强度及综合考虑2种因素影响的气井合理配产方案,须二气藏开发实践证实了其有效性和可靠性。此外,气井配产量与断缝体规模和水体强度的相关性明显,整体表现为裂缝越发育,配产量越高,配产比越低;水体强度越高,配产量越低,配产比也越小。该研究对川西须二气藏气井的合理工作制度制定与气井稳定生产具有较大的实际价值。

基于密井网和井间示踪剂资料的浅水三角洲单砂体沉积构型研究——以东营凹陷胜坨油田二区沙二段1-2砂组为例

浅水三角洲分流河道和河口坝砂体平面上常呈连片状,难以准确划分其单砂体,限制了剩余油分布的精准预测,制约了油田采收率的进一步提高。基于岩心和测井等资料,借助密井网和井间示踪剂数据,系统表征东营凹陷胜坨油田二区沙二段1-2砂组浅水三角洲单砂体沉积构型特征。研究结果表明:胜坨油田二区沙二段1-2砂组发育浅水三角洲沉积,包括浅水三角洲平原亚相和浅水三角洲前缘亚相,发育分流河道、溢岸、河口坝、滩坝等微相。浅水三角洲砂体划分为4个构型级次(5~8级),本次研究的单砂体属于8级构型单元。综合利用密井网和井间示踪剂数据,识别了单砂体的6种侧向接触样式:河道-溢岸-河道拼接式、河道-河道切叠式、滩坝-滩坝拼接式、河口坝-河口坝拼接式、坝上河道切割河口坝式和泥岩分隔式。井间示踪剂资料显示,坝上河道切割河口坝式侧向接触样式砂体连通性最好,其次为河道-河道切叠式、河口坝-河口坝拼接式和滩坝-滩坝拼接式,最差为河道-溢岸-河道拼接式。建立了研究区浅水三角洲单砂体沉积构型模式,其中浅水三角洲平原微相类型主要为分流河道和溢岸,单一分流河道砂体间接触样式主要有侧向切叠、侧向与溢岸砂体相连、垂向叠加和斜列叠加4类;浅水三角洲前缘微相类型主要为分流河道、河口坝和滩坝,单一河口坝砂体间接触样式有垂向叠加、侧向拼接、斜列叠加和泥岩分隔4类,单一滩坝砂体间有侧向拼接和垂向叠加2类样式。

基于Hydrolight模型的太湖SDGSAT-1卫星悬浮物浓度反演研究

利用卫星遥感反演水体中的悬浮物浓度对水质监测和保护具有重要意义,在悬浮物浓度反演过程中,如何避免或最大程度降低水体中叶绿素a、有色可溶性有机物(Colored Dissolved Organic Matter,CDOM)的干扰是当前的技术难点。文章针对可持续发展科学卫星1号(SDGSAT-1)MII传感器,利用Hydrolight辐射传输模型,从理论上挖掘只与悬浮物强相关的反演因子,以此构建适用于MII影像的太湖悬浮物浓度反演模型,通过水体的实测数据和遥感数据对模型应用效果进行验证。结果表明:反演因子R′(B_5/B_3)与悬浮物浓度为强相关,同时与叶绿素a、CDOM浓度弱相关;利用R′(B_5/B_3)作为反演因子构建的幂函数模型为最优反演模型;将幂函数模型分别应用于实测数据和2022年5月4日的太湖SDGSAT-1 MII数据,两次验证试验显示反演结果和现场测量结果具有较强一致性,模型适用性较好。该研究可为SDGSAT-1卫星在湖泊水体悬浮物浓度监测、水资源评估与保护等提供一些技术参考。

2012—2023年梧州市水产品和水体中O1/O139群霍乱弧菌监测结果分析

目的了解O1/O139群霍乱弧菌在梧州市水产品和水体中的污染状况,为防控工作提供科学依据。方法2012—2023年每年5—10月,对梧州市各农贸市场和超市的水产品和养殖池水随机采样,并定点采集易受污染的池塘水、江河水。对采集的样本进行霍乱弧菌分离培养、生化鉴定、血清学分型和毒力基因检测。结果2012—2023年梧州市共监测水产品和水体4844份,共检出O1/O139群霍乱弧菌53份,总检出率为1.09%。其中水产品监测3020份,检出率为1.42%(43/3020),水体监测1824份,检出率为0.55%(10/1824),水产品和水体检出率差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=8.056,P<0.05)。不同月份的水产品霍乱弧菌检出率差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=16.053,P<0.05),其中9月的检出率较高(3.54%,12/339),7月的检出率较低(0.68%,4/588)。不同类型水产品和水体的霍乱弧菌检出率差异均有统计学意义(χ^(2)=82.308、15.752,P均<0.05);水产品中蛙类检出率较高(10.27%,23/224),水体中养殖池水检出率较高(2.43%,7/288)。检出的53株菌株中,O1群小川型22株,O1群稻叶型24株,O139群7株;霍乱毒素(cholera toxin,CT)毒力基因均为阴性。结论梧州市水产品和水体均存在霍乱弧菌污染,应进一步加强监测工作力度,及时掌握霍乱弧菌的污染状况,严防霍乱疫情发生。