Chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of Croton crassifolius

Croton crassifolius(CC)is a kind of traditional Chinese medicine rich in terpenoids,with among which diterpene species are the most.CC had biological activities in the treatment of cancer,inflammation,ulcerative colitis,osteoporosis and Alzheimer’s disease.This study reviews the chemical compositions and pharmacological activities of CC to provide reference for further research.

New halimane and clerodane diterpenoids from Croton cnidophyllus

Three new halimane furanoditerpenoids(1-3)and three new clerodane furanoditerpenoids(4-6),along with seven known terpenoids including four pimarane diterpenoids(7-10)and three norisoprenoids(11-13)were isolated from the 95%EtOH extracts of the plants of Croton cnidophyllus.The 2D structures including absolute configuration of new furanoditerpenoids(1-6)were elucidated by analysis of their HRMS and NMR data as well as comparison of experi-mental and calculated ECD curves.Bioassay revealed that two compounds(8 and 9)possessed certain inhibitory effects against NO production stimulated by LPS,with IC_(50) values of 19.00±1.76 and 21.61±1.11μM,respectively.

Total synthesis and determination of the absolute configuration of a natural analgesic: crotonine

We report the first total synthesis of four possible absolute configurations and four other regional isomers of a naturally occurring alkaloid crotonine,which was isolated from Croton tiglium L.(Euphoriaceae)without elucidation of its absolute configuration.The concise five-step route with a chirally poor and regioselective strategy starting from monosaccharides was established,and the absolute structure of the natural crotonine was determined by comparison of the NMR spectra and optical rotations of the synthetic products.

Norsesquiterpenoids from the leaves of Croton tiglium

Two new compounds,badounoids A(1)and B(2),together with 13 known norsesquiterpenes,were isolated from the leaves of Croton tiglium L.The structures of the new compounds were established by means of spectroscopic methods.The absolute configuration of badounoid B was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis.All the known compounds were isolated from Croton plants for the first time which added a new chemical facet for this genus.The selected compounds were evaluated for their cytostatic activity against several cancer cell lines.None of them was found to be active.

Traditional usage,phytochemistry and pharmacology of Croton sylvaticus Hochst.ex C.Krauss

Croton sylvaticus(C. sylvaticus) is widely used as herbal medicine by the indigenous people of tropical Africa. The potential of C. sylvaticus as herbal medicine,the phytochemistry and pharmacological properties of its parts used as herbal medicines are reviewed. The extensive literature survey revealed that C. sylvaticus is traditionally used to treat or manage at least 24 human and animal diseases and ailments. The species is used as herbal medicine for diseases and ailments such as abdominal pains,boils,fever,inflammation,malaria,rheumatism,swellings and tuberculosis and as ethnoveterinary medicine. Multiple classes of phytochemicals such as alkaloids,anthraquinones,essential oils,flavonoids,lignan,phenolics,sterols,tannins and terpenoids have been isolated from the species. Scientific studies on C. sylvaticus indicate that it has a wide range of pharmacological activities which include antibacterial,antifungal,anti-inflammatory,antioxidant,larvicidal and effects on the central nervous system. Although studies have confirmed that C. sylvaticus has a wide range of bioactives,further research on the exact bioactive molecules and mechanisms of action are required.

Evaluation of Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Capacity of <i>Croton bonplandianum</i>. Baill

The antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of Methanolic and Dichloromethane extracts of Croton bonplandianum Baill were evaluated in a bid to provide better scientific basis for the isolation of bioactive compounds from the plant. The DPPH and hydroxyl radical scavenging activities of the Methanolic extract were 59.62%, and Dichloromethane extract was not toxic. Gallic acid used as reference compounds showed higher antioxidant activities to the plant extracts. Both methanolic and dichloromethane extracts were evaluated for their brine shrimp lethality. Methanolic extract showed cytotoxic activity in vitro with a LD50 value of 115.76 (0.0048-3.76) μg/ml. Etoposide was used as standard drug. Put together, these results confirm that Croton bonplandianum extracts possess appreciable natural antioxidant and cytotoxic potentials, thereby providing good justification for the isolation of pure bioactive compounds.

