A Simplified Method for the Stress Analysis of Underground Transfer Structures Crossing Multiple Subway Tunnels

According to the design specifications,the construction of extended piles involves traversing the tunnel’s upper region and extending to the underlying rock layer.To address this challenge,a subterranean transfer structure spanning multiple subway tunnels was proposed.Deliberating on the function of piles in the transfer structure as springs with axial and bending stiffness,and taking into account the force balance and deformation coordination conditions of beams and plates within the transfer structure,we established a simplified mechanical model that incorporates soil stratification by combining it with the Winkler elastic foundation beam model.The resolved established simplifiedmechanicalmodel employed finite difference technology and the Newton-Simpsonmethod,elucidating the mechanical mechanism of the transfer structure.The research findings suggest that the load carried by the upper structural columns can be transferred to the pile foundation beneath the beams through the transfer structure,subsequently reaching the deep soil layer and ensuring minimal impact on adjacent tunnels.The established simplified analysis method can be used for stress analysis of the transfer structure,concurrently considering soil stratification,pile foundation behavior,and plate action.The pile length,pile section size,and beam section size within the transfer structure should account for the characteristics of the upper load,ensuring an even distribution of the beam bending moment.

Magnetic Field Curves and Magnetic Equipotential Surfaces around Crossing Electrical Wires Replacing Classical Magnetic Field Lines

This article is based on a recent model specifically defining magnetic field values around electrical wires. With this model, calculations of field around parallel wires were obtained. Now, this model is extended with the new concept of magnetic equipotential surface to magnetic field curves around crossing wires. Cases of single, double, and triple wires are described. Subsequent article will be conducted for more general scenarios where wires are neither infinite nor parallel.

Neo-translation,Appreciation and Analysis of Tennyson's Crossing the Bar

As a world-widely popular poem,Tennyson's Crossing the Bar attracts more and more people to cherish it.And this paper aims at translating it in a new way,and analyzing it in a fully scientific way.

INTRASPECIFIC CROSSINGS OF UNDARIA PINNATIFIDA (HARV.) SUR.-A POSSIBLE TIME-SAVING WAY OF STRAIN SELECTION

Unicellular gametophytes of Undaria pinnatifida (Harv.) Sur. were isolated in Qingdao, P. R. China in April 1993 and in Tokushima, southem Japan in March 1995. Diferent intraspecific crossings by using unicellular male and female gametophytes were successfully undertaken in Sept. of 1995 in Qingdao.Sporophytes were transplanted to two different locations for open an cultivation. One was at Zhanqiao (ZQ) Bay where the water current was slower than that of another location - Taipingjiao(TPJ). A total of218 adult sporophytes were harvested on January 12 and 18 from TPJ and ZQ repectively. For eacncombination, 10 sporophytes un cultivated. Analysis of the mprpholgical characteristics of adult spprophytes indicated that the longest length between two bases of the serration of pinnate bldes (W2) is a morphological characteristic that can be transferred from the parent plant to the next generations regardless of environmental variations. There was evidence that W2 was apparently determined by sex-linked factors, i.e, by male parental grametophyte.. Sporophytes from certain crossing combinations showed more vigorous growth than those from other crossing combinations. It is therrfore possible to select grametophyte strains which can be used as parental gametophytes for the seeding production of sporophytes with more vigorous growth within shorter cultivation period. The morphology of hybrids from a Qingdao strain and a Tokushima cultivated strain resembled that of both parental plants in frond feaures (wrinkled or smooth) and W2. Sporophyll formation also varied with strains. The fact that adult sporophytes resulting from the same crossing combinations have identical morphological characteristics under the same environmental conditions indicates the possibility of a new way to select strains which are expected to be ideal for commerical production by purposely selecting, propagating, and seeding unicellular gametophytes for sporeing production through freeliving techniques of gametophytes.

The CA model for traffic-flow at the grade roundabout crossing

The cellular automaton model is suggested to describe the traffic-flow at the grade roundabout crossing. After the simulation with computer, the fundamental properties of this model have been revealed. Analysing this kind of road structure, this paper transforms the grade roundabout crossing with inner-roundabout-lane and outer-roundabout-lane into a configuration with many bottlenecks. Because of the self-organization, the traffic flow remains unblocked under a certain vehicle density. Some results of the simulation are close to the actual design parameter.

