Flow and sound fields of scaled high-speed trains with different coach numbers running in long tunnel

Segregated incompressible large eddy simulation and acoustic perturbation equations were used to obtain the flow field and sound field of 1:25 scale trains with three,six and eight coaches in a long tunnel,and the aerodynamic results were verified by wind tunnel test with the same scale two-coach train model.Time-averaged drag coefficients of the head coach of three trains are similar,but at the tail coach of the multi-group trains it is much larger than that of the three-coach train.The eight-coach train presents the largest increment from the head coach to the tail coach in the standard deviation(STD)of aerodynamic force coefficients:0.0110 for drag coefficient(Cd),0.0198 for lift coefficient(Cl)and 0.0371 for side coef-ficient(Cs).Total sound pressure level at the bottom of multi-group trains presents a significant streamwise increase,which is different from the three-coach train.Tunnel walls affect the acoustic distribution at the bottom,only after the coach number reaches a certain value,and the streamwise increase in the sound pressure fluctuation of multi-group trains is strengthened by coach number.Fourier transform of the turbulent and sound pressures presents that coach number has little influence on the peak frequencies,but increases the sound pressure level values at the tail bogie cavities.Furthermore,different from the turbulent pressure,the first two sound pressure proper orthogonal decomposition(POD)modes in the bogie cavities contain 90%of the total energy,and the spatial distributions indicate that the acoustic distributions in the head and tail bogies are not related to coach number.

Dynamic train dwell time forecasting:a hybrid approach to address the influence of passenger flow fluctuations

Train timetables and operations are defined by the train running time in sections,dwell time at stations,and headways between trains.Accurate estimation of these factors is essential to decision-making for train delay reduction,train dispatching,and station capacity estimation.In the present study,we aim to propose a train dwell time model based on an averaging mechanism and dynamic updating to address the challenges in the train dwell time prediction problem(e.g.,dynamics over time,heavy-tailed distribution of data,and spatiotemporal relationships of factors)for real-time train dispatching.The averaging mechanism in the present study is based on multiple state-of-the-art base predictors,enabling the proposed model to integrate the advantages of the base predictors in addressing the challenges in terms of data attributes and data distributions.Then,considering the influence of passenger flow on train dwell time,we use a dynamic updating method based on exponential smoothing to improve the performance of the proposed method by considering the real-time passenger amount fluctuations(e.g.,passenger soars in peak hours or passenger plunges during regular periods).We conduct experiments with the train operation data and passenger flow data from the Chinese high-speed railway line.The results show that due to the advantages over the base predictors,the averaging mechanism can more accurately predict the dwell time at stations than its counterparts for different prediction horizons regarding predictive errors and variances.Further,the experimental results show that dynamic smoothing can significantly improve the accuracy of the proposed model during passenger amount changes,i.e.,15.4%and 15.5%corresponding to the mean absolute error and root mean square error,respectively.Based on the proposed predictor,a feature importance analysis shows that the planned dwell time and arrival delay are the two most important factors to dwell time.However,planned time has positive influences,whereas arrival delay has negative influences.

基于GO-FLOW法的某高速列车齿轮箱可靠性分析方法研究

针对传统FTA无法对有反馈、多状态、有时序系统进行可靠性计算的问题,提出了一种基于GO-FLOW法的某型高速列车变速箱的可靠性分析方法。首先,根据齿轮箱的工作原理和结构逻辑,确定了操作符的类型并建立了齿轮箱系统的GO-FLOW图模型。其次,修正共因故障后计算齿轮箱成功概率并绘制齿轮箱的健康变化规律曲线。最后,对比GO-FLOW与FTA的分析结果可知,GO-FLOW法在齿轮箱健康评估应用中高效可行,且具有时序性。同时,该方法减少了计算量,为维修维护高速列车齿轮箱系统和提升其健康管理水平提供了一定的理论指导作用。

EFFECTS OF INCOMING FLOW ASYMMETRY ON SHOCK TRAIN STRUCTURES IN CONSTANT-AREA ISOLATORS

To simulate the actual flowfield at the exit of the supersonic/hypersonic inlet, a wind tunnel is designed to study the flow in the scramjet isolator under the asymmetric incoming flow. And compression fields in the isolator are investigated using wall static and pitot pressure measurements. Three incoming Mach numbers are considered as 1.5, 1.8 and 2. Results show that the increase of the asymmetry of the flow at the isolator entrance leads to the increase of the shock train length in the isolator for a given pressure ratio. Based on the analysis of the flow asymmetry effect at the isolator entrance on the shock train length, a modified correlation is proposed to calculate the length of the shock train. Predicted results of the proposed correlation are in good agreement with the experimental data.