Cembrane-Type Diterpenoids and a Phenolic Compound from the Leaves of a Thai Medicinal Plant, <i>Croton sublyratus</i>Kurz

From the leaves of a Thai medicinal plant, Croton sublyratus, collected in Thailand, two new cembrane-type diterpenoids, named sublylactones A and B, and a phenolic compound were isolated from the EtOAc-soluble fraction of a MeOH extract. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic evidence.

Identification of Potential Species <i>Croton bonplandianum</i>, Sedges and <i>Balanitis aegyptiaca</i>for the Application of Phytoremediation

Heavy metal contamination to the environment is a serious problem in the developing countries due to anthropogenic activities, a threat needs to remediate to sustain the life on earth, technology includes use of microorganisms and different plant species. In consideration of biomass, phytoremediation is a very useful techniques above all, can be exploit by identification of hyperaccumulator, which accumulates the heavy metal under metal stress condition. In view of constraints of efficient plant species in present study thirty seven different plant species were screened for the identification of heavy metal accumulators. Croton bonplandianum, sedges and Balanites aegyptiaca amongst the all exhibit superior potential of heavy metal accumulation. This is the first report to unravel the heavy metal accumulation property of three different plant species which can be exploited for the bioremediation of heavy metals.

Water Quality, Contamination, and Wetlands in the Croton Watershed, New York, USA

The Croton Watershed (New York State, USA) is a semi-urban region that provides 10% of the drinking water for the City of New York. Nonpoint source contamination in the watershed is a major concern for managers because the water supply is currently unfiltered water. Results are reported from three synoptic studies of surface water quality from 98 wetland-containing sub-catchments in the Croton Watershed designed to broadly characterize, at a reconnaissance level, the geochemical controls on water quality, in particular as it relates to wetlands. Total dissolved organic carbon concentrations in surface waters draining wetlands correlated well (average R2 of 0.93) with standard Gelbstoff (g440) color measurements, although there is very little correlation between dissolved organic carbon concentrations and wetland areas in the sub-catchments. This may be a potential indication of other sources of colored organic material. Concentrations of dissolved sodium and chloride, while related to road length, stochiometrically had more chloride than expected for pure road-salt dissolution. This offset is likely due to cation exchange and sorbtion of sodium by wetlands in the Croton watershed. The results show contamination in the Croton hydrologic system that should addressed in ongoing management policies and decision-making.

REACTION OF M-DIMETHOXYBENZENE WITH CROTONIC ACID IN THE PRESENCE OF PPA

The reaction of m-dimethoxybenzene with crotonic acid in the presence of PPA affords an unexpected compound,which has been proved to be a dimer by H-NMR and MS.The x-ray struc- tural analysis has the same result.The phenomenon has not been reported.

Network pharmacology-based screening of the active ingredients and potential targets of the genus of Croton for application to lung cancer

Lung cancer has been the most common cancer in the world for several decades,and it was also the most common cause of death from cancer.Despite the several advances in the last few years into treatment of lung cancer,the survival remains extremely low.There is an urgent need to discover viable leads that can be developed into new clinically therapeutic drugs with good treatment effects.The analysis of current reported literatures suggest that natural products possess strong inhibitory efficacy against lung cancer.The plants of Croton genus belonging to Euphorbiaceae family,are widely used as herbal medicine in the folk.Which are reported to have abilities to treat several cancer cell lines especially lung cancer,a successive study was carried out to identify selective anticancer agents from these plants specie.Herein we employed a network pharmacological approach to understand its multi-therapeutics potentiality in Croton genus against lung cancer.In total,the database of the compound was established based on the methods of network pharmacology prediction and the compound-disease target network was constructed.We believed that our study would provide important clues for finding novel drug inhibitors for lung cancer.

