Paleoenvironments Recorded in a New-Type Ferromanganese Crust fromthe East Philippine Sea

We attempt to recover the paleocnvironments recorded in the accretion of a typical newtype hydrogenetic ferromanganese crust from the deep water areas of the East Philippine Sea. From detailed geochemical and U-series chronological studies, analysis of major and minor elements performed by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry （XRF） and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer （ICPMS）, three major accretion periods and corresponding paleocnvironments can be ascertained. The first period is a faster accretion period in the terminal Late Miocene to the Early Pliocene with looser structure and higher volcanic detritus content, corresponding to the active Antarctic bottom waters and depressed temperature from the intermediate Middle Miocene to the Early Pliocene. The second period is a pulse of pelagic clay deposition at the Early to Middle Pliocene, reflecting the shrinkage of the Antarctic bottom waters and the global temperature elevation of this period. The third period is a slower accretion period from the Middle Pliocene, which indicates the more violent activity of Antarctic bottom waters once again and more depressed temperature than the first period, facilitating the accretion of a more compact and pure ferromanganese zone. The paleoceanographic histories of these studied areas had not been made clear in previous research.

BASIC REGULARITY OF PETROGENESIS AND METALLOGENESIS OF NANLING CRUST-DERIVED TYPE GRANITOIDS

In the light of analysis of the internal relations among the source strata for magmatism, thegranitic magmas and the endogenic metallizations, the basic regularity of petrogenesis and metallo-genesis of Nanling crust-derived type granitoids can be generalized as follows: (1) Two suites ofsource strata for Magmatism-the Pre-Sinian and the Lower Sinianl here the unity of the old foldbasement, the source strata for magmatism and the source strata for metallization are particularlyhighlighted. (2) Multi-stage melting of source strata for magmatism resulting in the formation ofmajor ore-related granites of three different stages (the Late Jinningean stage, the Late Caledonianstage, and the Late Indosinian-Late Yanshanian stage) under the control of tw0 tectonic units(geosyncline and diwa). (3) Three endogenic meta1logenic epoches accompanying the three stagesof ore-related granitic magmatism. (4) One major metallogenic epoch characterized by concentrat-ed commercial metallizations in large scale related to the Yanshanian crust-derived type granites.Tectonically,this major metallogenic epoch is exactly consistent with the stage of violent diwa ac-tivity. This is by no means fortuitous, but is the unavoidable result of the development and evolu-tion of the objective geologic history.

Alterations to biological soil crusts with alpine meadow retrogressive succession affect seeds germination of three plant species

Biological soil crusts(BSCs) are the important components of alpine meadow ecosystems.The extent and morphology of BSCs vary greatly with alpine meadow retrogressive succession due to grazing pressure.There is significant interest in impacts of crust composition on plant seed germination,especial l y in(semi-) arid environments.However,little is known about the influences of BSCs,and their associations with alpine meadow succession,on germination of typical alpine meadow vascular plant species.In a full factorial common-gardenexperiment,we studied effects of:(1) crust type,(2) seed position,and(3) surface texture on seed germination.We chose three typical alpine meadow plant species(i.e.Poa pratensis,Tibetia himalaica and Potentillen nivea),which belonged to different functional groups(graminoids,legumes,and forbs) and play important roles in all alpine meadow succession stages.Crust type and seed position influenced seed germination,and the inhibitory effects of BSCs depended on the crust type and seed species tested.The major factors influencing seed germination were BSC type,seed position,soil texture,and the interactions between BSC type and seed position; species and seed position; species andsurface texture; and species,crust type,and surface texture.Cyanobacteria crust significantly inhibited germination of all seeds.Seed position also had a significant effect on seed germination(p < 0.001).Fewer seedlings germinated on the surface than below the surface,this was especially true for P.nivea.seeds within cyanobacteria and lichen crusts.Only germination rates of T.himalaica on the soil surface were significantly correlated with plant occurrence frequency within the alpine meadow community.The poor correlation for the other two species is possibly that they are perennials.Our results clearly demonstrated that BSCs can be biological filters during seed germination,depending on the BSC succession stage.Through their influences on seed germination,BSCs can strongly influence community assemblages throughout alpine meadow retrogressive succession.

