The zinc oxide nano-particles have been used in this research. In this work, zinc oxide nanoparticles have been added to light and heavy crude oil. In this research, thermoelectric and physical properties of light and...The zinc oxide nano-particles have been used in this research. In this work, zinc oxide nanoparticles have been added to light and heavy crude oil. In this research, thermoelectric and physical properties of light and heavy crude petroleum have been measured, experimentally. In addition, dimensionless groups in hydrodynamics and heat transfer calculations are presented. This research illustrates that heat capacity of light and heavy crude petroleum varies from 4256 J/kg·°C to 4457 J/kg·°C and 4476 J/kg·°C to 5002 J/kg·°C, respectively. Moreover, heat capacity of light and heavy nano-crude petroleum is changing from about 4285 J/kg·°C to 4496 J/kg·°C and 4494 J/kg·°C to 5021 J/kg·°C, respectively.展开更多
In the present work a niobium based complex cubic perovskite oxide Ca2AlNbO6 ceramic was produced, characterized and studied its stability in crude petroleum environment for inert ceramic embedding for temperature sen...In the present work a niobium based complex cubic perovskite oxide Ca2AlNbO6 ceramic was produced, characterized and studied its stability in crude petroleum environment for inert ceramic embedding for temperature sensors used in petroleum extraction. Ca2AlNbO6 ceramic powder was prepared through thermo-mechanical processing. Structural characteristics of calcined material was investigated by powder X-ray diffarctometry, which presented a single phase complex cubic perovskite structure with lattice parameter a = 7.6599 ?. Compacted discs of Ca2AlNbO6 ceramics were sintered in the temperature range 1250°C - 1350°C during 24 hours in ambient atmosphere. Microstructure of the sintered ceramics was studied by scanning electron microscopy and mechanical behavior was studied by Vicker’s microhardness testing. Ca2AlNbO6 ceramics sintered at 1350°C presented best results in terms of microstructural homogeneity and mechanical hardness. Therefore these sintered ceramics were submerged in crude petroleum for 60 days. Ceramics were taken out from the petroleum periodically and subjected to structural, microstructural and mechanical characterizations. Results showed that ceramics submerged in crude petroleum did not suffer any change at any stage of submersion. These characteristics make this material suitable for inert ceramic embedding for sensors used in petroleum extraction.展开更多
The remediation of crude oil-impacted soil has always been a challenge in different soil environments and climatic conditions. Bioremediation technology has offered a breakthrough in restoring crude oil-impacted soil/...The remediation of crude oil-impacted soil has always been a challenge in different soil environments and climatic conditions. Bioremediation technology has offered a breakthrough in restoring crude oil-impacted soil/sediment in muddy, dry soil and wetlands. Though, there have been varied environmental conditions that have hampered the success of the bioremediation process. This study has evaluated the effectiveness of a biostimulated bioremediation of crude oil-impacted soil using some design criteria—nutrient amendment (NPK fertilizer) and moisture content. Soil sample sets—A, B, C, D, E, F, and G were impacted with crude oil at a ratio of 10 g/kg and amended with varying amounts of nutrient 30, 60, and 80 g of N.P.K fertilizer. The medium for the inoculation of the nutrient was water and the volume of water applied varied from 30% to 80% saturation. The soil sample sets were harvested at an interval of 3 months for 180 days to determine the concentration of total petroleum hydrocarbon left in the soil. The analysis of the total petroleum hydrocarbon was achieved using a GC-FID with a capillary column and autosampler. Soil samples were extracted with mixed solvent dichloromethane and acetone at a 1:1 ratio. The total petroleum hydrocarbon results show that biostimulated bioremediation achieved better results in soil sample sets with low moisture content (30% water saturation) and moderate nutrient amendment. The biodegradation of the sample sets with high water saturation and a high nutrient amendment was slow with a higher amount of total hydrocarbon content at the end of the 180 days. The variability in the hydrocarbon degradation pattern of contaminated soil shows that biostimulated bioremediation achieved better results in soils with low moisture content than in soil environments with high water content (saturation). More so, nutrient overdosing of the substrate hampered the effectiveness of the remediation process.展开更多
