Female Struggle in Patriarchal Society-Comparative Interpretation of Gimmal and Crumbs of Agalloch Eaglewood-the First Incense Burner

Zhang Ailin created so many various kinds of female charaters in her novels;females who own distinct characters and identities just have similar fates and struggles.This paper tries to probe into the similar fates and struggles of two heroines with different identities in the same social background by analysing the novel Gimmal and Crumbs of Agalloch Eaglewood-the First Incense Burner from perspective of feminism.

极性蛋白Crumbs胞内域功能保守性研究

跨膜蛋白Crumbs(Crb)是细胞顶部的决定因子,对上皮细胞顶?底极性的建立和维持起着关键的作用。其胞内域虽然仅有37个氨基酸,但对Crb的功能必不可少。在果蝇(Drosophila melanogaster)中,如果胞内域发生突变,将造成胚胎发育异常、上皮细胞顶底极性丧失等严重后果。Crb胞内域从果蝇到小鼠(Mus musculus)和人类(Homo sapiens)具有很高的同源性,但线虫(Caenorhabditis elegans)两个Crb蛋白的胞内域与果蝇和哺乳动物却较为不同。为验证线虫Crb蛋白胞内域是否功能保守,本文利用基因组工程法(Genomic engineering),将果蝇基因组中Crb基因编码胞内域的部分替换为一致性和相似性较远的线虫Crb2基因的相应区段。与其他Crb胞内域突变果蝇不同,替换突变体胚胎发育正常,Crb及其他极性蛋白的表达和定位正常,胚胎上皮细胞顶底极性能够正确的建立和维持。这些结果证实虽然线虫和果蝇Crb蛋白胞内域之间存在大量序列变异,但重要的氨基酸位点和功能模块则完全保守。

Crumbs homolog 2 mutation in two siblings with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome:Two case reports

BACKGROUND Crumbs homolog 2(CRB2)is a recently discovered gene that is closely related to the maintenance of normal polarity in podocytes;mutations can directly lead to steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome(SRNS).However,the characteristics of nephrotic syndrome(NS)caused by CRB2 mutations have not been described.CASE SUMMARY We report a novel compound heterozygous mutation of the CRB2 gene in two siblings with SRNS.The two siblings had edema,proteinuria,hypoproteinemia and hyperlipidemia.Both their father and mother had normal phenotypes(no history of NS).Whole exon sequencing(WES)of the family showed a novel compound heterozygous mutation,c.2290(exon 8)C>T and c.3613(exon 12)G>A.Glucocorticoid therapy(methylprednisolone pulse therapy or oral prednisone)and immunosuppressive agents(tacrolimus)had no effect.During a 3-year follow-up after genetic diagnosis by WES,proteinuria persisted,but the patient was healthy.CONCLUSION CRB2 mutations related to SRNS often occur in exons 7,10,and 12.Clinical manifestations of SRNS caused by CRB2 mutations are often less severe than in other forms of SRNS.

Crumbs proteins stabilize the cone mosaics of photoreceptors and improve vision in zebrafish

Although the unique organization of vertebrate cone mosaics was first described long ago,both their underlying molecular basis and physiological significance are largely unknown.Here,we demonstrate that Crumbs proteins,the key regulators of epithelial apical polarity,establish the planar cellular polarity of photoreceptors in zebrafish.Via heterophilic Crb2a-Crb2b interactions,the apicobasal polarity protein Crb2b restricts the asymmetric planar distribution of Crb2a in photoreceptors.The planar polarized Crumbs proteins thus balance intercellular adhesions and tension between photoreceptors,thereby stabilizing the geometric organization of cone mosaics.Notably,loss of Crb2b in zebrafish induces a nearsightedness-like phenotype in zebrafish accompanied by an elongated eye axis and impairs zebrafish visual perception for predation.These data reveal a detailed mechanism for cone mosaic homeostasis via previously undiscovered apical-planar polarity coordination and propose a pathogenic mechanism for nearsightedness.