Flow structure around high-speed train in open air

According to the analysis of the turbulent intensity level around the high-speed train, the maximum turbulent intensity ranges from 0.2 to 0.5 which belongs to high turbulent flow. The flow field distribution law was studied and eight types of flow regions were proposed. They are high pressure with air stagnant region, pressure decreasing with air accelerating region, low pressure with high air flow velocity region I, turbulent region, steady flow region, low pressure with high air flow velocity region II,pressure increasing with air decelerating region and wake region. The analysis of the vortex structure around the train shows that the vortex is mainly induced by structures with complex mutation and large curvature change. The head and rear of train, the underbody structure, the carriage connection section and the wake region are the main vortex generating sources while the train body with even cross-section has rare vortexes. The wake structure development law studied lays foundation for the train drag reduction.

Detached-eddy simulation of flow around high-speed train on a bridge under cross winds

In order to describe an investigation of the flow around high-speed train on a bridge under cross winds using detached-eddy simulation(DES), a 1/8th scale model of a three-car high-speed train and a typical bridge model are employed, Numerical wind tunnel technology based on computational fluid dynamics(CFD) is used, and the CFD models are set as stationary models. The Reynolds number of the flow, based on the inflow velocity and the height of the vehicle, is 1.9×10~6. The computations are conducted under three cases, train on the windward track on the bridge(WWC), train on the leeward track on the bridge(LWC) and train on the flat ground(FGC). Commercial software FLUENT is used and the mesh sensitivity research is carried out by three different grids: coarse, medium and fine. Results show that compared with FGC case, the side force coefficients of the head cars for the WWC and LWC cases increases by 14% and 29%, respectively; the coefficients of middle cars for the WWC and LWC increase by 32% and 10%, respectively; and that of the tail car increases by 45% for the WWC whereas decreases by 2% for the LWC case. The most notable thing is that the side force and the rolling moment of the head car are greater for the LWC, while the side force and the rolling moment of the middle car and the tail car are greater for the WWC. Comparing the velocity profiles at different locations, the flow is significantly influenced by the bridge-train system when the air is close to it. For the three cases(WWC, LWC and FGC), the pressure on the windward side of train is mostly positive while that of the leeward side is negative. The discrepancy of train's aerodynamic force is due to the different surface area of positive pressure and negative pressure zone. Many vortices are born on the leeward edge of the roofs. Theses vortices develop downstream, detach and dissipate into the wake region. The eddies develop irregularly, leading to a noticeably turbulent flow at leeward side of train.

Blood flow restriction in human skeletal muscle during rest periods after high-load resistance training down-regulates miR-206 and induces Pax7

Backgroud:Blood flow re striction(BFR) with low-intensity re sistance training has been shown to result in hypertrophy of skeletal muscle.In this study,we tested the hypothesis that BFR during the rest periods between acute,high-intensity resistance exercise sessions(70% of 1 repetition maximum,7 sets with 10 repetitions) enhances the effects of the resistance training.Methods:A total of 7 healthy young men performed squats,and between sets BFR was carried out on one leg while the other leg served as a control.Because BFR was applied during rest periods,even severe occlusion pressure(approximately 230 mmHg),which almost completely blocked blood flow,was well-tolerated by the participants.Five muscle-specific microRNAs were measured from the biopsy samples,which were taken 2 h after the acute training.Results:Doppler data showed that the pattern of blood flow recovery changed significantly between the first and last BFR.microRNA-206 levels significantly decreased in the BFR leg compared to the control.The mRNA levels of RAC-β serine/threonine-protein kinase v22,nuclear re spiratory factor 1,vascular endothelial growth factor,lupus Ku autoantigen protein p70 genes(p <0.05),and paired box 7(p <0.01) increased in the BFR leg.The protein levels of paired box 7,nuclear respiratory factor 1,and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor y coactivator 1α did not differ between the BFR leg and the control leg.Conclusion:BFR,during the rest periods of high-load resistance training,could lead to mRNA elevation of those proteins that regulate angiogenesis,mitochondrial biogenesis,and muscle hypertrophy and repair.However,BFR also can cause DNA damage,judging from the increase in mRNA levels of lupus Ku autoantigen protein p70.

