Grammar and usage板块教学设计

课堂是教学的主阵地。优秀的教学设计能为教师提供经验与启示,帮助教师提高教学质量。为此,2024年,本刊开设专栏《典型课例》。在该栏目中,我们以“教学设计+点评”的形式,呈现一线教师学习、理解新课标,深化素养导向的课堂教学改革和育人方式转变的实践与思考。本期典型课例是2023年江苏省高中英语优质课比赛一等奖课例——译林版普通高中英语选择性必修第二册Unit 4 Grammar and usage板块的教学,希望通过课例展示,引领教师关注三维动态语法观,提升英语教学质量。

Analysis of Codon Usage Between Different Poplar Species

Codon usage is the selective and nonrandom use of synonymous codons to encode amino acids in genes for proteins. The analysis of codon usage may improve the understanding of cocion preferences between different species and allow to rebuild the codons of exogenous genes to increase the expression efficiency of exogenous genes, Here, codon DNA sequence （CDS） of four poplar species, including Populus tremuloides Michx., P. tomentosa Carr., P. deltoides Marsh., and P. trichocarpa Torr. ＆ Gray., is used to analyze the relative frequency of synonymous codon （RFSC）. High-frequency codons are selected by high-frequency （HF） codon analysis. The results indicate that the codon usage is common for all four poplar species and the codon preference is quite similar among the four poplar species. However, CCT encoding for Pro, and ACT coding for Thr are the preferred codons in P. tremuloides and P. tomentosa, whereas CCA coding for Pro, and ACA coding for Thr are preferred in P. deltoides and P. trichocarpa The codons such as TGC coding for Cys, TTC coding for Phe, and AAG coding for Lys, are preferred in the poplar species except P trichocarpa. GAG coding for Glu is preferred only in P deltoides, while the other three poplar species prefer to use GAA. The commonness of preferred codon allows exogenous gene designed by the preferred cocion of one of the different poplar species to be used in other poplar species.

基于Usage Metrics的中文学术论文用户平台偏好和兴趣偏好比较研究

研究中文学术论文用户使用模式有助于分析使用规律,为应用决策提供依据。本文以八个学科被CSSCI或CSCD收录的61本开放获取期刊发表于2014—2015年的学术论文为样本,以期刊官网和信息集成平台上的使用数据为来源,采用Usage Metrics的方法,从用户平台偏好和用户兴趣偏好两方面比较中文学术论文的用户使用模式。研究发现:(1)期刊官网与信息集成平台的用户平台偏好存在差异。一是从学科视角看,用户整体上倾向于使用期刊官网而不是信息集成平台获取所需论文,而社会科学的信息集成平台篇均下载次数均大于自然科学。二是从期刊视角看,社会科学用户比自然科学用户更倾向于使用信息集成平台获取所需论文;与信息集成平台相比,期刊官网的用户下载数据呈现更为明显的"两级分化"现象;期刊官网下载次数与信息集成平台下载次数整体上的相关性较低。(2)期刊官网与信息集成平台的用户兴趣偏好存在差异。每本期刊官网和信息集成平台下载次数前20%的学术论文的Jaccard相似系数较低;在所列举的图书馆、情报与文献学中,期刊官网与信息集成平台的用户关注主题不同。

The Factors Shaping Synonymous Codon Usage in the Genome of Burkholderia mallei

Burkholderia mallei is regarded as a potential biological weapon by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. In this study, the main factors shaping codon usage in the genome of B. mallei ATCC 23344 were firstly reported. The results showed that the primary trend in codon usage variation in the B. mallei is due to translational selection; while compositional mutation bias is relatively the weaker influence and the hydrophobicity of each protein and gene length are only the minor influences. At the same time, 21 codons defined firstly as ＇optimal codons＇ might provide more useful information for the expression of target genes and development of a vaccine to prevent glanders.

