Wound healing activity of aqueous extract of Crotalaria verrucosa in Wistar albino rats

Objective:To evaluate the wound healing effect of aqueous extract of Crotalaria verrucosa(C. verrucosa) in rats.Methods:Three wound models including incision,excision and dead space wounds were used in this study.The parameters studied were breaking strength in incision models,granulation tissue dry weight,breaking strength and hydroxyproline content in dead space wounds,percentage of wound contraction and period of epithelialization in excision wound model.Results:Two doses of the extract with and without dexamethasone showed significant increases in mean hydroxyproline,total protein content and dry weight of granulation tissue but it was higher with dose 800 mg/kg comparing with the control.The dexamethasone treated group showed a significant(P【0.001) reduction in the wound breaking strength when compared to control group in incision type of wound model.Coadministration of C.verrucosa with dexamethasone significantly(P【0.001) increased the breaking strength compared to the dexamethasone treated only group.In excision wound model,the percentage of the wound contraction was significantly(P【0.01) increased by two doses of test extract on all the days except the lower dose which exhibited only on 12th,16th days of drug treatment and it also reversed the dexamethasone suppressed wound contraction.It significantly(P【0.001) reduced the time required for epithelialization and reversed the epithelialization delaying effect of dexamethasone (P【0.001).Conclusions:C.verrucosa was found to possess significant wound healing property. This was evident by decrease in the period of epithelialization,increase in the rate of wound contraction,skin breaking strength,and granulation tissue dry weight content.Hence C. verrucosa could be a good wound healing agent.

Antispermatogenic and hormonal effects of Crotalaria junceaLinn. seed extracts in male mice

Aim: To evaluate the antifertility activity of various extracts of Crotalaria juncea seeds in male mice. Methods: Adult male mice were gavaged the petroleum ether, benzene and ethanol extracts of C. juncea seeds, 25 mg·(100g)-1·day-1 for 30 days. On day 31 the animals were sacrificed by cervical dislocation and the testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral gland and levator ani were dissected out and weighed. The organs were processed for biochemical and histological examination. Results: In petroleum ether, benzene and ethanol extracts treated rats, there was a decrease in the weights of testis and accessory reproductive organs. The diameters of the testis and seminiferous tubules were decreased. Spermatogonia, spermatocytes and spermatids in the testis and the sperm count in cauda epididymis were also decreased. There was a significant reduction in the protein and glycogen contents and an increase in the cholesterol content in the testis, epididymis and vas deferens. Of the 3 extracts, the ethanol extract appeared to be the most potent in antispermatogenic activity. When the ethanol extract was tested in immature male mice, there was an antiandrogenic effect as the weights of accessory organs were reduced. Conclusion: The various extracts of C. juncea seeds arrest spermatogenesis and are likely to have an antiandrogenic activity.

猪屎豆Crotalariapallida的生物学特性及园林应用研究

通过野外调查和栽培试验,研究猪屎豆Crotalaria pallida的形态、种子萌发特性、营养生长、生殖生长以及自然生长情况下的株型等生物学特性;通过定期修剪,调节猪屎豆的株型,提高其观赏效果,为猪屎豆在园林上的应用提供一定的借鉴。对其在道路绿化、花坛造景、草坪边坡等园林绿化上的应用提出了一些建议。

Crotalaria ferruginea extract attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in mice by inhibiting MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathways

Objective:To evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of Crotalaria ferruginea extract(CFE)and its mechanism.Methods:An intratracheal lipopolysaccharide(LPS)instillationinduced acute lung injury(ALI)model was used to study the antiinflammatory activity of CFE in vivo.The LPS-induced shock model was used to analyze the effect of CFE on survival.LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cell model was used to investigate the anti-inflammatory activity of CFE in vitro and the effects on mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK)or nuclear factor-κB(NF-κB)signaling pathways.Results:CFE administration decreased the number of inflammatory cells,reduced the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),monocyte chemotactic protein-1(MCP-1),interleukin-6(IL-6),and interferon-γ,and diminished protein content in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of mice.CFE also reduced lung wet-to-dry weight ratio,myeloperoxidase,and lung tissue pathological injury.CFE preadministration improved the survival rate of mice challenged with a lethal dose of LPS.CFE reduced LPS-activated RAW264.7 cells to produce nitric oxide,TNF-α,MCP-1,and IL-6.Furthermore,CFE inhibited nuclear translocation and phosphorylation of NF-κB P65,extracellular signal-regulated kinase,c-Jun N-terminal kinases,and P38 MAPKs.Conclusions:CFE exhibits potent anti-inflammatory activity in LPS-induced ALI mice,LPS-shock mice,and RAW264.7 cells,and its mechanism may be associated with the inhibition of NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways.Crotalaria ferruginea may be a useful therapeutic drug for the treatment of ALI and other respiratory inflammations.