Red Clay Type Gold Deposits in China

Red clay type gold deposits,located in the south of China,are situated not only in orogenic belts,but also in inner cratons,where climate is tropical-subtropical with clear arid and humid.The lateritic weathering crust often can be divided into five zones,including topsoil,siliceous duricrust zone,multi-color zone(or red clay zone in some deposits),pallid zone and saprolite zone from surface to the base rock,several of which are absent in some deposits.The base rocks are composed mainly of carbonate rocks with minor clastic rocks,intermediate-basic volcanic rocks and intermediate-acid and alkalic intrusions.The orebodies are mainly located in the multi-color zone with part of them in the pallid and saprolite zones.The ore sources include orebodies of Carlin-type gold deposits and porphyry gold deposits,as well as gold-rich base rocks.The red clay type gold deposits experienced early-stage endogenic gold mineralization and laterization during the Tertiary and Quaternary.The areas with endogenic gold deposits,especially Carlin-type gold deposits and porphyry gold deposits in karst depressions on the plateau,structual erosional platforms in the middle-lower mountains,and intermountain basins in southern China are well worth studying to trace red clay type gold deposits.

Discovery of ferromanganese crust boundary and its genetic and ore prospecting significance

Evidences for the existence of ferromanganese crust boundary were found for the first time during the survey of the 'DA YANG YI HAO' Vessel 2003. Some typical characteristics of the boundary are summarized and the significances of the finding of the boundary are included in the genesis discussion. Ore prospecting and assessment of the crust resources are described in this paper. The morphologic and extending characteristics of the crust boundary led to the recognition of two types of crust boundary: interpenetration crust boundary and closed crust boundary. According to the distribution and types of the crust, however,the boundaries are classified into three types: the boundary between ferromanganese crust and detrital sediment, the boundary between tabular crust and seamount nodules, and the boundary between tabular crust and rudaceous crust. This study revealed that the boundary between tabular crust and nodules was not formed under different regional environments but formed under different nucleation potential barriers between different initial growth (nucleation and germination) processes and between solid rocks and loose sediments. The rudaceous crusts are controlled spatially by fracture zones and the crusts' boundaries are controlled by the cially for some seamount nodules). The boundary investigation can be helpful in identifying the existence of tabular crust covered by detrital sediments and in calculating the area covered by the crust. The resource calculation error and the resource quality as well as resource exploration degree can be assessed through the survey of crust boundary.

云南腾冲勐蚌稀土矿矿体特征及分布规律

腾冲勐蚌稀土矿类型属典型的南方花岗岩风化壳离子吸附型矿床,矿体分布在燕山晚期黑云二长花岗岩体风化壳中全风化层内,受地形地貌影响,总体沿山脊面状分布、两侧倾伏,平面呈不规则条带状,纵向呈透镜状、似层状,随地形起伏。本文通过分析矿区花岗岩风化壳发育特征及稀土矿层地质特征、分布规律,初步探讨其控矿因素及矿体成因。为相邻相似成矿地质背景区域开展稀土矿勘查提供借鉴。

A preliminary study on ore-forming environments of Xianglushan-type iron deposit and the weathering mineralization of Emeishan basalt in Guizhou Province, China

Xianglushan-type iron deposits are one of the new types of iron deposits found in the Weining Area of Western Guizhou. The iron-bearing rock system is a paleo-weathered crustal sedimentary(or accumulating) stratum between the top of the Middle-Late Permian Emeishan basalt formation and the Late Permian Xuanwei formation. Iron ore is hosted in the Lower-Middle part of the rock system. In terms of the genesis of mineral deposit, this type of deposit should be a basalt paleo-weathering crustal redeposit type, very different from marine sedimentary iron deposits or continental weathering crust iron deposits. Based on field work and the analytical results of XRD Powder Diffraction, Electron Probe, Scanner Electron Microscope, etc., the geological setting of the ore-forming processes and the deposit features are illustrated in this paper. The ore-forming environment of the deposit and the Emeishan basalt weathering mineralization are also discussed in order to enhance the knowledge of the universality and diversity of mineralization of the Emeishan Large Igneous Province(ELIP), which may be a considerable reference to further research for ELIP metallogenic theories, and geological research for iron deposits in the paleo-weathering crust areas of the Emeishan basalt,Southwestern, China.