Retroperitoneal laparoscopic nondismembered pyeloplasty for uretero-pelvic junction obstruction due to crossing vessels: A matched-paired analysis and review of literature

Objective:To compare laparoscopic Anderson-Hynes pyeloplasty(LAHP)and retroperitoneal laparoscopic YV-pyeloplasty(LRYVP)in ureteropelvic junction obstruction(UPJ)in presence of a crossing vessels(CV).Methods:Our database showed 380 UPJO-cases,who underwent laparoscopic retroperitoneal surgery during the last 2 decades including 206 non-dismembered LRYVP,157 dismembered pyeloplasties LAHP,and 17 cases of laparoscopic ureterolysis.Among them 198 cases were suitable for a matched-pair(2:1)analysis comparing laparoscopic retroperitoneal non-dismembered LRYVP(Group 1,n Z 131)and dismembered LAHP(Group 2,n Z 67)in presence of a crossing vessel.Patients were matched according to age,gender,kidney functions,and obstruction grade.Complications were graded according to modified Clavien-classification.Results:Comparative data were similar between both groups(LRYVP vs.LAHP)including mean operating time(112 min vs.114 min),complication rates(4.2%vs.7.3%)mainly Grade 1e2 according to Clavien classification,and success rates(90%vs.89%).These results reflected in the reviewed literature indicate that LRYVP provides the advantage of minimal dissection in case of CV with similar outcome.However,redundant pelvis and anteriorly crossing vessels still require a dismembered pyeloplasty LAHP.Conclusion:LRYVP has achieved similar results compared with the previous golden standard of open surgery,especially in case of crossing vessels apart from presence of a redundant pelvis or anteriorly crossing vessel.This can be further improved when using the small access retroperitoneoscopic technique respectively mini-laparoscopy.

Crossing point temperature of coal

A further understanding of the self-heating of coal was obtained by investigating the crossing point temperature（CPT） of different ranks of coal.The tests were carried out using a self-designed experimental system for coal self-heating.50 g（±0.01 g） of coal particles ranging from 0.18 mm to 0.38 mm in size were put into a pure copper reaction vessel attached to the center of a temperature programmed enclosure.The temperature program increased the temperature at a rate of 0.8℃/min.Dry air was permitted to flow into the coal reaction vessel at different rates.The surrounding temperature and the coal temperature were monitored by a temperature logger.The results indicate that CPT is affected by coal rank,moisture,sulfur, and the experimental conditions.Higher ranked coals show higher CPT values.A high moisture content causes a delay phenomenon during the self-heating of the coal.Drying at 40℃decreases the effects of moisture.The reactivity of sulfur components in the coal is low under dry and low-temperature conditions. These components form a film that covers the coal surface and slightly inhibits the self-heating of the coal. The flow rate of dry air,and the heating rate of the surroundings,also affect the self-heating of the coal.The most appropriate experimental conditions for coal samples of a given weight and particle size were determined through contrastive analysis.Based on this analysis we propose that CPTs be determined under the same,or nearly the same conditions,for evaluation of the spontaneous combustion of coal.

Cellular automata modeling of pedestrian＇s crossing dynamics

Cellular automata modeling techniques and the characteristics of mixed traffic flow were used to derive the 2-dimensional model presented here for simulation of pedestrian’s crossing dynamics. A conception of “stop point” is introduced to deal with traffic obstacles and resolve conflicts among pedestrians or between pedestrians and the other vehicles on the crosswalk. The model can be easily extended, is very efficient for simulation of pedestrian’s crossing dy- namics, can be integrated into traffic simulation software, and has been proved feasible by simulation experiments.

Physical understanding of axonal growth patterns on grooved substrates:groove ridge crossing versus longitudinal alignment

Surface topographies such as micrometric edges and grooves have been widely used to improve neuron outgrowth.However,finding the mechanism of neuron–surface interactions on grooved substrates remains a challenge.In this work,PC12 cells and chick forebrain neurons(CFNs)were cultured on grooved and smooth polyacrylonitrile substrates.It was found that CFNs showed a tendency of growing across groove ridges;while PC12 cells were only observed to grow in the longitudinal direction of grooves.To further investigate these observations,a 3D physical model of axonal outgrowth was developed.In this model,axon shafts are simulated as elastic 3D beams,accounting for the axon outgrowth as well as the focal contacts between axons and substrates.Moreover,the bending direction of axon tips during groove ridge crossing is governed by the energy minimization principle.Our physical model predicts that axonal groove ridge crossing is contributed by the bending compliance of axons,caused by lower Young’s modulus and smaller diameters.This work will aid the understanding of the mechanisms involved in axonal alignment and elongation of neurons guided by grooved substrates,and the obtained insights can be used to enhance the design of instructive scaffolds for nerve tissue engineering and regeneration applications.

