Residual alkali-evoked cross-linked polymer layer for anti-air-sensitivity LiNi_(0.89)Co_(0.06)Mn_(0.05)O_(2)cathode

High-energy density lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)with layered high-nickel oxide cathodes(LiNi_(x)Co_(y)Mn_(1-x-y)O_(2),x≥0.8)show great promise in consumer electronics and vehicular applications.However,LiNi_(x)Co_(y)Mn_(1-x-y)O_(2)faces challenges related to capacity decay caused by residual alkalis owing to high sensitivity to air.To address this issue,we propose a hazardous substances upcycling method that fundamentally mitigates alkali content and concurrently induces the emergence of an anti-air-sensitive layer on the cathode surface.Through the neutralization of polyacrylic acid(PAA)with residual alkalis and then coupling it with 3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane(KH550),a stable and ion-conductive cross-linked polymer layer is in situ integrated into the LiNi_(0.89)Co_(0.06)Mn_(0.05)O_(2)(NCM)cathode.Our characterization and measurements demonstrate its effectiveness.The NCM material exhibits impressive cycling performance,retaining 88.4%of its capacity after 200 cycles at 5 C and achieving an extraordinary specific capacity of 170.0 mA h g^(-1) at 10 C.Importantly,this layer on the NCM efficiently suppresses unfavorable phase transitions,severe electrolyte degradation,and CO_(2)gas evolution,while maintaining commendable resistance to air exposure.This surface modification strategy shows widespread potential for creating air-stable LiNi_(x)Co_(y)Mn_(1-x-y)O_(2)cathodes,thereby advancing high-performance LIBs.

Systematic review and Meta-analysis comparing modified cross-linking and standard cross-linking for progressive keratoconus

AIM：To compare the effectiveness and safety between modified cross-linking（MC）and standard cross-linking（SC）in mild or moderate progressive keratoconus.METHODS：Eligible studies were retrieved from four electronic databases,including CENTRAL,Clinical Trials gov,Pup Med and OVID MEDLINE.We set post-surgical maximum K value（Kmax）as the primary outcome.In addition,uncorrected and corrected distant visual acuity（UDVA and UDVA）,spherical equivalent（SE）,endothelial cell density（ECD）,central cornea thickness（CCT）and depth of demarcation line（DDL）were Meta-analyzed as secondary outcomes.Mean differences for these outcomes were pooled through either a random-effect model or fixed-effect model according to data heterogeneity.RESULTS：Twenty-four comparative studies either on accelerated cross-linking（AC）compared with SC or on transepithelial cross-linking（TC）compared with SC were included and pooled for analysis.The results indicated that MC was significantly inferior to SC at delaying Kmax deterioration[AC vs SC 0.49（95%CI：0.04-0.94,I2=75%,P=0.03）;TC vs SC 1.15（95%CI：0.54-1.75,I2=50%,P=0.0002）].SE decreased significantly for SC when compared to AC[0.62（95%CI：0.38-0.86,I2=22%,P〈0.00001）].DDL of SC was more significantly deeper than that of TC[-133.49（95%CI：-145.94 to-121.04,I2=33%,P〈0.00001）].Other outcomes demonstrated comparable results between MC and SC.CONCLUSION：SC is more favorable at halting the progression of keratoconus,but visual acuity improvement showed comparable results between MCs and SC.

Mechanism of high Li-ion conductivity in poly(vinylene carbonate)-poly(ethylene oxide)cross-linked network based electrolyte revealed by solid-state NMR

Solid polymer electrolytes(SPEs)have become increasingly important in advanced lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)due to their improved safety and mechanical properties compared to organic liquid electrolytes.Cross-linked polymers have the potential to further improve the mechanical property without trading off Li-ion conductivity.In this study,focusing on a recently developed cross-linked SPE,i.e.,the one based on poly(vinylene carbonate)-poly(ethylene oxide)cross-linked network(PVCN),we used solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)techniques to investigate the fundamental interaction between the chain segments and Li ions,as well as the lithium-ion motion.By utilizing homonuclear/heteronuclear correlation,CP(cross-polarization)kinetics,and spin-lattice relaxation experiments,etc.,we revealed the structural characteristics and their relations to lithium-ion mobilities.It is found that the network formation prevents poly(ethylene oxide)chains from crystallization,which could create sufficient space for segmental tumbling and Li-ion co nductio n.As such,the mechanical property is greatly improved with even higher Li-ion mobilities compared to the poly(vinylene carbonate)or poly(ethylene oxide)based SPE analogues.