Highly oxygenated clerodane furanoditerpenoids from the leaves and twigs of Croton yunnanensis

The phytochemical investigation of the leaves and twigs of Croton yunnanensis resulted in the isolation of eight new clerodane furanoditerpenoids,named croyunfuranoids A-H(1-8),along with three known analogs(9-11).The structures of these compounds were elucidated using spectroscopic analyses,and their absolute configurations were determined through a combination of electronic circular dichroism(ECD)calculations and single-crystal X-ray diffraction.Notably,Croyunfuranoid D(4)is identified as a rare 18,19-dinor-clerodane diterpenoid.Additionally,the structure of a previously reported diterpenoid,crotonyunnan B,was revised.All isolated compounds were evaluated for their inhibitory activities on nitric oxide(NO)production in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages.Among them,compounds 5 and 6 demonstrated significant inhibitory effects,with IC_(50)values of 20.33±2.31 and 22.80±1.31μmol·L^(-1),respectively.

巴豆霜干预脑缺血再灌注损伤大鼠皮质区JNK/p38 MAPK及神经元凋亡的机制

背景:巴豆霜能够激活ERK通路、对神经元细胞具有抗凋亡作用,是否具有抑制JNK、p38通路的激活而发挥抗凋亡的协同效应尚不清楚。目的:探讨巴豆霜对脑缺血再灌注损伤大鼠缺血侧皮质区神经元损伤和凋亡的影响及机制。方法:①将90只SD大鼠随机分为假手术组,模型组,巴豆霜低、中、高剂量组,尼莫地平组,每组15只,除假手术组外,剩余各组均采取线栓法制备大脑中动脉栓塞大鼠模型,巴豆霜各组大鼠分别按剂量20,40,60 mg/kg灌胃;假手术组和模型组大鼠给予等量生理盐水,1次/d,连续给药7 d。运用神经功能缺损评分、TTC染色、脑组织含水量、苏木精-伊红染色及尼氏染色筛选出最佳浓度即巴豆霜高剂量。②将120只SD大鼠随机分为假手术组、模型组、巴豆霜组、JNK抑制剂组、巴豆霜+JNK抑制剂组、p38 MAPK抑制剂组、巴豆霜+p38 MAPK抑制剂组和尼莫地平组,每组15只,除假手术组外,剩余各组大鼠均制备大脑中动脉栓塞大鼠模型,在造模之前30 min,将10μL JNK抑制剂SP600125或10μL p38 MAPK抑制剂SB203580分别注射到大鼠侧脑室,巴豆霜各组大鼠灌胃60 mg/kg巴豆霜,7 d后,采用Western Blot、TUNEL染色及流式细胞术检测各组大鼠脑组织JNK/p38 MAPK信号通路及凋亡相关蛋白水平及细胞凋亡情况。结果与结论:①与假手术组相比,模型组神经功能缺损评分、脑含水量、脑梗死体积、细胞凋亡率显著升高(P<0.05),神经细胞呈散乱分布;与模型组相比,巴豆霜中、高剂量组和尼莫地平组大鼠神经功能缺损评分、脑组织含水量、脑梗死体积显著降低(P<0.05),神经细胞病理形态明显改善;②与JNK抑制剂组相比,巴豆霜+抑制剂组大鼠脑组织p-JNK/JNK、p-p38/p38、Bax表达显著降低(P<0.05),细胞凋亡率显著降低(P<0.05),而Bcl-2表达显著升高(P<0.05);③结果提示,巴豆霜可能通过抑制JNK/p38 MAPK信号通路的激活、减少神经元凋亡等途径,达到对脑缺血再灌注损伤大鼠的神经保护作用。