Effect of cavity flow control on high-speed train pantograph and roof aerodynamic noise

The pantograph and its recess on the train roof are major aerodynamic noise sources on high-speed trains.Reducing this noise is particularly important because conventional noise barriers usually do not shield the pantograph.However,less attention has been paid to the pantograph recess compared with the pantograph.In this paper,the flow features and noise contribution of two types of noise reduction treatments rounded and chamfered edges are studied for a simplified high-speed train pantograph recess,which is represented as a rectangular cavity and numerically investigated at 1/10 scale.Improved delayed detached-eddy simulations are performed for the near-field turbulent flow simulation,and the Ffowcs Williams and Hawkings aeroacoustic analogy is used for far-field noise prediction.The highly unsteady flow over the cavity is significantly reduced by the cavity edge modifications,and consequently,the noise radiated from the cavity is reduced.Furthermore,effects of the rounded cavity edges on the flow and noise of the pantographs(one raised and one folded)are investigated by comparing the flow features and noise contributions from the cases with and without rounding of the cavity edges.Different train running directions are also considered.Flow analysis shows that the highly unsteady flow within the cavity is reduced by rounding the cavity edges and a slightly lower flow speed occurs around the upper parts of the raised pantograph,whereas the flow velocity in the cavity is slightly increased by the rounding.Higher pressure fluctuations occur on the folded pantograph and the lower parts of the raised pantograph,whereas weaker fluctuations are found on the panhead of the raised pantograph.This study shows that by rounding the cavity edges,a reduction in radiated noise at the side and the top receiver positions can be achieved.Noise reductions in the other directions can also be found.

Properties of train traffic flow in a moving block system

The development direction of railways is toward the improvement of capacity and service quality, where the service quality includes safety, schedule, high speed, and comfort. In light of the existing cellular automaton models, in this paper, we develop a model to analyze the mixed running processes of trains with maximal speeds of 500 km/h and 350 km/h respectively in the moving block system. In the proposed model, we establish some sound rules to control the running processes of a train, where the rules include the departure rules in the intermediate stations, the overtaking rules, and the conditions of speed limitation for a train stopping at a station or passing through a station. With the consideration of the mixed ratio and the distance between two adjacent stations, the properties of the train traffic flow （including capacity and average speed） are simulated. The numerical results show that the interactions among different trains will affect the capacity, and a proper increase of the spatial distance between two adjacent stations can enhance the capacity and the average speed under the moving block.

A Distributionally Robust Optimization Method for Passenger Flow Control Strategy and Train Scheduling on an Urban Rail Transit Line

Regular coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)epidemic prevention and control have raised new require-ments that necessitate operation-strategy innovation in urban rail transit.To alleviate increasingly seri-ous congestion and further reduce the risk of cross-infection,a novel two-stage distributionally robust optimization(DRO)model is explicitly constructed,in which the probability distribution of stochastic scenarios is only partially known in advance.In the proposed model,the mean-conditional value-at-risk(CVaR)criterion is employed to obtain a tradeoff between the expected number of waiting passen-gers and the risk of congestion on an urban rail transit line.The relationship between the proposed DRO model and the traditional two-stage stochastic programming(SP)model is also depicted.Furthermore,to overcome the obstacle of model solvability resulting from imprecise probability distributions,a discrepancy-based ambiguity set is used to transform the robust counterpart into its computationally tractable form.A hybrid algorithm that combines a local search algorithm with a mixed-integer linear programming(MILP)solver is developed to improve the computational efficiency of large-scale instances.Finally,a series of numerical examples with real-world operation data are executed to validate the pro-posed approaches.