FERM domain phosphorylation and endogenous 3＇UTR are not essential for regulating the function and subcellular localization of polarity protein Crumbs

In the past two decades, extensive studies have focused on a group of so-called polarity proteins that play conserved and essential functions in establishing and maintaining cell polarity in epithelial cells. Among them, Crumbs （Crb） is the only trans- membrane polarity protein characterized to date （Tepass et al.,

Dynamic Behaviour of Pond Ash Mixed with Coir and Crumb Rubber

An experimental program was conducted to determine the dynamic properties of pond ash(PA)and pond ash mixed with admixtures like crumb rubber(CR)and coir fiber(CF)which are wastes of different industries.Additives CR and CF were mixed separately with pond ash in a percentage ranging from 0%–20%at an interval of 5%and 0%–2%at an interval of 0.5%by weight of pond ash,respectively.Dynamic properties(Shear modulus,Number of cycles to initiate liquefaction,Degradation index and Damping ratio)for pond ash mixes were determined using strain-controlled cyclic tri-axial apparatus.The shear strain was kept constant at 1.2%and the frequency varied from 0.4 to 1 Hz.Liquefaction resistance improves when crumb rubber is added to pond ash,however adding Coir fiber to pond ash has essentially no effect on the number of cycles required to initiate liquefaction.The dynamic shear modulus decreases when crumb rubber was mixed in pond ash whereas when coir fiber is added to pond ash,the dynamic shear modulus increases significantly.A mix of PA,CR,and CF was also tried to balance the number of cycles required to initiate liquefaction and shear modulus.The mixed sample in the proportion of PA(84%)+CR(15)+CF(1%)can be termed a balanced mix as the number of cycles to initiate liquefaction was more than all PA-CF mixes and also the shear modulus was more than all PA-CR mixes.Damping ratio increases with increasing frequency of loading(0.4 to 1 Hz).

Dispersion characteristics of clayey soils containing waste rubber particles

The rubber-containing waste materials have been widely used to improve the engineering properties of soils in recent years.Among others,granular rubbers are utilized in various ways to increase the bearing capacity and shear strength and to reduce the settlement and liquefaction potential of soils.The granular rubbers have many advantages such as temperature resistance,flexibility,tear-resistance,non-slip,and thermal and electrical insulation.This study presents the distribution characteristics of five different types of clayey soils with different engineering properties containing waste rubber particles(WRPs).On the other hand,determining and controlling the dispersion characteristics of clayey soils is two significant engineering problems.The study aims to solve these two remarkable and problematic issues in an eco-friendly and safe way.The role of WRP treatment in the investigation of soil dispersion behavior,which can cause dangerous problems such as piping,erosion,and dispersion,reflects the original and different perspectives of this study.Within this scope,geotechnical parameters of the clayey soils were determined.Subsequently,pinhole test,crumb test,double hydrometer test,and scanning electron microscopy(SEM)analysis were performed on the Na-activated bentonite,refined ball clay,Ukrainian kaolin,Avanos kaolin,and Afyon clay samples with different percentages of WRPs(0%,5%,10%,and 15%).Consequently,Avanos and Ukrainian kaolin clays gave the most limited response to the dispersion behavior with the addition of WRP.Also,WRP treatment on the ball clay and bentonite samples showed limited efficiency.Afyon clay,which was defined as dispersive by the three tests that determined its dispersion potential,showed 3 level changes in the pinhole tests and 2 level changes in the crumb tests,and gave the most effective results in terms of WRP efficiency.

Using Crumb Rubber to Improve the Properties of Concrete from the Sustainability Point of View

In the past decade,the economy of China has been increasing at a remarkable speed,which causes the rapid increase of automobile industry.Researches in past years demonstrated that the incorporation of crumb rubber into concrete reduces the mechanical strength of concrete.However,properties such as plastic shrinkage cracking resistance,dry shrinkage cracking resistance,frost resistance,impact resistance,fatigue resistance etc.are improved due to the deformable feature of crumb rubber.Therefore,it is expected that using crumb rubber in concrete not only improves the properties of the material,but also reduces the environmental pressure of handling waste tires.