科学评价视角下文献使用比较研究——基于Usage Count的实证分析

[目的/意义]对比分析相同主题的不同类型科学文献的使用行为,利用用户学术行为数据全面测评学术论文影响力。[方法/过程]基于Web of Science数据库中学术论文使用次数,分析比较不同学科文献的使用差异。从文献使用入手,收集2013-2017年3D打印领域的论文数据,以化学、工程文献为对比分析对象,从论文的学科视角分析使用次数与被引频次之间的相关性,分析高使用与高引用(Top 10%)论文的重合文献,探测文献使用差异,并进行独立样本T检验。[结果/结论]U1与被引次数成微弱正相关,U2与被引次数显著性相关;两学科的科学论文在使用上存在统计学意义上的显著差异,可能原因是不同学科学者的文献使用行为不同。此外,文献类型对使用次数有影响,综述类文献信息量较为丰富,从而可以获得更多的使用、引用。

学术文献用量级数据Usage的测度特性研究

新型数据的涌现一直是推动信息计量学前行的重要动力,Web of Science(Wo S)给出的学术文献用量级数据Usage可望在影响力维度、学科差异、行为动机三个理论方面为引文分析提供补充视角。本研究以2013年物理学、计算机、经济学和图书情报学被SCI和SSCI收录的166 767篇论文为研究样本,探索性地研究了该Usage数据的测度特征。结果显示,相较于引文数据,Usage更具测评区分度与敏感性;其在高频局部呈现出近似正偏态分布,于累积整体涌现出近似幂律分布;Usage的测评结果具有独立性,且与引文结果没有本质对立。虽然Wo S平台的Usage仍有笼统性、可伪性和封闭性之局限,但仍不失为配合引文数据、提供丰富影响力测评视域的可能选择之一。图4。表6。参考文献23。

Web Usage Mining技术在E-learning中的应用

E—learning取得成功的关键是能否跟踪学员的浏览行为 ,为他们提供个性化的服务 ,WebUsageMining技术使这些成为可能。本文探讨和研究了WebUsageMining技术在E

Ambiguity in our daily language usage in both English and Chinese

Ambiguity is a unique linguistic feature and is caused by many factors. This paper first introduces the definitions of ambiguity and then mainly illustrates ambiguity in our daily language usage in both English and Chinese from phonetic level and syntactic level. People can learn the relationships among those levels and grasp the rule of learning language. Thus, people can realize the complexity and importance of using language and know that it is not easy to express ideas accurately.

Site discrepancy of synonymous codon usage in SARS coronavirus and other viruses in Coronaviridae

The synonymous codon usage in the translational initiation and termination regions of genes of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus and five other viruses in Coronaviridae was systematically analyzed.The results indicate that most minor codons for these coronaviruses are preferentially used in the initial and terminal region.The minor codons preferentially used in the initial region are thought to have a negative effect on gene expression,which can be explained by the minor codon modulator hypothesis.It also indicates that the minor codons preferentially used in the terminal region may regulate the level of gene expression.The proposed results strongly imply that the minor codon modulator hypothesis can be applied to both some bacteria and some viruses.

Multiple Usages of Urban Lawn and Problem Analysis

Based on lawn function theory and urban planning perspectives, functions of urban lawns were analyzed, status and prospect of the multiple usages of lawn were revealed. Urban lawn was concluded as an important part of modern urban greening, moveover, it has been integrated in people's lives gradually by playing a significant role in people's work, studying, leisure, urban disaster prevention and mitigation. At the same time, problems rise from the multiple usages of lawn were discussed and improvement suggestions were put forward.