Road Lateral Disconnection and Crossing Impacts in River Landscape of Lancang River Valley in Yunnan Province,China

Roads are conspicuous components in a river landscape;however,their impacts on river landscape patterns and ecological processes have not been systematically studied at the watershed scale.In this paper,the Lancang River Valley in Yunnan Province,China was selected as a case to study road lateral disconnection and crossing impacts and identify river-road network interaction.This study was primarily focused on the road impacts on soil erosion intensity and patch density by using GIS analysis at different scales and explored their distribution with terrain factors.The results showed that river density revealed spatial autocorrelation although both of the roads and rivers were distributed unevenly in the valley.The lateral road(road curvature≥1.1)proportion correlated with soil erosion intensity(p 0.01)at the small sub-basin scale.Soil erosion intensity decreased with increasing lateral road buffer width.Light erosion generally accounted for a large proportion of the erosion in the lateral road buffer zones(1.0–4.0 km),while higher class lateral roads imposed greater impacts on soil erosion than lower class roads,which primarily had a moderate erosion level.In addition,the results of road-river intersection density indicated that road crossing impacts were significantly correlated with patch density at the small sub-basin scale.Topography factor(percent of slope>25°in each sub-basin had a close relationship with the ratio of total length of road line with curvature value≥1.1 to the total number of intersections.The correlation(p 0.01)between road impacts and terrain factor revealed that topography affected the road impact distribution in the Lancang River Valley.

Level crossing in a two-photon Jaynes-Cummings model

In this paper,the energy spectrum of the two-photon Jaynes-Cummings model（TPJCM） is calculated exactly in the non-rotating wave approximation（non-RWA）,and we study the level-crossing problem by means of fidelity.A narrow peak of the fidelity is observed at the level-crossing point,which does not appear at the avoided-crossing point.Therefore fidelity is perfectly suited for detecting the level-crossing point in the energy spectrum.

Effect of insufficient tunnel crown thickness on the post-tensioned concrete lining of the Yellow River Crossing Tunnel and its strengthening schemes

The effect of deficiency in tunnel crown thickness on the Yellow River Crossing Tunnel with post-tensioned concrete inner lining was investigated by the elasto-plastic finite element method. Changes in the deformations and circumferential stresses of the post-tensioned concrete inner lining with the gradual decrease of the tunnel crown thickness were compared, and the potential bearing risk of insufficient tunnel crown thickness for the Yellow River Crossing Tunnel was revealed. Based on the finite element calculation results of circumferential stresses under different defective cases, the corresponding reinforcement schemes were proposed. The calculation results show that the inner lining can still maintain a satisfactory stress state when the tunnel crown thickness is equal to or greater than 0. 28 m. When the tunnel crown thickness decreases below 0.28 m, the external surface of the crown and internal surface of the crown＇s adjacent areas may be under tension. The tension stresses will incrementally increase and ultimately exceed the tensile strength of the inner lining concrete as the tunnel crown thickness further decreases gradually. Then, the Yellow River Crossing Tunnel cannot operate normally, and severe cracking, leaking or even failure may occur. When the tunnel crown thickness is equal to or greater than 0.28 m, the reinforcement suggestions are that the void spaces between the inner lining and the outer lining should be back-filled with concrete. When the tunnel crown thickness is less than 0. 28 m, the inner lining should be reinforced by steel plates after concrete back-filling.

Edge Crossing Minimization Algorithm for Hierarchical Graphs Based on Genetic Algorithms

We present an edge crossing minimization algorithm for hierarchical graphs based on genetic algorithms, and comparing it with some heuristic algorithms. The proposed algorithm is more efficient and has the following advantages: the frame of the algorithms is unified, the method is simple, and its implementation and revision are easy.

Diallel Crossing Analyses of Resistance to Main Diseases in Pepper(Capsicum annuum L.)

Fifteen capsicum combinations were made with 6 parents by （1/2）n（n-1） diallel crossing. Genetic parameters in the resistance to TMV, CMV, phytophthora blight, bacterial spot of these combinations were studied by Hayman. The results indicated that the resistance to TMV, CMV and bacterial spot conformed genetically to the “additive-dominant” model but the resistance to phytophthora blight did not and significant epistatic dominance effect existed in it. F1 hybrid＇s resistance to CMV was controlled by homozygous dominant gene （s）, but resistance to bacterial spot by heterozygous one （s）. There were little, or no sum of dominant effect and genomes controlling the dominant expression of F1 hybrids in its phytophthora blight resistance.

Association of North Atlantic Oscillations with Aksu River runoff in China

The relationship between North Atlantic Oscillations （NAO） and Aksu River Runoff （ARR） was investigated by using the wavelet transform （WT）, cross wavelet transform （CWT）, correlation and linear trend analyses, and abrupt change test. The main results are as follows the interannual/decadal variation and period analyses of ARR and NAO reveal that the both were close correlated each other; the CWT indicates that the correlation was good between ARR and NAO at all periods in the 1990s, because the significant correlation areas mainly concentrated in the 1990s; the variations in the trend strength of ARR and NAO were consistent; the abrupt change of NAO was also temporally consistent with that of ARR, which exerted impact on the Aksu River Basin （ARB） climate and then the ARR through atmospheric circulation variation.