Undrained monotonic and cyclic behavior of sand-ground rubber mixtures

In this study the stress–strain characteristics of sand-ground rubber mixtures are investigated in the sandlike zone,at different confining pressures,using hollow cylinder specimens subjected to torsional monotonic and cyclic loading.Under monotonic loading a mixture of sand-ground rubber with 10% and 25% rubber content show more contraction behaviour than that observed in a pure sand specimen.Phase transformation point in these mixtures are located on a larger shear strain.As expected,the shear strength of specimens decreases with increase of ground rubber content.However,with increasing of effective confining pressure,the loss in shear strength of the mixture is decreased.In addition,a mixture with 25% ground rubber shows a smaller loss in shear strength compared to a mixture with 10% ground rubber mixture.Under cyclic loading mixtures with 10% and 25% ground rubber have similar liquefaction resistance,especially at confining pressures of 110 k Pa and 260 k Pa.Therefore,by using of the mixture with 25% ground rubber,a larger volume of scrap tires could be recycled.The addition of ground rubber to sand would affect the shear strain variation and excess pore water pressure trends,and this effect was further intensified with increasing ground rubber percentage.

Modification of Bitumen with Desulfurized Crumb Rubber in the Present of Reactive Additives

Bitumen was modified with desulfurized crumb rubber (DCR) in the present of reac tive additives. The effect of the kinds and content of the reactive additive on prop erties of DCR modified bitumen (DCRMB) was investigated. The morphology of DCRMB was characterized by SEM and the changes of the chemical structure of DCRMB wit hout and with the addition of the reactive additive were analyzed by FTIR. The e xperimented results show that the softening point,the elasticity recovery and th e storage stability of DCRMB were improved significantly by the addition of the reactive additive. This is because that a network structure of rubber in DCRMB w as formed and the chemical reaction between C=C double bonds in bitumen and DCR has happened after the reactive additive was added into DCRMB.

Microscopic and Dynamic Rheological Characteristics of Crumb Rubber Modified Asphalt

A test for crumb rubber modified asphalt containing 20% crumb rubber particles（30 mesh） was performed using a scanning electron microscope（SEM）.The experimental results indicate that the crumb rubber particles are evenly distributed in the asphalt.Shear rate sweep and shear-temperature sweep tests on the crumb rubber modified asphalt at-20-80 ℃ using a dynamic shear rheology（DSR） instrument,were carried out.The tests show that the complex modulus decreases with increasing temperature;at equivalent temperature,higher load frequencies lead to a larger complex modulus,and this value increasingly decreases as the temperature increases;the phase angle increases with temperature and decreases as the load frequency increases.It can be concluded that the rutting resistance limiting temperature of crumb rubber modified asphalt is 78 ℃,and the anti-fatigue limiting temperature is 16 ℃,which shows that the asphalt has preferable rutting resistance characteristics at high temperature,as well as anti-fatigue characteristics.In addition,the complex modulus master curve at different temperatures was plotted according to the time temperature equivalence principle,which allows the study of the dynamic state behavior of crumb rubber modified asphalt at a wide range of load frequency.

Experimental evaluation of mechanically stabilized earth walls with recycled crumb rubbers

Traditional techniques for treatment of waste rubber, such as burning, generate some highly non- degradable synthetic materials that cause unrepairable environmental damages by releasing heavy metals, such as arsenic, chromium, lead, manganese and nickel. For this, scrap tires are used as light- weight alternative materials in many engineering applications, such as retaining wall backfilling. In the present study, 90 laboratory models were prepared to evaluate the stability of mechanically stabilized earth （MSE） walls with plate anchors. Then, the bearing capacity and horizontal displacements of the retaining walls were monitored by exerting a static loading to investigate the effects of adding different contents （5 wt%, 10 wt%, 15 wt% and 20 wt%） of recycled crumb rubber （RCR） to the fill of a mechanically stabilized retaining wall with plate anchors. To visualize the critical slip surface of the wall, the particle image velocimetry （PIV） technique was employed. Results showed that the circular anchor plates almost continually provided a higher bearing capacity and wall stability than the square plates. Moreover, the backfill with 15 wt% RCR provided the maximum bearing capacity of the wall. Increasing the weight percentage of RCR to 20 wt% resulted in a significant reduction in horizontal displacement of the wall, which occurred due to the decrease in lateral earth pressure against the whole walls. An increase in RCR content resulted in the decrease in the formation of failure wedge and the expansion of the wall slip surface, and the failure wedge did not form in the sand mixtures with 15 wt% and 20 wt% RCRs.