Codon Usage Database自动寻错平台CUDer的组建与应用

密码子用法数据库(CUD)是密码子用法与密码子优化研究领域的一个重要的在线服务,为了找出该数据库中潜在的两种不再适用的记录,即已过期的陈旧记录和在遗传密码类型上实际无法有效支持的记录(简称不支持记录),本文通过结合前期自主研发的两个软件BestCodon与CUDassist,组建了CUD自动寻错平台CUDer,并应用于上述问题的研究。结果发现,CUD中存在317条陈旧记录与4条不支持记录。对于陈旧记录,这些记录的物种分类号在NCBI中已发生变更,研究者应该避免使用这些记录的相关数据;对于不支持记录,本文借助CUDer计算得到这些记录正确的密码子用法表(CUT),弥补了当前CUD的不足。此外,该平台也为面向CUD的自动化数据处理,提供了一个新的软件框架,具有一定的借鉴意义。

Analysis of Synonymous Codon Usage in Aeropyrum pernix K1 and Other Crenarchaeota Microorganisms

In this study, a comparative analysis of the codon usage bias was performed in Aeropyrum pernix K1 and two other phylogenetically related Crenarchaeota microorganisms （i.e., Pyrobaculum aerophilum str. IM2 and Sulfolobus acidocaldarius DSM 639）. The results indicated that the synonymous codon usage in A. pernix K1 was less biased, which was highly correlated with the GC3s value. The codon usage patterns were phylogenetically conserved among these Crenarchaeota microorganisms. Comparatively, it is the species function rather than the gene function that determines their gene codon usage patterns. A. pernix K1, P. aerophilum str. IM2, and S. acidocaldarius DSM 639 live in differently extreme conditions. It is presumed that the hving environment played an important role in determining the codon usage pattern of these microorganisms. Besides, there was no strain-specific codon usage among these microorganisms. The extent of codon bias in A. pernix K1 and S. acidocaldarius DSM 639 were highly correlated with the gene expression level, but no such association was detected in P. aerophilum str. IM2 genomes.

对高中英语“Grammar and usage”展示课的反思

以牛津英语模块1 Unit1 Grammar and usage展示课为例,从Grammar and usage板块的教学意义、教学现状、课堂教学策略三个方面反思Grammar and usage展示课。

Patterns of synonymous codon usage bias in chloroplast genomes of seed plants

Codon usage in chloroplast genome of six seed plants （Arabidopsis thaliana, Populus alba, Zea mays, Triticum aestivum, Pinus koraiensis and Cycas taitungensis） was analyzed to find general patterns of codon usage in chloroplast genomes of seed plants. The results show that chloroplast genomes of the six seed plants had similar codon usage patterns, with a strong bias towards a high representation of NNA and NNT codons. In chloroplast genomes of the six seed plants, the effective number of codons （ENC） for most genes was similar to that of the expected ENC based on the GC content at the third codon position, but several genes with low ENC values were laying below the expected curve. All of these data indicate that codon usage was dominated by a mutational bias in chloroplast genomes of seed plants and that selection appeared to be limited to a subset of genes and to only subtly affect codon usage. Meantime, four, six, eight, nine, ten and 12 codons were defined as the optimal codons in chloroplast genomes of the six seed plants.

Genome-wide analysis of the synonymous codon usage patterns in apple

Apple（Malus×domestica） has been proposed as an important woody plant and the major cultivated fruit trees in temperate regions. Apple whole genome sequencing has been completed, which provided an excellent opportunity for genome-wide analysis of the synonymous codon usage patterns. In this study, a multivariate bioinformatics analysis was performed to reveal the characteristics of synonymous codon usage and the main factors affecting codon bias in apple. The neutrality, correspondence, and correlation analyses were performed by Codon W and SPSS（Statistical Product and Service Solutions） programs, indicating that the apple genome codon usage patterns were affected by mutational pressure and selective constraint. Meanwhile, coding sequence length and the hydrophobicity of proteins could also influence the codon usage patterns. In short, codon usage pattern analysis and determination of optimal codons has laid an important theoretical basis for genetic engineering, gene prediction and molecular evolution studies in apple.