Tuning the cross-linked structure of basic poly(ionic liquid)to develop an efficient catalyst for the conversion of vinyl carbonate to dimethyl carbonate

Dimethyl carbonate(DMC)is a crucial chemical raw material widely used in organic synthesis,lithiumion battery electrolytes,and various other fields.The current primary industrial process employs a conventional sodium methoxide basic catalyst to produce DMC through the transesterification reaction between vinyl carbonate and methanol.However,the utilization of this catalyst presents several challenges during the process,including equipment corrosion,the generation of solid waste,susceptibility to deactivation,and complexities in separation and recovery.To address these limitations,a series of alkaline poly(ionic liquid)s,i.e.[DVBPIL][PHO],[DVCPIL][PHO],and[TBVPIL][PHO],with different crosslinking degrees and structures,were synthesized through the construction of cross-linked polymeric monomers and functionalization.These poly(ionic liquid)s exhibit cross-linked structures and controllable cationic and anionic characteristics.Research was conducted to investigate the effect of the cross-linking degree and structure on the catalytic performance of transesterification in synthesizing DMC.It was discovered that the appropriate cross-linking degree and structure of the[DVCPIL][PHO]catalyst resulted in a DMC yield of up to 80.6%.Furthermore,this catalyst material exhibited good stability,maintaining its catalytic activity after repeated use five times without significant changes.The results of this study demonstrate the potential for using alkaline poly(ionic liquid)s as a highly efficient and sustainable alternative to traditional catalysts for the transesterification synthesis of DMC.

Early changes in corneal densitometry after FS-LASIK combined with accelerated corneal cross-linking for correction of high myopia

AIM:To observe the effects of femtosecond laserassisted excimer laser in situ keratomileusis combined with accelerated corneal cross-linking(FS-LASIK Xtra)on corneal densitometry after correcting for high myopia.METHODS:In this prospectively study,130 patients underwent FS-LASIK or FS-LASIK Xtra for high myopia.Their right eyes were selected for inclusion in the study,of which 65 cases of 65 eyes in the FS-LASIK group,65 patients with 65 eyes in the FS-LASIK Xtra group.Patients were evaluated for corneal densitometry at 1,3,and 6mo postoperatively using Pentacam Scheimpflug imaging.RESULTS:Preoperative differences in corneal densitometry between the FS-LASIK and FS-LASIK Xtra groups in different ranges were not statistically significant(P>0.05).Layer-by-layer analysis revealed statistically significant differences in the anterior(120μm),central,and total layer corneal densitometry between the FS-LASIK and FS-LASIK Xtra groups at 1 and 3mo postoperatively(all P<0.05),the FS-LASIK Xtra group is higher than that of the FS-LASIK group.Analysis of different diameter ranges showed statistically significant differences between the FS-LASIK group and the FS-LASIK Xtra group at 1mo postoperatively in the ranges of 0–2,2–6,and 6–10 mm(both P<0.05);At 3mo postoperatively,the FS-LASIK Xtra group is higher than that of the FS-LASIK group in the ranges of 0–2 and 2–6 mm(P<0.05).At 6mo postoperatively,there were no statistically significant differences in corneal densitometry between the FS-LASIK group and the FS-LASIK Xtra group in different diameter ranges(all P>0.05).CONCLUSION:There is an increase in internal corneal densitometry during the early postoperative period after FS-LASIK Xtra for correction of high myopia.However,the densitometry values decreased to the level of conventional FS-LASIK at 6mo after surgery,with the most significant changes observed in the superficial central zone.