A comparative pharmacological and phytochemical analysis of in vivo & in vitro propagated Crotalaria species

Objective:To compare the efficacy for phytochemical.antibacterial and antioxidant activities of petroleum ether,chloroform,ethanol,and aqueous extracts of in vitro propagated plants and field grown plants of Crotalaria sps.,for against five human pathogens.Methods:The preliminary pbytochemistry,antimicrobial and antioxidant activities were evaluated using disc diffusion and DPPH radical scavenging methods.Results:The ethanolic extract of in vitro raised Crotalaria retusa（C.retusa） was effective on tested microorganisms and optimal ZOI values of 38 mm was obtained against Pseudomonas aeruginosa（P.aeruginosa）.The optimal concentration (IC50 required for 50%inhibition of the DPPH radical scavenging was 57.6μg/mL obtained for ethanolic extract of in vitro propagated C.retusa.The in vitro propagated C.retusa has significant pharmacological activities while the Crotalaria prostrate（C.prostrate） and Crotalaria medicaginea（C.medicaginea） has low pharmacological activites.It was cleared that ethanolic extract of in vitro regenerated plants was most effective.Conclusions:These findings indicate compounds isolated from ethanolic extracts of Crotalaria sps..possesses pharmacological properties and potential to develop natural compounds based pharmaceutical products.The IC50 values for ethanolic extracts of Crotalaria sps.was evaluated through the Linear regression analysis（R2≤1）.

Zinc Levels in Raw and Blanched Slenderleaf sp. (<i>Crotalaria ochroleuca</i>&<i>Crotalaria brevidens</i>) Indigenous Vegetables

An estimated 20% of the world’s population is at risk for zinc (Zn) deficiency. Micronutrient deficiencies are most prevalent in Africa and remain a major problem facing poor populations, whose impact is worsened by HIV/AIDS pandemic. Adequate zinc nutrition is essential for adequate growth, immunocompetence and neurobehavioral development. In Sub-Saharan Africa, Zn deficiency risk stands at 34.6% with 25.6% of its population having inadequate zinc intake. It is widespread in areas where diets lack diversity and it has been implicated as a contributing factor to stunting in approximately a third of children in low-income countries. In Kenya, it is a public health problem that about 50% of children under 6 years and 50% of women are affected. Zn deficiency rates are severe and pose severe consequences whose impact would translate into poor economic development and would set a vicious cycle effect that will take many generations to correct if left unchecked. It is important to examine zinc in the diet but its concentration in food varies depending partly on processing besides other factors. The objective of this study was to assess blanching as a food preparation method’s implication to Zn levels in vegetables. Blanching is a method where vegetables are dipped in boiling water for around two minutes and removed to avoid over cooking. Zn levels in slenderleaf sp. Indigenous vegetable commonly found in the Lake Victoria Basin region is not known. An experimental study was carried out to analyze zinc levels in raw and blanched slenderleaf sp. (Crotalaria ochroleuca & Crotalaria brevidens) vegetables. Results indicated that blanching reduces Zinc levels in slenderleaf vegetables, however, the reductions are not significant;the levels after blanching are still vital. It is, therefore, recommended to minimize blanching time in order to reduce loss of the vital nutrient in slenderleaf sp. vegetables.