Shear Flows in the Near-Turbulent Wake Region of High Speed Trains

Two flow cases for scaled high speed train models with different length are numerically analyzed in the framework of the improved delayed detachededdy simulation model.Specific attention is paid to the shear flows and related mechanisms in the near turbulent wake created by these moving models.In particular,a comparative analysis is made on the distributions of turbulent kinetic energy(TKE)and turbulence production(TP)in planes perpendicular to the streamwise direction.The numerical results suggest that,in the wake region very close to the tail,significant TKE and TP can be ascribed to the dynamic interaction between powerful eddies and strong shear,which explain why these quantities are sensitive to the shear strength.The shear flows are essentially governed by the boundary layers developing along the streamwise direction on the train surfaces,especially from the under-body region and the side walls.For other positions located in the downstream direction away from the tail,the interaction of vortices with the non-slip ground serves as a mechanism to promote transfer of energy from weak eddies to turbulence through the shear present in planes parallel to the ground.

Effect of swimming training on neural microcirculation in rats with sciatic nerve compression A study based on laser Doppler flowmetry

Microcirculation of the peripheral nerve is necessary for neural growth and regeneration. However, technical limitations have limited studies in this area. The few studies conducted have concerned active exercise effects on microcirculation of the peripheral nerve. Using an animal experiment, this study evaluated the effect of swimming training on microcirculation of injured peripheral nerve by laser Doppler flowmetry. The results showed that the blood vessel at the distal end of the peripheral nerve was the main blood supply for the nerve, and the internal blood supply for the nerve had strong compensatory ability. Swimming training promoted the functional recovery of rats with sciatic nerve injury and the regeneration of myelin sheath and blood vessels, but had no impact on neural blood flow.

Time to consider the potential role of alternative resistance training methods in cancer management?

Exercise has emerged as fundamental therapeutic medicine in the management of cancer.Exercise improves health-related outcomes,including quality of life,neuromuscular strength,physical function,and body composition,and it is associated with a lower risk of disease recurrence and increased survival.Moreover,exercise during or post cancer treatments is safe,can ameliorate treatment-related side effects,and may enhance the effectiveness of chemotherapy and radiation therapy.To date,traditional resistance training(RT)is the most used RT modality in exercise oncology.However,alternative training modes,such as eccentric,cluster set,and blood flow restriction are gaining increased attention.These training modalities have been extensively investigated in both athletic and clinical populations(e.g.,age-related frailty,cardiovascular disease,type 2 diabetes),showing considerable benefits in terms of neuromuscular strength,hypertrophy,body composition,and physical function.However,these training modes have only been partially or not at all investigated in cancer populations.Thus,this study outlines the benefits of these alternative RT methods in patients with cancer.Where evidence in cancer populations is sparse,we provide a robust rationale for the possible implementation of certain RT methods that have shown positive results in other clinical populations.Finally,we provide clinical insights for research that may guide future RT investigations in patients with cancer and suggest clear practical applications for targeted cancer populations and related benefits.

Pressure Distribution Characters of Flow Field around High-Speed Train

Based on incompressible viscous fluid Navier-stokes equation and k-ε 2-equations turbulent model, an investigation on 3D turbulent flow field around four kinds of train models has been made by finite element method. From the calculation, the pressure distribution characters of now field around high-speed trains have been obtained. It is significant for strength design of the high-speed train body, for resisting wind design of the facilities beside the high-speed railways and for determining the aerodynamic force of induced air to the human body near the railways.