Solid-state NMR of vulcanized natural rubber/butadiene rubber blends:Local organization and cross-linking heterogeneities This article is part of the virtual special issue“Solid-state NMR studies on polymers and biological solids”

Elastomer blends,among which natural rubber(NR)and butadiene rubber(BR),are involved in many components of the automotive/tire industry.A comprehensive understanding of their mechanical behavior requires,among other features,a detailed description of the crosslink density in these mixtures.In the case of vulcanized immiscible blends,the distribution of the cross-link density within each of the NR-and BR-rich domains is key information,but difficult to determine using the conventional approaches used for one-component crosslinked elastomers.In this study,the vulcanization within NR/BR blends is investigated using a robust^(1)H double-quantum(DQ)MAS recoupling experiment,BaBa-xy16.Two kinds of cross-linked NR/BR blends were considered with two different microstructures for the BR component.The bulk organization of the resulting blends was first probed by analyzing the^(1)H spin-lattice relaxation behavior.In a second step,BaBa-xy16 was used to investigate,in a selective way,the cross-link heterogeneities within NR/BR blends.In particular,for immiscible NR/BR mixtures,the distribution of the cross-link density between both phases was compared and the observed differences were discussed.

Clinical outcomes at one year following keratoconus treatment with accelerated transepithelial cross-linking

This study evaluated the clinical outcomes in keratoconus corneas following accelerated transepithelial corneal collagen cross-linking（CXL）（Avedro KXL system,Waltham,MA,USA） over one year of follow-up.The mean depth of the demarcation line measured by optical coherence tomography（OCT） was 205.19 μm.One month after surgery,a non-statistically significant change was noted in sphere（P= 0.18） and in spherical equivalent（P= 0.17）,whereas a significant improvement was observed in corrected distance visual acuity（P=0.04）.A significant change was observed in topographic astigmatism（P= 0.03） and posterior corneal a sphericity（P= 0.04）.Accelerated transepithelial CXL may be a useful technique for the management of progressive keratoconus.

Study on the Structure of Peroxide Cross-Linked Polyethylene Pipes with Several Stabilizers

Cross-linked polyethylene (PEX) pipes used in hot water supply are required for high mechanical strength and high creep resistance at high temperature. Especially PEX-a pipes which are made by peroxide cross-linking have better performance, such as creep resistance and thermal shock resistance than the pipes made by the other cross-linking method. Because the PEX-a pipes indicate the higher cross-link degree as compared with the other PEX pipes. In this study, the PEX-a pipes which were mixed with several stabilizers were tested to evaluate the effects on cross-link degree and the oxygen induction time. And also they are evaluated with the chlorine aqueous solution by the performance of the long-term hydrostatic pressure test and the long-term hydro dynamic pressure test. As a result, it was found that the combination of antioxidants for PEX-a pipes plays an important role to prolong the oxygen induction time without inhibiting the cross-linking. From the results of the 1H pulsed NMR measurement over the melting point of polyethylene, it was found that each peroxide PEX pipe with different antioxidant combinations indicated the different proportion and crosslink density of cross-linked region, in addition, that these pipes had the effective structure of cross-linking for the hydrostatic and hydrodynamic pressure test with the chlorine aqueous solution. Therefore, it was considered to be useful results for studies of the stricture of cross-linking of polyethylene.

Trans-epithelial accelerated corneal cross-linking for keratoconus in children

The aim of the study is to evaluate the safety and effi cacy of trans-epithelial accelerated corneal cross-linking（TE-ACXL） in children with progressive keratoconus.Retrospective,case-series of 23 eyes of 14 children who underwent TE-ACXL.Evaluations were performed at baseline and 1,3,6,12 and 18 mo postoperatively.Mean follow-up time of 23.82±3.15 mo and mean age was 13.7±1.4 y（range 11 to 16 y）.Mean preoperative uncorrected distance visual acuity changed from 0.92±0.45 log MAR（20/160） to 0.71±0.40 log MAR（20/100）（P=0.001）.Mean keratometry（Km） changed from 53.87± 6.03 to 53.00±5.81（P=0.001）.Pachymetry did not have significant changes at last follow-up（P=0.30）.The mean preoperative sphere was-5.58±2.48 and-4.89±4.66 D（P=0.11） at last follow-up;refractive cylinder from-5.58±2.48 to-5.02±2.23（P=0.046）.In conclusion,tomographic and refractive stability are shown in over 91% of eyes with pediatric progressive keratoconus who underwent TE-ACXL.