Microstructure and Properties of Desulfurized Crumb Rubber Modified Bitumen

The microstructures of general crumb rubber(CR), dynamic desulfurized crumb rubber(DDCR) and high speed agitation desulfurized crumb rubber(HSADCR) modified bitumens were investigated by a fluorescence microscope, and the physical properties of these three modified bitumens were studied.The results show that the dynamic desulfuration can improve the swelling capacity of crumb rubber in bitumen by destroying the sulfuratized bond of the crumb rubber,but the reunion of rubber particles during dynamic desulfuration also makes the swelling and the DDCR in bitumen difficult, so properties of the DDCR modified bitumen are not superior to the general crumb rubber modified bitumen.However,high speed agitation desulfuration can not only improve the swelling capacity of crumb rubber in bitumen,but also avoid the reunion of rubber particles,so some properties of bitumen can be improved by the modification of HSADCR.

Physical and Mechanical Properties of Crumb Rubber Mortar(CRM)with Interfacial Modifiers

Eight interfacial modifiers were used to improve the interfacial bonding strength between the crumb rubber and matrix of Crumb Rubber Mortar （CRM）, and the physical and mechanical properties and microstructure of CRM were also studied. The results show that, the interfacial modifiers obviously improve the interface bonding strength between the crumb rubber and matrix and the whole strength of CRM, and silicone modified styrene-acryl ate-emulsion has the best effect. The rubber-cement matrix interface was proved by SEM that the interfacial modifiers treated rubber showed good adhesion to the matrix.

Creep Characteristics of Crumb Rubber Modified Asphalt Binder

Crumb rubber modified asphalt containing 20 percent crumb rubber particles of 30 mesh has been examined by Scanning Electron Microscope （SEM） to observe the microcosmic appearance and the characteristic distribution of crumb rubber particles in asphalt. The SEM pictures reveal that the crumb rubber particles distribute evenly in the asphalt and they are compatible well with asphalt. The shear creep test of crumb rubber modified asphalt was carried out at -10 ℃ and 40 ℃ by Dynamic Shear Rheology （DSR）. The shearing deformation at different temperature and creep stiffness modulus curve at loading stage of crumb rubber modified asphalt have been measured. The stiffness modulus of crumb rubber modified asphalt is much temperature sensitive and it decays much quick at the early stage of loading than normal asphalt. The rate of decay of stiffness modulus is slow at the subsequent stage and stiffness modulus approaches to a stable value at the final stage at a higher temperature. In addition, Burgers model is suitable to describe and simulate experimental results of viscoelastic properties of the crumb rubber modified asphalt.

Interaction Theory of Asphalt and Rubber

Through scanning electron microscope （SEM）, spectral analysis, and component analysis tests, the interaction theory between asphalt and rubber was discussed. It is concluded that rubber powder become soft and bond together with each other after being mixed with asphalt. The asphalt changes from a smooth homogeneous matter to a continuous mixing system which is composed of rubber powder and asphalt. The interaction is mainly physical diffusion, but there are some chemical reactions in the process, especially at long reaction time.

Rheological properties and microscopic mechanism of waste cooking oil activated waste crumb rubber modified asphalt

In this paper,the surface activated crumb rubber with waste cooking oil(WCO)was studied to improve the performance of crumb rubber modified asphalt.The activated waste crumb rubber modified asphalt(OCRMA)with different amount of crumb rubber was prepared to study the microscopic appearance of OCRMA by scanning electron microscope and fluorescence microscope and analyze the surface performance.The rheological properties and microscopic mechanism of OCRMA were characterized by dynamic shear rheological test,multiple stress creep recovery(MSCR)test,BBR test and infrared spectroscopy.The results show that the dissolution degree of waste crumb rubber is improved after WCO activation,and the compatibility with asphalt components is enhanced,and the stable cross-linking structure is formed,which improves the asphalt performance.The several new absorption peaks,which were obvious,were all caused by the composition of WCO,that is,there was no significant chemical change during the interaction between the activated crumb rubber and base asphalt.Compared with the common waste crumb rubber modified asphalt(CRMA),activation with WCO can significantly reduce the viscosity of CRMA,decrease the difference of segregation softening point by 27%,and enhance the low temperature performance by 30%.The aging degree is greatly reduced,and the anti-aging performance of OCRMA is increased by about 20%with the same dosage.The high temperature performance,though higher than that of base asphalt,decreases to some extent.After comprehensive analysis,the optimal dosage of crumb rubber for OCRMA is 30%.