虚拟现实技术在成人心肺复苏培训中应用的范围综述

目的对虚拟现实(virtual reality,VR)技术在成人心肺复苏(cardiopulmonary resuscitation,CPR)培训中的应用进行范围审查,以识别VR技术干预的内容要素和应用效果。方法以乔安娜布里格斯研究所范围综述指南为方法学框架,检索PubMed、Embase、CINAHL、Web of Science、Cochrane Library、中国知网、万方和中国生物医学文献数据库,检索时限为建库至2023年8月31日,对纳入文献进行汇总和分析。结果共纳入15篇文献,VR技术干预的内容要素包括实施CPR的意愿、反应、自我效能、按压频率、按压深度、无血流时间、复训时间、时间成本;结局指标类型为心理指标、胸外按压的质量指标、经济指标。结论VR技术在成人CPR培训中具有良好的应用前景,在心理、胸外按压质量、经济等方面的效果还可进一步挖掘。未来可基于面对面培训联合数字化反馈装置,最大化发挥VR技术的优势,形成一套综合干预策略和创新的培训模式,以进一步提高CPR培训的整体成效。

高速列车尾车垂向偏置对列车气动性能影响

在长期的高速列车运营过程中,极易形成前后车辆的不同形式偏置,造成列车气动性能改变,甚至可能引发行车平稳性问题,极大影响乘坐舒适性和安全性。以高速列车尾车作为研究对象,探究尾车上下偏置时,高速列车尾部流场变化以及气动特性。基于SST k-ω双方程湍流模型,采用数值仿真方法研究了350 km/h高速列车尾车无偏置、尾车下降20 mm、尾车下降40 mm、尾车下降60 mm、尾车上升20 mm、尾车上升40 mm以及尾车上升60 mm 7种工况下列车的气动性能,分析高速列车气动阻力的变化规律,揭示了不同垂向位移下高速列车尾部流场特性以及列车表面压力分布情况。研究结果表明:高速列车尾部垂向位移对列车整体气动阻力影响较小,但对高速列车气动阻力分布以及流场特性造成一定影响。当尾车偏置位移达到60 mm时,列车车体气动阻力相对于无偏置工况分别降低了-1.11%和2.64%,转向架气动阻力相对无偏置情况下分别降低了11.35%和-17.43%。此外,尾车偏置对列车近尾流区域流场结构有一定影响,尾车鼻锥下方排障器周围漩涡结构由双漩涡结构向单漩涡结构转变;鼻尖处漩涡结构随着尾车高度下降而增大,随着尾车高度上升而逐渐变小。本研究结果丰富了列车尾部偏置情况下的相关研究,对列车检修以及CR450高速列车设计等具有重要指导意义。

送风方式对高速列车通风和呼吸污染物扩散特性的影响

高速列车交通网络发达且载客量大,但车厢环境封闭易造成污染物的堆积,为提高乘车舒适性和安全性,基于计算流体动力学理论(CFD),建立满载工况的全尺寸车厢通风计算模型.针对排风口位于两侧车窗上端的排风方式,采用速度不均匀系数、温度不均匀系数、能量利用系数和通风效率作为列车通风系统的评价指标,对比研究6种送风方式对车厢内流场特性和呼吸污染物扩散特性的影响,包括多孔顶板送风、下部送风、多孔顶板送风+下部送风、局部多孔顶板送风、侧顶送风、局部多孔顶板送风+侧顶送风.研究结果表明:通过调整风口之间的流量分配比例可以使送风气流均匀地流向客室两侧,改善车内温度均匀性;采用下部送风时,有助于提高通风系统的能量利用系数和通风效率,分别高达1.38和1.21,但会恶化车内乘坐舒适性;通过研究乘客之间呼吸污染物的相互影响情况发现,第C列乘客的呼吸污染物容易向第B列乘客的呼吸区域进行扩散,加剧乘客之间的交叉感染;通过减小多孔顶板的送风口尺寸,采用局部多孔顶板送风可以有效缓解该现象,使污染物的体积浓度下降至0.0019.