Gas permeation properties of a metallic ion-cross-linked PIM-1 thin-film composite membrane supported on a UV-cross-linked porous substrate

Metallic ion-cross-linked polymer of intrinsic microporosity(PIM-1) thin-film composite(TFC) membranes supported on an ultraviolet(UV)-cross-linked porous substrate were fabricated. The UV-cross-linked porous substrate was prepared via polymerization-induced phase separation. The PIM-1 TFC membranes were fabricated via a dip-coating procedure. Metallic ion-cross-linked PIM-1 TFC membranes were fabricated by hydrolyzing the PIM-1 TFC membrane in an alkali solution and then cross-linking it in a multivalent metallic ion solution. The pore size and porous structures were evaluated by low-temperature N_2 adsorption–desorption analysis. The membrane structure was investigated by field-emission scanning electron microscopy. The effects of heat treatment and pore-forming additives on the gas permeance of the UV-cross-linked porous substrate are reported. The effects of different pre-coating treatments on the gas permeance of the metallic ion-cross-linked PIM-1 TFC membrane are also discussed. The metallic ion-crosslinked PIM-1 TFC membrane displayed high CO_2/N_2 selectivity(23) and good CO_2 permeance(1058 GPU).

Study on effect of feed ratio on controlled cross-linking polymerization process

A controlled cross-linking polymerization containing intra- and intermolecular reactions was designed based on random coil morphology of macromolecules in solution. The soluble intramolecular cross-linked maeromolecule （ICM） was successfully synthesized in the system with PVA and MDI. We found an especial dissolving phenomenon, namely the semi-soluble phenomenon when some gels dissolved in DMF. The chain growth process of ICMs was investigated by Transmission electron microscopy （TEM） pictures of samples at different reacting times, in addition, TEM pictures show ICMs have three kinds of styles in structure, viz. ＂globule structure＂, ＂nubby structure＂ and the intervenient between the above two structures, and the efflux time of the ICMs was measured by an Ubbelohde viscosimeter, it was found that the efflux time decreases with the degree ofcrosslink increasing.

Study of action mechanisms and properties of Cr^(3+) cross-linked polymer solution with high salinity

Performance characteristics of partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide （HPAM） and cross- linked polymer （CLP, Cr^3＋ as the cross linker） solutions have been investigated. A Brookfield viscometer, rheometer, dynamic light scattering system, and core flow device have been used to measure the viscosity, viscoelasticity, polymer coil dimensions, molecular configuration, flow characteristics, and profile modification. The results show that, under conditions of high salinity and low HPAM and Cr^3＋ concentrations, cross-linking mainly occurred between different chains of the same HPAM molecule in the presence of Cr^3＋, and a cross-linked polymer （CLP） system with a local network structure was formed. Compared with an HPAM solution of the same concentration, the apparent viscosity of the CLP solution increased slightly or remained almost unchanged, but its viscoelasticity （namely storage modulus, loss modulus, and first normal stress difference） increased, and the resistance coefficient and residual resistance coefficient increased significantly. This indicates that the CLP solution exhibits a strong capability to divert the sequentially injected polymer flood from high-permeability zones to low- permeability zones in a reservoir. Under the same HPAM concentration conditions, the dimensions of polymer coils in the CLP solution increased slightly compared with the dimensions of polymer coils in HPAM solution, which were smaller than the rock pores, indicating that the cross-linked polymer solution was well adapted to reservoir rocks. Core flood experiments show that at the same cost of reagent, the oil recovery by CLP injection （HPAM-1, Cr^3＋ as the cross linker） is 3.1% to 5.2% higher than that by HPAM- 2 injection.

Adsorptive Removal of Copper Ions from Aqueous Solution Using Cross-linked Magnetic Chitosan Beads

The performance of cross-linked magnetic chitosan, coated with magnetic fluids and cross-linked with ePichlorohydrin, was investigated for the adsorption of Copper （Ⅱ） from aqueous solutions. Infrared spectra of chitosan before and after modification showed that the coating and cross-linking are effective. Experiments were performed at different pH of solution and contact time, and appropriate conditions for the adsorption of Cu（Ⅱ） were determined. Experimental equilibrium data were correlated with Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms for determination of the adsorption potential. The results showed that the Langmuir isotherm was better compared with the Freundlich isotherm, and the uptake of Cu（Ⅱ） was 78.13 mg·g^- 1. The kinetics of adsorption corresponded with the first-order Langergren rate equation, and Langergren rate constants were determined.