On the politeness Diction Phenomenon and Misusage in the Intercommunication

礼貌是人类文明的标志,是人类社会活动的一条重要准绳。文章阐述了言语交际中的礼貌现象,分析了误用问题发生的成因,从文化及教学方面提出几点建设性建议,以期更好的避免误用问题的发生。

从Guide to Canadian English Usage(第二版)看加拿大英语特色词汇及其用法

在经济全球化背景下,出于贸易交流、文化传播等活动的需要,世界语言—英语被广泛学习。各国语言学家粗略地把英语分为英国英语和美国英语两大变体。因为美国的强国地位及其好莱坞效应,美国英语在各种场合较之英国英语被更广泛使用。而在与美国接壤的加拿大,一直被语言学家定义为以英国英语为基础,受美国英语强烈影响的加拿大英语仍在全球化背景下保持着自己的语言特色。文章通过对Guide to Canadian English Usage(第二版)的解析,粗略列举加拿大英语中现存的特色词汇并与英、美英语进行比较、分析。

Synonymous codon usage pattern in model legume Medicago truncatula

Synonymous codon usage pattern presumably reflects gene expression optimization as a result of molecular evolution. Though much attention has been paid to various model organisms ranging from prokaryotes to eukaryotes, codon usage has yet been extensively investigated for model legume Medicago truncatula. In present study, 39 531 available coding sequences （CDSs） from M. truncatula were examined for codon usage bias （CUB）. Based on analyses including neutrality plots, effective number of codons plots, and correlations between optimal codons frequency and codon adaptation index, we conclude that natural selection is a major driving force in M. truncatula CUB. We have identified 30 optimal codons encoding 18 amino acids based on relative synonymous codon usage. These optimal codons characteristically end with A or T, except for AGG and TTG encoding arginine and leucine respectively. Optimal codon usage is positively correlated with the GC content at three nucleotide positions of codons and the GC content of CDSs. The abundance of expressed sequence tag is a proxy for gene expression intensity in the legume, but has no relatedness with either CDS length or GC content. Collectively, we unravel the synonymous codon usage pattern in M. truncatula, which may serve as the valuable information on genetic engineering of the model legume and forage crop.

Analysis of Codon Usage Pattern of Banana Basic Secretory Protease Gene

[Objective] The objective of this study was to understand the codon usage bias pattern of banana pathogenesis-related 17 gene, Basic Secretory Protease gene(MaBSP). [Method] Relative codon usage patterns of MaBSP were calculated using the software CodonW version 1.4.2. and the web-based tool(http://kazusa.or.jp/codon/).[Result] Our findings showed that C-ended and G-ended codons were the most preferential except the TER codon UGA which was coded for by just one codon. The ENc value, relationship between AT bias and GC bias, Random synonymous codon usage(RSCU) and CAI all showed that codon bias usage existed in MaBSP gene.[Conclusion] The codon usage patterns of MaBSP gene is principally influenced by natural selection in the third position. However, other multiple factors also influence this pattern.

Analysis of synonymous codon usage in chloroplast genome of Populus alba

The pattern of codon usage in the chloroplast genome of Populus alba was investigated. Correspondence analysis （a commonly used multivariate statistical approach） and method of effective number of codons （ENc）-plot were conducted to analyze synonymous codon usage. The results of correspondence analysis showed that the distribution of genes on the major axis was significantly correlated with the frequency of use of G＋C in synonymously variable third position of sense codon （GC3S）, （r=0.349）, and the positions of genes on the axis 2 and axis 3 were significantly correlated with CAI （r=-0.348, p〈0.01 and r=0.602, p〈0.01）. The ENc for most genes was similar to that for the expected ENc based on the GC3s, but several genes with low ENc values were lying below the expected curve. All of these data indicated that codon usage was dominated by a mutational bias in chloroplast gcnome ofP. alba. The selection in nature for translational efficiency only played a minor role in shaping codon usage in the chloroplast genome ofP alba.