Chemical components from Crotalaria pallida Ait. and their antioxidant activities

Nine compounds were isolated from the 95%ethanol extract of the dried seeds of Crotalaria pallida.The structures of all compounds were identified through the analysis of spectral data.All compounds were isolated for the first time from Crotalaria genus.Compounds 1-5 were evaluated for their antioxidant abilities by ABTS,DPPH and FRAP assays.Results showed that compounds 1-5 had moderate antioxidant activities。

刈割对三尖叶猪屎豆养分积累与再生性的影响

【目的】探究三尖叶猪屎豆养分积累、再生性对刈割方式(刈割时期和频次)和留茬高度的响应,为橡胶园覆盖绿肥管理提供理论和技术指导。【方法】在树龄为3年的橡胶园中设12个处理:年刈割时期和频次为营养期刈割1次和2次、花期刈割1次,每个刈割时期和频次留茬高度为20.0、30.0、40.0和50.0 cm,监测不同刈割方式和留茬高度三尖叶猪屎豆的产量及干物质、氮、磷、钾、钙和镁积累量,以及刈割后1~4个月的萌发再生情况。【结果】刈割方式对三尖叶猪屎豆产量、干物质和养分积累量均具有显著影响(P<0.05,下同),营养期刈割2次/年处理三尖叶猪屎豆的产量、干物质和养分积累量均显著高于营养期刈割1次/年和花期刈割1次/年处理,产量分别提高102.44%~159.62%和54.96%~149.71%,干物质积累量分别提高103.19%~161.44%和50.46%~142.72%,氮积累量分别提高102.44%~159.62%和53.58%~209.70%,磷积累量分别提高100.44%~161.62%和-1.52%~65.73%,钾积累量分别提高101.42%~160.64%和-14.95%~108.59%,钙积累量分别提高104.42%~157.64%和46.65%~206.53%,镁积累量分别提高99.62%~155.44%和81.62%~223.57%。留茬高度对三尖叶猪屎豆产量、干物质和养分积累量具有显著影响,其中,花期刈割1次/年处理、留茬高度30.0 cm三尖叶猪屎豆的产量、干物质和养分积累量均最高;营养期刈割2次/年处理、留茬高度40.0 cm三尖叶猪屎豆的产量、干物质和养分积累量及再生性均最佳。方差分析结果表明,刈割方式和留茬高度及其互作,对猪屎豆的干物质和养分积累量均具有极显著影响(P<0.01)。【结论】刈割方式和留茬高度均显著影响三尖叶猪屎豆的产量、干物质和养分积累量及再生性。橡胶园间种三尖叶猪屎豆的最佳刈割方式为营养期刈割2次/年,留茬高度40.0 cm。

不同采集地猪屎豆资源生产性能与饲料化评价

猪屎豆(Crotalaria pallida Ait)是豆科蝶形花亚科猪屎豆属一年生草本植物,粗蛋白质含量高达30%以上,具有作为动物蛋白饲料的巨大潜力。本研究选择前期经过筛选的15份猪屎豆资源,通过评价生产性能、青贮效果和山羊瘤胃内消化率,旨在进一步筛选出高品质资源并推广应用。选定3块试验田,每块试验田设定15个小区(3m×5 m),将T1~T15分别栽培至小区,待20%开花时进行收割,并测定生产性能,同时取部分样品制备青贮,取半干样品200 g装入一个30 cm×20 cm的聚乙烯青贮袋中,发酵60 d,评价发酵品质。选用4只平均体重16.2 kg单独饲养在代谢笼的海南黑山羊,早上饲喂后2 h,抽取瘤胃液与缓冲液1:2混合后培养青贮前后的猪屎豆,评价其干物质消化率和瘤胃发酵情况。研究结果表明:猪屎豆单一青贮效果不佳,需结合混合青贮或添加促发酵剂来进一步探究其青贮技术。T1(云南玉溪)、T4(海南海口)和T13(海南东方)品种具有较高粗蛋白质含量和较高的干物质消化率,具有作为培育高产高蛋白牧草的潜力。T13具有显著偏高的生物量。综上,本研究中T13(海南东方)品种具有作为新型蛋白饲料资源进一步利用的巨大潜力。

猪屎豆种子萌发特性研究

采用砂纸摩擦种皮,75℃热水、98%浓硫酸和1 g/L KNO3溶液浸种4种处理方法及不同处理时间对猪屎豆(Crotalaria pallida Ait.)种子进行发芽前处理,以蒸馏水处理作为对照,分别在24 h黑暗无光照和12 h黑暗、12 h光照的恒温培养箱中25℃培养,测定种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数等萌发指标。结果表明,猪屎豆种子的千粒重为11.11 g、硬实率为85%;种子发芽对光照要求不严,属于光不敏感型种子;采用75℃的热水浸种5 min或砂纸摩擦种皮3~5 min,可使种子发芽率提高到100%,促进猪屎豆种子萌发的效果非常显著。