PERVAPORATION PROPERTIES OF PDMS MEMBRANES CURED WITH DIFFERENT CROSS-LINKING REAGENTS FOR ETHANOL CONCENTRATION FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS

Ethanol perm-selective PDMS/PVDF composite membranes were prepared by curing polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) with various cross-linking reagents,such as tetraethoxylsilane(TEOS),γ-aminopropyltriethoxylsilane(APTEOS), phenyltrimethoxylsilane(PTMOS) and octyltrimethoxylsilane(OTMOS) as well.The cross-linking density and surface properties of the PDMS active layer were adjusted by varying cross-linking reagents.The pervaporation performance of PDMS membranes cured with different cross-linking reagents was investig...

Experimental study on the treatment of rabbit corneal melting after alkali burn with Collagen cross-linking

AIM: To evaluate the effect of Collagen cross-linking on the prevention of melting in rabbit corneas after alkali burn. METHODS: Twenty New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into model control group and collagen cross-linking treatment group. The second group of rabbits received collagen cross linked treatment. Both groups were applied with antibiotic eye drops to prevent infection. The corneas were evaluated for melting, opacity, pathological and immunohistochemistry, record the changes when 28 days after the animals were killed. RESULTS: In the control group, 6 out of 8 rabbits showed corneal melting after injury (14 +/- 4) days, while two corneal perforated. In collagen cross-linking treatment group, one rabbit showed corneal melting after injury 23 days, without corneal perforation; corneal dissolution rate between the two groups was significantly different (P <0.05). Pathological examination suggested that in the treatment group, mild corneal edema, mild damage to collagen fibers, inflammatory cell infiltration was significantly less than the control group. Immunohistochemistry showed that corneal collagen fibers arranged in neat rows in the control group. CONCLUSION: Collagen cross-linking treatment not only can prevent and delay the corneal melting after alkali burn, but also can reduce the destruction of corneal collagen fibers and infiltration of inflammatory cells in the corneal tissue.

Applications of Crown Ether Cross-Linked Chitosan for the Analysis of Lead and Cadmium in Environmental Water Samples

A new type of crown ether cross-linked chitosan was synthesized by the reaction of chitosan with 4,4′-dibromodibenzo-18-crown-6 (Br-DBC). Its token structure was analyzed with FT-IR and NMR and the adsorption behaviors for lead and cadmium in environmental water samples by FAAS were studied. In addition the best analysis conditions were discussed and the adsorption mechanism was explained. As the enrichment factor is above 100, both recoveries are 94%–106%, the detection limits of lead and cadmium are 0.5μg·L?1 and 0.04 μg·L?1 and the relatively standard deviations of lead and cadmium are 3.1% and 2.8% respectively, this new method was successfully applied to the determination of environmental water samples. This method is fast and simple and it greatly enhances the determination ability of FAAS for lead and cadmium.

A short-term study of corneal collagen cross-linking with hypo-osmolar riboflavin solution in keratoconic corneas

AIM: To report the 3mo outcomes of collagen crosslinking(CXL) with a hypo-osmolar riboflavin in thin corneas with the thinnest thickness less than 400 μm without epithelium.METHODS: Eight eyes in 6 patients with age 26.2±4.8y were included in the study. All patients underwent CXL using a hypo-osmolar riboflavin solution after its de-epithelization. Best corrected visual acuity, manifest refraction, the thinnest corneal thickness, and endothelial cell density were evaluated before and 3mo after the procedure.RESULTS: The mean thinnest thickness of the cornea was 408.5 ±29.0 μm before treatment and reduced to369.8 ±24.8 μm after the removal of epithelium. With the application of the hypo-osmolar riboflavin solution, the thickness increased to 445.0 ±26.5 μm before CXL and recover to 412.5 ±22.7 μm at 3mo after treatment, P =0.659). Before surgery, the mean K-value of the apex of the keratoconus corneas was 57.6 ±4.0 diopters, and slightly decreased(54.7±4.9 diopters) after surgery(P =0.085). Mean best-corrected visual acuity was 0.55 ±0.23 logarithm of the minimal angle of resolution, and increased to 0.53±0.26 logarithm after surgery(P =0.879).The endothelial cell density was 2706.4 ±201.6 cells/mm2 before treatment, and slightly decreased( 2641. 2 ±218.2 cells/mm2) at last fellow up(P =0.002).CONCLUSION: Corneal collagen cross-linking with a hypo-osmolar riboflavin in thin corneas seems to be a promising treatment. Further study should be done to evaluate the safety and efficiency of CXL in thin corneas for the long-term.