芩蓟凉血合剂对痔病相近动物模型的影响

目的探讨芩蓟凉血合剂(Qinji Liangxue mixture,QLM)对抗痔作用的机制。方法分别使用巴豆油制剂(croton oil preparation,COP)、冰醋酸制备大鼠急性痔病动物模型,将80只SD雌性大鼠,随机分为COP组与冰醋酸组两组,每组40只。COP组,随机分为对照组1(CA组),模型组1(CB组),QLM低剂量组1-1(CC组),QLM高剂量组1-2(CD组),地奥司明组1(CE组),每组8只;冰醋酸组,随机分为对照组2(GA组),模型组2(GB组),QLM低剂量组2-1(GC组),QLM高剂量组2-2(GD组),地奥司明组2(GE组),每组8只。除对照组,其余组均使用COP或冰醋酸处理,随后使用不同药物治疗7 d。使用苏木精-伊红(HE)染色观察COP及冰醋酸诱导的肛门直肠组织形态学,使用ELISA检测COP诱导的大鼠血清IL-6、TNF-α水平,记录冰醋酸诱导的大鼠肛周溃疡面积。将24只C57BL/6小鼠随机分为对照组(A组),QLM低剂量组(B组),QLM高剂量组(C组),肾上腺色腙片组(D组),每组6只,连续治疗7 d,使用毛细管法及断尾法评价QLM的止血疗效。结果QLM能够显著改善痔病相近动物模型的病理损伤,减轻COP诱导的病变程度评分(P<0.05),降低血清IL-6、TNF-α水平(P<0.05),减少冰醋酸诱导的肛周溃疡面积(P<0.05),缩短凝血及出血时间(P<0.05)。结论QLM具有良好的抗痔活性,其作用可能是通过抗炎、止血、减少组织损伤实现的。

云南巴豆中倍半萜类化合物的研究

云南巴豆(Croton yunnanensis)枝叶风干粉碎后用甲醇提取,使用硅胶柱层析、MCI柱层析、Sephadex LH-20凝胶柱层析及HPLC等分离技术对其化学成分进行分离纯化,得到5个倍半萜类化合物,分别是(-)-ent-6α-methoxyeudesm-4(15)-en-1β-ol(1),oplodiol(2),(7R*)-opposit-4(15)-ene-1β,7-diol(3),aphanamol I(4)和orientalol C(5)。化合物11-4为首次从该种植物中分离得到。

Chemical constituents from Croton crassifolius Geisel

Croton crassifolius Geisel belongs to the genus croton of the family euphorbiaceae. By means of solvent extraction and repeated chromatorgraphy on silica gel, Sephadex LH-20 and HPLC, the ethanol extract of the roots of Croton crassifolius Geisel was chemically investigated, which led to the isolation of nine diterpenoids. By using spectroscopic analysis, their structures were identified as follows： Crassifolin P（1）, Crassifolin J（2）, 1,5,6-trimethyl-5-（2-（5-oxo-2,5-dihydrofuran-3-yl）ethyl）-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8-octahydronaphthalene-1-carboxylate（3）, Penduliflaworosin（4）, isoteucvin（5）, Crassifolin G（6）, teucvin（7）, Chettaphanin I（8）, mallotucin D（9）. Among of them compound 1 was a new compound.

Two novel phorbol esters from Croton tiglium L.

To investigate the phytochemical constituents of aboveground parts of Croton tiglium L. （family Euphorbiaceae）, its ingredients were isolated by repeated chromatography on silica gel, Sephadex LH-20, ODS and preparative HPLC. Their structures were identified based on 1D, 2D NMR and mass spectral analysis. A total of 10 phorbol esters were obtained. Among them, compound 1 （12-O-（2-methyl）butyryl-4ct-deoxyphorbol-β-isobutyrate） and compound 10 （20-formyl-4a-deoxyphorbol- β-acetate） were two new compounds, and the other eight were known compounds.

基于响应面法结合熵权法多指标优选巴豆霜炮制工艺研究

目的:利用多指标研究技术优化巴豆霜炮制工艺。方法:以巴豆霜中的有效成分巴豆苷和木兰花碱的含量作为评价指标,运用响应面法结合熵权法,考察不同烘制温度、不同烘制时间及不同压制时间对巴豆制霜炮制工艺的影响。结果:在162.8℃下烘制12 min后以20 kg压力板压制11.5天,测得巴豆霜生物碱含量综合评分为98.25%。结论:基于响应面法结合熵权法的多指标评价方法可靠,为巴豆霜的质量评价标准和巴豆相关制剂的质量研究提供了依据。