中国林蛙肉的营养成分分析与评价

中国林蛙（Rana chinensis）俗称田鸡、蛤什蟆、雪蛤等，属两栖纲、无尾目、蛙科、蛙属，主要分布在我国东北地区山麓，其肉质细嫩、清白、味道鲜美，属高蛋白低脂肪肉类，营养价值高。它集药用、食用、保健于一体，与猴头、熊掌、飞龙并称“四大山珍”。近几年，对雌性林蛙的输卵管（即蛤士蟆油）作了较为全面的研究，结果表明它是一种重要的中药材；而对林蛙肉的研究国内外报道较少。

沼液对无土栽培小白菜(Brassica chinensis L.)产量及品质的影响初探

无土栽培条件下,初步研究了沼液和化学肥料组合施用对小白菜(Brassica chinensis L.)产量及品质的影响。结果表明,当所施用的沼液营养液肥配方为每升沼液营养液肥中含沼液250 mL,配入3.0g尿素、2.7 g磷酸二氢钾、1.1 g氯化钙、2.5 g硫酸镁和2 mL微量元素储备液(处理3),小白菜产量最高,为10.6克/株,而且,与单纯施用化学肥料营养液(对照)相比,小白菜品质指标硝氮、Vc、可溶性糖及叶绿素含量并没有下降。生产中,合理利用沼液栽培小白菜,对提高其产量和品质有积极的作用。

猪屎豆属植物化学成分及药理活性研究概况

综述近年来猪屎豆属植物化学成分和药理活性研究概况。提出在化学成分、构效关系、药理等方面均需要进一步开展深入研究的建议。

响铃草化学成分研究

目的研究响铃草中的化学成分,并对分离出的成分进行结构鉴定。方法将95%乙醇提取物用不同的溶剂萃取,萃取物上硅胶柱,反复进行柱色谱分离,用光谱方法对分离所得的单体成分进行结构鉴定。结果分离并鉴定出了10个化合物,分别为催吐萝芙木叶醇(3-氧化-6-羟基紫罗兰醇,Ⅰ)、染料木素(Ⅱ)、对羟基苯甲酸(Ⅲ)、5,7-二羟基-4-甲氧基黄酮-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(Ⅳ)、硬脂酸(Ⅴ)、二十八烷醇(Ⅵ)、β-谷甾醇(Ⅶ)、β-胡萝卜苷(Ⅷ)、豆甾醇(Ⅸ)、Δ5,22豆甾醇-3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(Ⅹ)。结论该10个化合物均为首次从该植物中分离得到。

高效液相色谱法分析猪屎豆种子胶多糖中的单糖组成

建立了一种采用SUGAR SP-G 0810(Pb型)糖分析色谱柱,以纯水为流动相,利用示差折光检测器的高效液相色谱外标法直接分离分析半乳甘露聚糖胶中单糖组成的方法。木糖、葡萄糖、半乳糖和甘露糖的分离在20 min内完成,检出限分别达到2.0μg,20μg,1.0μg和20μg,线性范围为2～10 mg/mL。该方法简便、快速、重现性好,用于猪屎豆种子胶多糖中单糖组分的测定,并进行回收率试验,结果5次测定的半乳糖和甘露糖的回收率分别为95.83%和103.68%,RSD分别为1.53%和1.50%。

响铃草黄酮提取物体外抗菌活性研究

为探讨响铃草黄酮提取物的体外抗菌活性。采用乙醇索氏抽提、大孔树脂纯化的方法获得响铃草黄酮提取物,通过打孔扩散法和最低抑菌浓度法(MIC)检测其对4种人体常见致病菌生长的影响。结果表明:响铃草黄酮提取物对供试菌具有不同程度的抑制作用,对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑制效果最好,对大肠杆菌的抑制作用不明显。响铃草黄酮提取物总黄酮含量为38.51%,该提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌、绿脓杆菌、藤黄微球菌、大肠杆菌的抑菌圈分别为36 mm、11 mm、9 mm和0 mm,对金黄色葡萄球菌、绿脓杆菌、藤黄微球菌最低抑菌浓度分别为6.25 mg/mL、25 mg/mL,50 mg/mL。用乙醇索氏抽提、大孔树脂纯化的方法提纯响铃草总黄酮简便可行。