A new technique for separation of petroleum acids from crude oil was proposed. The method relates to processes for treating acidic oils or fractions thereof to reduce or eliminate their acidity by addition of effectiv...A new technique for separation of petroleum acids from crude oil was proposed. The method relates to processes for treating acidic oils or fractions thereof to reduce or eliminate their acidity by addition of effective amounts of crosslinked polymeric amines such as polypropylene amine and anionic exchange resins having amino-groups. Petroleum acids contained in the mixture can be extracted by a complex solvent. The results indicate that more than 80 % of the petroleum acids are removed and the process does not cause environmental pollution because all the solvents are recovered and reused in the test.展开更多
A column-switching anion-exchange chromatography method was described for the separation and determination of petroleum monosulfonates （PMS） and petroleum disulfonates （PDS） in crude oil that was simply diluted wi...A column-switching anion-exchange chromatography method was described for the separation and determination of petroleum monosulfonates （PMS） and petroleum disulfonates （PDS） in crude oil that was simply diluted with the dichloromethane/methanol （60/40）. The high performance liquid chromatography （HPLC） system consisted of a clean-up column and an analytical column, which were connected with two six-port switching valves. Detection of petroleum sulfonates was available and repeatable. This method has been successfully applied to determine PMS and PDS in crude oil samples from Shengli oil field.展开更多
Liquid marbles （non-stick droplets） containing crude petroleum are reported. Liquid marbles were ob- tained by use of fluorinated decyl polyhedral oligomeric silsequioxane （FD-POSS） powder. Marbles containing crud...Liquid marbles （non-stick droplets） containing crude petroleum are reported. Liquid marbles were ob- tained by use of fluorinated decyl polyhedral oligomeric silsequioxane （FD-POSS） powder. Marbles containing crude petroleum remained stable on a broad diversity of solid and liquid supports. The effective surface tension of marbles filled with petroleum was established. The mechanism of friction of the marbles is discussed. Actuation of liquid marbles containing crude petroleum with an electric field is presented.展开更多
The recent growth of the global petroleum refining industry and the main technologies and measures for China to process inferior crude oil were introduced. The main technologies and measures include the control over e...The recent growth of the global petroleum refining industry and the main technologies and measures for China to process inferior crude oil were introduced. The main technologies and measures include the control over equipment corrosion induced by sour and acidic crude, in particular the corrosion of atmospheric and vacuum distillation units, the development of technology for processing inferior residue, and the development of desulfurization technology and sulfur recovery technology in the course of processing of petroleum products. In order to meet the needs for national economic development, China’s refining enterprises will uninterruptedly develop and prefect technologies for processing inferior crude, enhance the process and equipment management, sum up the experience for better processing of inferior crude, so as to provide high-quality oil products and petrochemical feedstocks to public with better economic return.展开更多
A comparative numerical study is conducted to evaluate the effect of inlet velocity on the gas-liquid-solid phase change, the separation of phases and the coke formation. The numerical procedure is constructed within ...A comparative numerical study is conducted to evaluate the effect of inlet velocity on the gas-liquid-solid phase change, the separation of phases and the coke formation. The numerical procedure is constructed within the Eulerian framework in which the liquid phase is treated as a continuous phase while gas and solid are both considered as dispersed phases. The simplified reaction net of crude oil is used in order to predict the thermal cracking of the crude oil. The temperature distribution, flow field, liquid–gas phase separation, and coke formation are predicted and discussed for different inlet velocities. The information predicted by the CFD model can be utilized in the optimal design of industrial fired furnaces.展开更多