氦气资源的分类、特征及富集主控因素分析

我国氦气供应量不足,根本原因是氦气资源相对贫乏。加强对富氦天然气的分类研究,明确不同类型氦气藏的特征及富集主控因素,对促进我国氦气勘探开发研究和保障我国用氦安全都具有重要意义。通过研究氦气的成因,同时考虑氦气资源丰度禀赋,铀、钍放射性元素所处空间层位,载体气藏类型,以及成藏主控因素的差别,对含氦气藏进行了细致划分。氦气藏总体分为两类:壳幔混合型和壳源型,壳源型又可细分为壳源远源型(包括烃类伴生型和水溶气型)和壳源近源型(页岩气型),不同类型氦气资源特征大相径庭。从国内目前发现的氦气藏来看,只有与烃类气藏共同成藏的壳源氦才具有工业利用价值,尽管其资源品位相对较低,但资源潜力较大。壳源远源型和壳源近源型氦气藏富集主控因素大致相同,但在氦源岩和运移通道上存在差异。

镍矿床分布、成矿背景和开发现状

【研究目的】在全球能源转型的背景下,世界对镍的需求快速增长,价格持续上升。寻找更多的镍矿资源,满足经济发展,是当前地质界的重要任务。【研究方法】本文总结了镍矿成因类型、成矿时代、成矿特征及成矿背景,梳理全球镍资源储量和矿山产量,分析镍金属供应现状和消费趋势,提供了寻找新的镍矿床的背景知识(材料)。【研究结果】全球具有经济意义的镍矿可分为岩浆型和风化壳型,前者主要分布在加拿大、澳大利亚、俄罗斯、中国等,后者主要分布在印度尼西亚、新喀里多尼亚、巴西和菲律宾等。【结论】为缓解世界镍资源供求矛盾,应该做好全球镍资源的配置,加强镍矿有效供给,加大勘查力度,提高资源利用效率,构建循环利用体系。

Historical-Dynamic Integrative Classification of Basinogenesis and Ore-Forming Basins

Interesting classifications of basinogenesis and basins were proposed by many scientists. They classified basinogenesis and basins mainly from a single angle, either from a historical angle or from a dynamic angle . In order to more comprehensively understand them for more effectively guiding prospecting and exploration, the author integrates the two methods of analysis with each other and proposes an integrative classification .According to the historical - dynamic integrative classification,basinogenesis and basins can be.di-vided into three types :oceanic crust type ,embryo-continental (transitional )crust type and continental crust type .Oceanic crust type can be subdivided into mobile region type (mainly tenskmal )and stable region type . Embryo-continental type includes pre-geosynclinal type (divisible into several mobile region types and stable region types with tensional type predominating among mobile region types ) and ear ly-geosynclinal type (mainly tenskmal ) .Continental crust type includes late- geosynclinal (fold belt)type (compressional or tenskmal ),platform type (mainly sinking and rarely tenskmal subsidence-aulacogen)and geodepression (diwa )type (compressional , tenskmal or compresskmal-tenskmal ).

福建省万安矿区离子吸附型稀土矿成矿规律研究

福建省万安矿区离子吸附型稀土矿区成矿条件优越,找矿前景巨大,是由福建省第八地质大队历时两年多野外地质工作发现的一处大型离子吸附型稀土矿床,矿区花岗岩风化壳较发育,具有有利的成矿母岩与有利的自然环境条件,母岩矿物中的稀土元素大量转变为风化壳中的呈吸附状态的稀土离子,从而富集成矿,为一典型离子吸附型稀土矿床。

云南富宁砂斗地区钛铁砂矿找矿前景浅析

云南富宁砂斗地区广泛分布印支期早期“半瓦型”辉绿岩体,为区内风化壳型钛铁砂矿提供了有利的成矿条件。通过1∶5万矿产地质调查和玉莫大型钛铁砂矿典型矿床研究,综合分析以Ti元素为主的综合异常、构造、岩浆岩等信息,区内圈定成矿远景区、找矿靶区各1处,显示了区内风化壳型钛铁砂矿良好的找矿前景,为下步找矿工作提供了重要基础支撑。