高速列车转向架底部包覆板气动减阻效果研究

转向架的复杂机械结构及非流线化外形对高速列车气动性能产生不利影响,优化列车转向架底部流场结构,降低转向架的气动阻力占比,是进一步降低高速列车气动阻力的重要手段。为此,参考现有高速列车转向架结构设计2种转向架底部包覆板,并建立3种转向架包覆方案:方案一为带倾角包覆板+全包围裙板;方案二为平直包覆板+全包围裙板;方案三作为对照组未安装底部包覆板。基于k−ω方程湍流模型,探究不同包覆方案下高速列车气动阻力变化规律,对比分析3种方案对转向架及整车气动阻力、转向架舱内压力分布以及列车底部流动特性的影响,并通过全尺寸转向架风洞试验验证数值仿真的可靠性。研究结果表明:转向架包覆板有效减弱了气流对转向架零部件以及转向架舱后端板的冲击,使得转向架舱内压力分布更均匀,进而降低了转向架气动阻力;方案一和方案二分别使头车阻力系数降低17.3%和22.2%,整车阻力系数降低11.6%和12.9%;与方案二相比,方案一中包覆板两端的倾角能够引导气流进入转向架舱内部,加速舱内的流动循环,有利于牵引电机、轴盘等转向架零部件与外部空气的换热。研究结果可为进一步优化转向架包覆板设计方案、降低列车气动阻力提供参考。

血流限制训练对肩袖损伤术后患者康复效果观察

目的探讨血流限制训练在肩袖损伤术后患者中的应用效果。方法选取2021年6至2023年6月聊城市第二人民医院收治的140例肩袖损伤术后的患者为研究对象,采用随机数字表法将其分为对照组和观察组,每组70例。对照组患者接受骨科术后常规护理,观察组患者在对照组基础上实施血流限制训练,采用UCLA肩关节功能评分、肩关节活动度、视觉模拟疼痛评分(VAS)评分和SF-36健康状况量表比较两组干预4周和8周后的康复效果。结果重复测量方差分析结果显示,两组患者干预前的各项评价指标均有所改善。干预结束后,观察组患者UCLA肩关节功能评分、肩关节前屈、外展、外旋和内旋活动度和生活质量评分均较干预前明显增加(P<0.05),且观察组均高于对照组(P<0.001);两组患者VAS得分均低于干预前,观察组患者VAS得分均低于对照组(P<0.001)。结论血流限制训练可提高肩袖损伤患者术后关节活动度,减轻术后疼痛,并改善其生活质量,为此类患者的康复治疗提供新的思路。

自由跤运动员专项训练时的血流限制对其肌肉力量和形态的影响

目的:探讨4周自由跤专项训练时,血流限制对女子自由跤运动员肌肉力量以及身体成分、肢体围度、肌肉厚度的影响。方法:将20名专项训练经历在5年以上的北京队一线女子自由跤运动员随机分为加压组和对照组。两组受试者使用相同的专项训练内容,加压组训练时在上肢或下肢佩戴加压带进行血流限制。比较两组受试者4周训练前后肌肉力量以及身体成分、肢体围度和肌肉厚度的变化。结果:4周训练后,1)与训练前相比,加压组和对照组的身体成分均无显著性变化(P>0.05),但加压组出现骨骼肌量增加、脂肪量减少的趋势,加压组体重增加了0.57%,骨骼肌量增加了4.10%,脂肪量下降了1.48%;2)与训练前相比,加压组右上臂紧张围增加(P<0.05),其余围度指标均无显著性变化(P>0.05),加压组上臂围度增加幅度大于对照组;3)与训练前相比,加压组放松状态下的肱二头肌厚度、放松和紧张状态下的大腿前侧肌肉厚度增加(P<0.05),且放松状态下的肱二头肌和大腿前侧肌肉厚度增加幅度较大(26.59%和22.36%);训练后,加压组放松状态下的肱二头肌厚度、放松和紧张状态下的大腿前侧肌肉厚度高于对照组(P<0.05);4)与训练前相比,加压组左膝屈和右膝伸峰值力矩增加(P<0.05),且加压组增加幅度(6.00%和8.87%)大于对照组(5.42%和0.00%);5)与训练前相比,加压组深蹲、卧推、卧拉的最大静力增加(P<0.05);训练后,加压组的卧推最大静力(70.63 kg)显著高于对照组(51.07 kg)(P<0.05),且加压组提升幅度(9.45%)高于对照组(0.46%)。结论:4周自由跤专项训练结合血流限制干预,在保持运动员体重的同时,提高了上下肢主要肌肉的体积,提高了深蹲、卧推和卧拉等的最大力量和局部关节力量,效果优于传统专项训练。