Based on the compositions and distributions of biomarkers in thirty\|five representative oil samples, oils from the Tarim Basin of northwestern China are mainly divided into two oil families. One oil family contains r...Based on the compositions and distributions of biomarkers in thirty\|five representative oil samples, oils from the Tarim Basin of northwestern China are mainly divided into two oil families. One oil family contains relatively low amounts of C\-\{15\}\|C\-\{20\} isoprenoid hydrocarbons and shows pristane predominance with Pr/Ph ratios ranging from \{1.50\} to \{3.00\}. The GC/MS analytical data of these oils show the occurrence of abundant hopanes, and low concentrations of steranes and tricyclic terpanes with hopanes/steranes ratios from \{6.25\} to \{12.24\} and tricyclic terpanes/hopanes ratios from \{0.03\} to \{0.24\}. These oils contain low drimane relative to homodrimane (C\-\{15\}/C\-\{16\}<1.0) and abundant rearranged bicyclanes in bicyclic sesquiterpanes. They are dominated by low carbon number (C\-\{19\}\|C\-\{21\}) compounds in the tricyclic terpanes, and are rich in rearranged hopanes, C\-\{29\}Ts and an unknown C\-\{30\} compound in pentacyclic triterpanes. These geochemical characteristics suggest that the oils were generated mainly from terrigenous organic matter. The other oil family shows remarkably different biomarker compositions and distributions. The oils revealed Pr/Ph ratios of about \{1.0\}, high drimane/homodrimane ratios (>\{1.0\}), low hopanes/steranes ratios (\{0.65\}-\{2.50\}), high tricyclic terpanes/hopanes ratios (\{0.30\}-\{2.00\}) and a dominant peak at C\-\{23\} in tricyclic tepanes, suggesting a marine organic origin. Oil\|source rock correlation indicates that these two oil families seem to have been derived from Mesozoic Jurassic\|Triassic terrestrial source rocks (shales and coal seams) and Lower Paleozoic Ordovician\|Cambrian marine source rocks, respectively.展开更多
Currently 'The Crude Formulation Technique' developed by the SINOPEC Research Institute of Petroleum Processing(RIPP) has passed the technical review sponsored by the Sinopec Corp.This technique by means of ad...Currently 'The Crude Formulation Technique' developed by the SINOPEC Research Institute of Petroleum Processing(RIPP) has passed the technical review sponsored by the Sinopec Corp.This technique by means of adopting the advanced algorithm on the basis of the crude assay data bank and the large展开更多
This article has suggested that high oil price could loom many years in the future and has analyzed the impact of this trend on the oil product mix and petroleum refining industry in China. This article has also put f...This article has suggested that high oil price could loom many years in the future and has analyzed the impact of this trend on the oil product mix and petroleum refining industry in China. This article has also put forward measures for sharpening the international competitive edge of China’s petroleum refining indus- try to cope with the challenges of high oil price.展开更多
This study investigated the use of microbial analysis as a bioremediation option for remediating petroleum sludge, which is part of the waste stream generated in the petroleum industry. The aim is to reduce environmen...This study investigated the use of microbial analysis as a bioremediation option for remediating petroleum sludge, which is part of the waste stream generated in the petroleum industry. The aim is to reduce environmental burden caused by the discharge of untreated sludge. Sludge sample was cultured in other to isolate microorganisms for the sludge treatment. The selected strain of the organisms after screening were Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Verticillus sp, Penicillum sp, and Microsporium audouinii. Bioreactors (labeled A, B, C, D and O) were designed for the treatment of petroleum sludge. These reactors contain 2.0 × 10<sup>-2</sup> m<sup>3</sup> of the diluted sludge samples and the isolated organisms for the treatment process. On a weekly basis, the control reactors received 1.5 × 10<sup>-3</sup> m<sup>3</sup> of fresh and saline water respectively. After 12 weeks of treatment, sludge physicochemical characteristics showed distinct variations. From the result, reactor D was the best in terms of remediating the sludge as compared to other reactors. Friedman non-parametric test was performed to check if the weeks of treatment affected the reduction of the total hydrocarbon content (THC) in the five reactors and also checked for significant differences in the THC after treatments. The drop in the THC of the treated sludge ranged from 56.0% to 67.3%. These results showed the possibility of enhanced biodegradation of petroleum sludge by hydrocarbon utilizing microorganisms (fungi).展开更多