Mechanism behind Time Dependent Elasticity of Crumb Rubber-Nano-Asphalt Hybrids Using Discrete Relaxation Spectrum

Crumb rubber powder is a successfully used renewable material obtained from waste tire rubber,which has been incorporated into paving asphalt since the 1930s due to its good resistance to deformation and fatigue as well as its eco-friendly performance.In this study,carbon nanotubes and nano silica were incorporated into the terminal blend crumb rubber modified asphalt technology to remedy the issues of excessive desulfurization and degradation of ground tyre rubber with this technology.The mechanism behind the high temperature delayed elastic properties of the crumb rubber-nano-asphalt hybrids was experimentally investigated based on discrete relaxation spectrum.Development of the discrete relaxation spectra was accomplished by fitting on the 60℃ storage modulus data tested by the dynamic shear rheometer using the generalized Maxwell model.Subsequently,the feasibility of characterizing delayed asphalt elasticity using main relaxation time was verified by test results from the 60℃ creep and recovery test.Results indicated that the crumb rubber-nano-asphalt hybrids exhibited arrheodictic behavior and the asphalt elasticity was strengthened by two nano agents.Moreover,the elasticity reinforcement with carbon nanotubes was greater than with nano silica.Additionally,a good correlation was observed between the 60℃ zero shear viscosity and main relaxation time,and greater 60℃ zero shear viscosity was correlated to longer main relaxation times.Furthermore,longer main relaxation time of the asphalt was related to greater average recovery rate in the creep and recovery test.This research is expected to shed some light on the mechanism behind time-dependent elasticity of crumb rubber modified asphalt from the perspective of polymer physics.

The Viscosity-reducing Mechanism of Organic Wax Additive on CRMA

CRMA was prepared by mixing PG 64-22 asphalt with crumb rubber powder of 40 mesh size and 18% by weight of the asphalt. Sasobit, a typical organic wax additive, was selected and added into CRMA. A series of tests, namely, brookfield viscosity, environmental scanning electron microscope（ESEM）, component test, differential scanning calorimeter（DSC）, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy （FTIR） and nuclear magnetic resonance （NMR） were conducted on CRMA with and without organic wax additive, and microcosmic appearance, component content and molecular structure of various asphalt binders were obtained. The test results indicate that the addition of Sasobit~ into CRMA can effectively change the contents of components： the content of asphaltenes increases relatively, while saturates decreases. In addition, the interaction between various components of CRMA is weakened, and the state of equilibrium between the dispersant and dispersed phase is changed at the same time. That is why the viscosity decreases after the organic wax additive is added into CRMA.

Study on Low-Temperature Properties of the Asphalt Modified by Carbon Nanotubes(CNTs)and Crumb Rubber(CR)

The effect of adding crumb rubber(CR)and carbon nanotubes(CNTs)on the low-temperature properties of virgin asphalt was studied.Using the force-ductility test and the bending beam rheometer(BBR)test,the deformation resistance and rheological properties of asphalt samples at low temperatures were evaluated,respectively.Based on the result of BBR test,the creep functions of the Burgers model and the Zener model were used to fit the low-temperature creep characteristics of the asphalt samples.Furthermore,the differential scanning calorimetry(DSC)test and the attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(ATR-FTIR)test were utilized to appraise the low-temperature stability and chemical properties of asphalt samples,respectively.The results showed that CR significantly improved the low-temperature properties of virgin asphalt,while CNTs had little effect.Moreover,during the degradation of CR,aromatic and aliphatic components were released.In particular,the aliphatic components of CR-modified asphalt were much higher than those of virgin asphalt,which had a significant effect on improving the low-temperature properties of the asphalt.The DSC test results showed that CR enhanced the low-temperature stability of the asphalt,while the addition of CNTs presented a slightly negative effect.