Negative Parity States in ^(39)Cl Configured by Crossing Major Shell Orbits

Traditional "magic numbers" were once regarded as immutable throughout the nuclear chart. However, unexpected changes were found for unstable nuclei around N = 20. With both proton and neutron numbers around the magic number of 20, the neutron-rich ^(39)Cl isotope provides a good test case for the study of the quantumstate evolution across the major shell. In the present work, the negative parity states in ^(39)Cl are investigated through the β decay spectroscopy of 39 S. Newly observed γ transitions together with a new state are assigned into the level scheme of ^(39)Cl. The spin parity of 5/2^- for the lowest negative parity state in ^(39)Cl is reconfirmed using the combined γ transition information. These systematic observations of the negative parity states in ^(39)Cl allow a comprehensive comparison with the theoretical descriptions. The lowest 5/2^- state in ^(39)Cl remains exotic in terms of comparisons with existing theoretical calculations and with the neighboring isotopes having similar single-particle configurations. Further experimental and theoretical investigations are suggested.

Optimism in Crossing Brookly Ferry

Crossing Brookly Ferry is one of the most representative masterpieces composed by Walt Wiltman. In this pieces of writing, ones of the characteristics in this poem: optimism and unconventionality in its form are expressed in details.

Correlation between corneal demarcation line depth in epithelium-off and trans-epithelium accelerated corneal cross linking and keratoconus progression

AIM:To compare corneal demarcation line(DL)depth in both accelerated epithelium-off and trans-epithelium cross linking(CXL)using anterior segment optical coherence tomography(AS-OCT)and its relation to maximum keratometry(Kmax)progression in both techniques.METHODS:A prospective comparative interventional study where patients with mild to moderate keratoconus(KC)were classified into two groups:accelerated epitheliumoff and trans-epithelium CXL based on corneal pachymetry.Assessment of corneal DL depth was carried out after 3mo by AS-OCT.Kmax readings were evaluated after one year follow up using the Scheimpflug imaging system.RESULTS:Study included 74 eyes of 44 patients.Group A underwent epithelium-off CXL(41 eyes),while Group B underwent trans-epithelium CXL(33 eyes).At 3mo follow up,mean corneal DL depth in Group A was 219.9±58.4μm while in Group B was 127.2±7.8μm(P<0.05).The mean Kmaxchangedfrom51.9±3.9to51.3±4.2dioptersin Group A and from 53.1±4.1 to 53.6±5 diopters in Group B with insignificant difference in Kmax changes in either group(P>0.05).In addition,no significant change in corneal pachymetry was found in both groups(meanchange at 1y:6.4±4.7 and-10.1±2.3μm in Groups A and B respectively).CONCLUSION:Despite a significantly deeper corneal DL depth created by accelerated epithelium-off CXL technique compared to accelerated trans-epithelium CXL,there is no significant impact on keratoconus progression.

Traffic flow of a roundabout crossing with an open boundary condition

This paper presents a cellular automaton traffic flow model with an open boundary condition to describe the traffic flow at a roundabout crossing with an inner roundabout lane and an outer roundabout lane. The simulation results show that the boundary condition, bottlenecks and the self-organization affect the traffic flow at the roundabout crossing. Because of the effect of bottlenecks, jams easily appear on the inner roundabout lane. To improve the capacity of the roundabout system, proper values of the enter probability α and the out probability βcan be chosen.

Dynamic characteristics of a switch and crossing on the West Coast main line in the UK

Railway switches and crossings constitute a small fraction of linear track length but consume a large proportion of the railway track system maintenance budget.While switch and crossing(S&C)faults rarely prevent trains from running,switches and crossings are the source of many faults and need continual attention.On the rare occasions when trains are prevented from running the cost of the disruption is very high.Condition monitoring of the point operating equipment that moves the switchblades has been in use for many years but condition monitoring of the state of the switch in terms of the support and mechanical damage as trains pass over has only recently started to become possible.To this end,it is important to understand the correlation between S&C faults and sensor data that can detect those faults.This paper assesses some of the data collected from multiple sensors variously positioned on and around a switch and crossing on the UK mainline for a few days of normal train operation.Accelerometers,geophones,and strain gauges were installed at the locations where they were anticipated to be most useful.Forces at the load transfer point on the crossing nose were estimated from two separate strain gauge bridges and possible use of acceleration on the crossing is discussed.Correlations between different data are analysed and assessed and correlation between peak estimated load transfer forces and accelerations is presented.Based on the analysis,conclusions are drawn about the different types of dynamic information around S&Cs that can be obtained from a variety of sensor types.