By PVT fractionation experiments to model phase\|controlled and gas\|washing fractionations during the formation of petroleum reservoirs, the authors measured the physical and chemical properties of products formed in...By PVT fractionation experiments to model phase\|controlled and gas\|washing fractionations during the formation of petroleum reservoirs, the authors measured the physical and chemical properties of products formed in different fractionation stages and made a correlative analysis of the influence of depressurization and gas washing on oil/gas molecular composition and the rule of fractionation. The analytical results showed that gas washing is an important factor affecting the physical properties of crude oils, and also can be regarded as a good genetic interpretation of marine wax\|high oils in the Tarim region, Xinjiang, China. Phase\|controlled and gas\|washing fractionations can lead to the formation of condensates and their differences in chemical composition from crude oils are a direct reflection of evaporating fractionation. Phase\|controlled and gas\|washing fractionations have a great influence on the composition of molecular compounds and relevant parameters. So phase\|controlled and gas\|washing fractionations during the formation of petroleum reservoirs are not only favorable to identifying different processes of formation of petroleum reservoirs, but also to the scientific application of routine geochemical parameters.展开更多
文摘The zinc oxide nano-particles have been used in this research. In this work, zinc oxide nanoparticles have been added to light and heavy crude oil. In this research, thermoelectric and physical properties of light and heavy crude petroleum have been measured, experimentally. In addition, dimensionless groups in hydrodynamics and heat transfer calculations are presented. This research illustrates that heat capacity of light and heavy crude petroleum varies from 4256 J/kg·°C to 4457 J/kg·°C and 4476 J/kg·°C to 5002 J/kg·°C, respectively. Moreover, heat capacity of light and heavy nano-crude petroleum is changing from about 4285 J/kg·°C to 4496 J/kg·°C and 4494 J/kg·°C to 5021 J/kg·°C, respectively.
文摘In the present work a niobium based complex cubic perovskite oxide Ca2AlNbO6 ceramic was produced, characterized and studied its stability in crude petroleum environment for inert ceramic embedding for temperature sensors used in petroleum extraction. Ca2AlNbO6 ceramic powder was prepared through thermo-mechanical processing. Structural characteristics of calcined material was investigated by powder X-ray diffarctometry, which presented a single phase complex cubic perovskite structure with lattice parameter a = 7.6599 ?. Compacted discs of Ca2AlNbO6 ceramics were sintered in the temperature range 1250°C - 1350°C during 24 hours in ambient atmosphere. Microstructure of the sintered ceramics was studied by scanning electron microscopy and mechanical behavior was studied by Vicker’s microhardness testing. Ca2AlNbO6 ceramics sintered at 1350°C presented best results in terms of microstructural homogeneity and mechanical hardness. Therefore these sintered ceramics were submerged in crude petroleum for 60 days. Ceramics were taken out from the petroleum periodically and subjected to structural, microstructural and mechanical characterizations. Results showed that ceramics submerged in crude petroleum did not suffer any change at any stage of submersion. These characteristics make this material suitable for inert ceramic embedding for sensors used in petroleum extraction.
文摘The remediation of crude oil-impacted soil has always been a challenge in different soil environments and climatic conditions. Bioremediation technology has offered a breakthrough in restoring crude oil-impacted soil/sediment in muddy, dry soil and wetlands. Though, there have been varied environmental conditions that have hampered the success of the bioremediation process. This study has evaluated the effectiveness of a biostimulated bioremediation of crude oil-impacted soil using some design criteria—nutrient amendment (NPK fertilizer) and moisture content. Soil sample sets—A, B, C, D, E, F, and G were impacted with crude oil at a ratio of 10 g/kg and amended with varying amounts of nutrient 30, 60, and 80 g of N.P.K fertilizer. The medium for the inoculation of the nutrient was water and the volume of water applied varied from 30% to 80% saturation. The soil sample sets were harvested at an interval of 3 months for 180 days to determine the concentration of total petroleum hydrocarbon left in the soil. The analysis of the total petroleum hydrocarbon was achieved using a GC-FID with a capillary column and autosampler. Soil samples were extracted with mixed solvent dichloromethane and acetone at a 1:1 ratio. The total petroleum hydrocarbon results show that biostimulated bioremediation achieved better results in soil sample sets with low moisture content (30% water saturation) and moderate nutrient amendment. The biodegradation of the sample sets with high water saturation and a high nutrient amendment was slow with a higher amount of total hydrocarbon content at the end of the 180 days. The variability in the hydrocarbon degradation pattern of contaminated soil shows that biostimulated bioremediation achieved better results in soils with low moisture content than in soil environments with high water content (saturation). More so, nutrient overdosing of the substrate hampered the effectiveness of the remediation process.