民族药响铃草的体外抑菌活性研究

目的探讨响铃草的体外抑菌作用。方法采用打孔琼脂扩散法和稀释法对响铃草不同溶剂提取物进行抑菌实验研究。结果响铃草的不同溶剂提取物对供试细菌和真菌(金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、藤黄微球菌、绿脓杆菌以及黄霉菌)均有一定程度的抑制作用。结论响铃草提取物有明显的体外抑菌作用。

农吉利有效成分的HPLC指纹图谱研究

目的建立农吉利中生物碱和黄酮化合物两类主要有效成分的指纹图谱。方法采用C18色谱柱,分别以甲醇-0.5%乙酸溶液和甲醇-0.04%氨水溶液作为流动相梯度洗脱,用二极管阵列检测器(DAD)检测,研究了农吉利中黄酮类化合物和生物碱两种主要有效成分的色谱分离条件,利用中药色谱指纹图谱相似度评价系统(2004版)处理。结果各批药材有9个黄酮化合物和4个生物碱共有峰,分别以牡荆素和农吉利甲素作为黄酮化合物和生物碱的参照峰,建立了10批农吉利药材的指纹图谱,其相似度分别在0.975～0.995和0.908～0.990之间,各色谱峰精密度、稳定性和测定重复性的RSD均小于3%,主要成分牡荆素和农吉利甲素含有量分别在0.221～0.428 mg/g和0.012～0.082 mg/g之间。结论本法简便、特征性强、可用于不同产地农吉利药材的指纹图谱的鉴定和质量评价。

猪屎豆胶与黄原胶复配胶的流变性研究

本实验主要通过测定体系黏度研究了猪屎豆胶与黄原胶复配胶的流变学性质。实验结果表明,猪屎豆种子胶与黄原胶有较强烈的协效性,二者的最佳复配比为6:4;复配胶的黏度随浓度的升高而升高,浓度达到0.4%时开始形成凝胶,浓度达到0.8%时形成坚实的凝胶,浓度为0.7%时的溶液黏度为5367mPa·s;混合胶液为"非牛顿流体",溶液具有"假塑性";胶液的最佳加热温度为80℃,最佳加热时间为1h;pH5～9、冻融变化、苯甲酸钠、超声波和微波处理对对其黏度影响较小;复配胶具有良好的耐盐稳定性。

猪屎豆叶片提取物总黄酮含量及其抑菌活性研究

测定了猪屎豆叶片提取物的石油醚相、氯仿相、乙酸乙酯相和水相的黄酮含量,并以大肠杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、普通变形杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和铜绿假单胞菌5种细菌及可可葡萄座腔菌、尖孢镰刀菌、腐皮镰刀菌、多主棒孢霉和尖孢炭疽菌5种真菌为供试菌,采用抑菌圈法和抑制菌丝生长速率法测定了其抑菌活性。石油醚相的黄酮含量为65.1 mg/g(6.51%),氯仿相的黄酮含量为128.6 mg/g(12.86%),乙酸乙酯相的黄酮含量为61.4 mg/g(6.14%),水相的黄酮含量为114.6 mg/g(11.46%)。石油醚相和氯仿相对5种细菌无明显的抑制作用,乙酸乙酯相和水相对其中4种细菌有明显的抑菌活性,且均对金黄葡萄球菌的抑菌效果最好,其最低抑菌浓度(MIC)分别为1 mg/mL,2 mg/mL;氯仿相和乙酸乙酯相对5种真菌均具有抑制作用,乙酸乙酯相对腐皮镰刀菌和多主棒孢霉的抑制作用最强,EC50分别为3.44、2.70 mg/mL,其次为氯仿相,对这两种菌的EC50分别为6.53、4.22 mg/mL。水相和石油醚相除对尖孢炭疽菌无作用外,对其余4种真菌具有抑制作用,水相对可可葡萄座腔菌和尖孢镰刀菌的抑制作用最强,EC50分别为9.62、8.98 mg/mL。石油醚相的抑制作用相对较弱,对可可葡萄座腔菌、尖孢镰刀菌、腐皮镰刀菌和多主棒孢霉的EC50值分别为180.15,81.96,53.41,128.92 mg/mL。