Corneal collagen cross-linking and liposomal amphotericin B combination therapy for fungal keratitis in rabbits

AIM： To observe the therapeutic effect of corneal collagen cross-linking（CXL） in combination with liposomal amphotericin B in fungal corneal ulcers.METHODS： New Zealand rabbits were induced fungal corneal ulcers by scratching and randomly divided into 3groups, i.e. control, treated with CXL, and combined therapy of CXL with 0.25% liposomal amphotericin B（n =5 each）. The corneal lesions were documented with slit-lamp and confocal microscopy on 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28 d after treatment. The corneas were examined with transmission electron microscopy（TEM） at 4wk.RESULTS： A rabbit corneal ulcer model of Fusarium was successfully established. The corneal epithelium defect areas in the two treatment groups were smaller than that in the control group on 3, 7, 14 and 21d（P 〈0.05）. The corneal epithelium defect areas of the combined group was smaller than that of the CXL group（P 〈0.05） on 7 and 14 d, but there were no statistical differences on 3, 21 and 28 d. The corneal epithelium defects of the two treatment groups have been healed by day 21. The corneal epithelium defects of the control group were healed on 28 d. The diameters of the corneal collagen fiber bundles（42.960 ±7.383 nm in the CXL group and 37.040±4.160 nm in the combined group） were thicker than that of the control group（24.900±1.868 nm）,but there was no difference between the two treatment groups. Some corneal collagen fiber bundles were distorted and with irregular arrangement, a large number of fibroblasts could be seen among them but no inflammatory cells in both treatment groups. CONCLUSION： CXL combined with liposomal amphotericin B have beneficial effects on fungal corneal ulcers. The combined therapy could alleviate corneal inflammattions, accelerate corneal repair, and shorten the course of disease.

Study on the Soy Protein-Based Adhesive Cross-Linked by Glyoxal

Based on the ESI-MS and ^(13)C-NMR analysis of the forms of glyoxal in acidic and alkaline solutions,the soy-based adhesive cross-linked by glyoxal was prepared in this work.The results showed that glyoxal existed in water in different forms at different pH levels.Under alkaline conditions,glyoxal transformed to glycolate through the intramolecular disproportionation reaction.Under acidic conditions,although some of glyoxal transformed to glycolate as what happened under alkaline conditions,most of glyoxal molecules existed in the form of fiveor six-membered cyclic ether structure.No ethylene tetraol or free aldehyde group was actually detected under these conditions.Although glyoxal reacted with soy protein under both acidic and alkaline conditions,alkaline conditions were more favorable for the improvement of mechanical performance and water resistance of soybased adhesives than acid conditions.

Radiation-induced cross-linking:a novel avenue to permanent 3D modification of polymeric membranes

Membrane fouling is always the biggest problem in the practice of membrane separation technologies,which strongly impacts their applicability,separation efficiency,cost effectiveness,and service lifespan.Herein,a simple but effective 3D modification approach was designed for permanently functionalizing polymeric membranes by directly cross-linking polyvinyl alcohol(PVA)under gamma-ray irradiation at room temperature without any additives.After the modification,a PVA layer was constructed on the membrane surface and the pore inner surface of polyvinylidene fluoride(PVDF)membranes.This endowed them with good hydrophilicity,low adsorption of protein model foulants,and easy recoverability properties.In addition,the pore size and distribution were customized by controlling the PVA concentration,which enhanced the rejection ability of the resultant membranes and converted them from microfiltration to ultrafiltration.The crosslinked PVA layer was equipped with the resultant membranes with good resistance to chemical cleaning by acidic,alkaline,and oxidative reagents,which could greatly prolong the membrane service lifetime.Furthermore,this approach was demonstrated as a universal method to modify PVDF membranes with other hydrophilic macromolecular modifiers,including polyethylene glycol,sodium alginate,and polyvinyl pyrrolidone.This modification of the membranes effectively endowed them with good hydrophilicity and antifouling properties,as expected.