文摘A new technique for separation of petroleum acids from crude oil was proposed. The method relates to processes for treating acidic oils or fractions thereof to reduce or eliminate their acidity by addition of effective amounts of crosslinked polymeric amines such as polypropylene amine and anionic exchange resins having amino-groups. Petroleum acids contained in the mixture can be extracted by a complex solvent. The results indicate that more than 80 % of the petroleum acids are removed and the process does not cause environmental pollution because all the solvents are recovered and reused in the test.
基金the National Nature Science Foundation of China(No.20675085)the support from the Program of the Light in China's Western Region(2003)the Province Nature Science Foundation of Gansu(No.3ZS041-A25-23).
文摘A column-switching anion-exchange chromatography method was described for the separation and determination of petroleum monosulfonates （PMS） and petroleum disulfonates （PDS） in crude oil that was simply diluted with the dichloromethane/methanol （60/40）. The high performance liquid chromatography （HPLC） system consisted of a clean-up column and an analytical column, which were connected with two six-port switching valves. Detection of petroleum sulfonates was available and repeatable. This method has been successfully applied to determine PMS and PDS in crude oil samples from Shengli oil field.
基金made to the Donors of the American Chemical Society Petroleum Research Fund for support of this research(Grant 52043-UR5)
文摘Liquid marbles （non-stick droplets） containing crude petroleum are reported. Liquid marbles were ob- tained by use of fluorinated decyl polyhedral oligomeric silsequioxane （FD-POSS） powder. Marbles containing crude petroleum remained stable on a broad diversity of solid and liquid supports. The effective surface tension of marbles filled with petroleum was established. The mechanism of friction of the marbles is discussed. Actuation of liquid marbles containing crude petroleum with an electric field is presented.
文摘The recent growth of the global petroleum refining industry and the main technologies and measures for China to process inferior crude oil were introduced. The main technologies and measures include the control over equipment corrosion induced by sour and acidic crude, in particular the corrosion of atmospheric and vacuum distillation units, the development of technology for processing inferior residue, and the development of desulfurization technology and sulfur recovery technology in the course of processing of petroleum products. In order to meet the needs for national economic development, China’s refining enterprises will uninterruptedly develop and prefect technologies for processing inferior crude, enhance the process and equipment management, sum up the experience for better processing of inferior crude, so as to provide high-quality oil products and petrochemical feedstocks to public with better economic return.
文摘A comparative numerical study is conducted to evaluate the effect of inlet velocity on the gas-liquid-solid phase change, the separation of phases and the coke formation. The numerical procedure is constructed within the Eulerian framework in which the liquid phase is treated as a continuous phase while gas and solid are both considered as dispersed phases. The simplified reaction net of crude oil is used in order to predict the thermal cracking of the crude oil. The temperature distribution, flow field, liquid–gas phase separation, and coke formation are predicted and discussed for different inlet velocities. The information predicted by the CFD model can be utilized in the optimal design of industrial fired furnaces.
文摘Based on the compositions and distributions of biomarkers in thirty\|five representative oil samples, oils from the Tarim Basin of northwestern China are mainly divided into two oil families. One oil family contains relatively low amounts of C\-\{15\}\|C\-\{20\} isoprenoid hydrocarbons and shows pristane predominance with Pr/Ph ratios ranging from \{1.50\} to \{3.00\}. The GC/MS analytical data of these oils show the occurrence of abundant hopanes, and low concentrations of steranes and tricyclic terpanes with hopanes/steranes ratios from \{6.25\} to \{12.24\} and tricyclic terpanes/hopanes ratios from \{0.03\} to \{0.24\}. These oils contain low drimane relative to homodrimane (C\-\{15\}/C\-\{16\}<1.0) and abundant rearranged bicyclanes in bicyclic sesquiterpanes. They are dominated by low carbon number (C\-\{19\}\|C\-\{21\}) compounds in the tricyclic terpanes, and are rich in rearranged hopanes, C\-\{29\}Ts and an unknown C\-\{30\} compound in pentacyclic triterpanes. These geochemical characteristics suggest that the oils were generated mainly from terrigenous organic matter. The other oil family shows remarkably different biomarker compositions and distributions. The oils revealed Pr/Ph ratios of about \{1.0\}, high drimane/homodrimane ratios (>\{1.0\}), low hopanes/steranes ratios (\{0.65\}-\{2.50\}), high tricyclic terpanes/hopanes ratios (\{0.30\}-\{2.00\}) and a dominant peak at C\-\{23\} in tricyclic tepanes, suggesting a marine organic origin. Oil\|source rock correlation indicates that these two oil families seem to have been derived from Mesozoic Jurassic\|Triassic terrestrial source rocks (shales and coal seams) and Lower Paleozoic Ordovician\|Cambrian marine source rocks, respectively.
文摘Currently 'The Crude Formulation Technique' developed by the SINOPEC Research Institute of Petroleum Processing(RIPP) has passed the technical review sponsored by the Sinopec Corp.This technique by means of adopting the advanced algorithm on the basis of the crude assay data bank and the large
文摘This article has suggested that high oil price could loom many years in the future and has analyzed the impact of this trend on the oil product mix and petroleum refining industry in China. This article has also put forward measures for sharpening the international competitive edge of China’s petroleum refining indus- try to cope with the challenges of high oil price.
文摘This study investigated the use of microbial analysis as a bioremediation option for remediating petroleum sludge, which is part of the waste stream generated in the petroleum industry. The aim is to reduce environmental burden caused by the discharge of untreated sludge. Sludge sample was cultured in other to isolate microorganisms for the sludge treatment. The selected strain of the organisms after screening were Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Verticillus sp, Penicillum sp, and Microsporium audouinii. Bioreactors (labeled A, B, C, D and O) were designed for the treatment of petroleum sludge. These reactors contain 2.0 × 10<sup>-2</sup> m<sup>3</sup> of the diluted sludge samples and the isolated organisms for the treatment process. On a weekly basis, the control reactors received 1.5 × 10<sup>-3</sup> m<sup>3</sup> of fresh and saline water respectively. After 12 weeks of treatment, sludge physicochemical characteristics showed distinct variations. From the result, reactor D was the best in terms of remediating the sludge as compared to other reactors. Friedman non-parametric test was performed to check if the weeks of treatment affected the reduction of the total hydrocarbon content (THC) in the five reactors and also checked for significant differences in the THC after treatments. The drop in the THC of the treated sludge ranged from 56.0% to 67.3%. These results showed the possibility of enhanced biodegradation of petroleum sludge by hydrocarbon utilizing microorganisms (fungi).
文摘By PVT fractionation experiments to model phase\|controlled and gas\|washing fractionations during the formation of petroleum reservoirs, the authors measured the physical and chemical properties of products formed in different fractionation stages and made a correlative analysis of the influence of depressurization and gas washing on oil/gas molecular composition and the rule of fractionation. The analytical results showed that gas washing is an important factor affecting the physical properties of crude oils, and also can be regarded as a good genetic interpretation of marine wax\|high oils in the Tarim region, Xinjiang, China. Phase\|controlled and gas\|washing fractionations can lead to the formation of condensates and their differences in chemical composition from crude oils are a direct reflection of evaporating fractionation. Phase\|controlled and gas\|washing fractionations have a great influence on the composition of molecular compounds and relevant parameters. So phase\|controlled and gas\|washing fractionations during the formation of petroleum reservoirs are not only favorable to identifying different processes of formation of petroleum reservoirs, but also to the scientific application of routine geochemical parameters.