天目山岩体钼矿化地质特征及成因浅析

天目山岩体形成于华北地台南缘与秦岭褶皱系的衔接处,位于我国著名的东秦岭—大别山钼成矿带东段。通过对该区岩性参数及成岩成矿地质条件的综合研究,作者认为其该区钼矿的形成与燕山晚期侵入的天目山超单元花岗岩体有直接的成生因联系,分析了该区岩体特征,异常元素分布特征,成矿物质来源,以期为矿山评价或对寻找同类矿床提供依据。

广东省大埔县平原矿区稀土矿地质特征及成因探讨

广东省大埔县矿区稀土矿赋存于大埔岩体风化壳中,岩体规模大,成矿条件好,全风化层为主含矿层;属低钇中铕型轻稀土矿。文章通过分析研究该矿床的地质特征矿和矿化富集规律,总结了区内风化壳淋积型轻稀土找矿标志,认为在平原地区周边的大埔岩体风化壳中仍具有较大的找矿前景的结论。

苏丹红海州新元古代A型花岗岩的地球化学特征及构造意义

苏丹红海州位于努比亚地盾,本文在该地厘定出一套新元古代花岗岩,由中粗粒-中细粒正长花岗岩、中细粒碱长花岗岩组成,LA-ICP-MS定年结果显示,岩体形成于713±4Ma,属于泛非造山事件的产物。花岗岩SiO_(2)含量较高,为70.80%~77.83%,A/CNK为0.94~1.08,A/NK为1.12~1.44,为准铝质-弱过铝质花岗岩。花岗岩具有相似的稀土元素和微量元素配分模式,稀土配分模式呈右倾V字形曲线,轻重稀土分异中等(LREE/HREE=2.46~7.13),δEu为0.30~0.57,负铕异常中等-强烈。富含大离子亲石元素Th、U、K和高场强元素Zr、Hf,亏损高场强元素Nb、Ta、Sr、P和Ti。花岗岩具有低I_(Sr)比值、亏损ε_(Nd)(t)值和ε_(Hf)(t)值,T_(DM1)与T_(DM2)值较为一致。岩体为A_(2)型花岗岩,形成于俯冲阶段弧后拉张环境,因弧后伸展减薄导致软流圈物质上涌,明显的升温、减压促使新生地壳部分熔融。

云南武定县大荞地钛铁砂矿地质特征及矿床成因

武定县大荞地钛铁砂矿矿体沿地面起伏呈面状分布,产于华力西期浅成侵入的含钛铁辉绿辉长岩体表层风化次生富集形成的风化壳内及其附近地形有利部位,属含钛铁的辉绿辉长岩经物理、化学风化作用,经进一步淋滤富集形成的风化壳残坡积型钛铁砂矿床。

福建泰宁地区早古生代二长花岗岩年代学、地球化学特征及地质意义

华南早古生代武夷‒云开造山带以强烈的变质变形、区域角度不整合和发育大量花岗岩为特征。在武夷地区I型花岗岩主要分布于深大断裂等构造带附近。本文以产于武夷造山带中段石城‒崇安断裂附近的长兴二长花岗岩为研究对象,对其开展年代学、地球化学和Sr-Nd-Hf同位素分析,据此探讨岩石成因及其形成的构造背景。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为451±3 Ma,表明二长花岗岩形成于晚奥陶世。岩石具有较高的SiO_(2)(71.97%~74.94%)、Al_(2)O_(3)(13.16%~14.86%)和K2O(4.03%~6.95%)含量,较低的MgO(0.27%~0.78%)、TiO_(2)(0.09%~0.26%)、CaO(0.15%~1.44%)和P2O5(0.03%~0.11%)含量,属于高钾钙碱性系列。长兴二长花岗岩具有明显的负Eu异常(δEu=0.44~0.99),富集大离子亲石元素(K、Rb)、Th、U、Pb和轻稀土元素,亏损Ba、Sr、P、Zr、Ti和重稀土元素,显示高分异I型花岗岩的特征。二长花岗岩的锆石Hf同位素具有明显的不均一性,176Hf/177Hf值介于0.282291~0.282647之间,εHf(t)值范围为–7.48~4.46,tDM2(Hf)变化于1058~1718 Ma。全岩(87Sr/86Sr)i为0.7101~0.7156,εNd(t)为–14.7~–11.7,tDM2(Nd)为1971~2171 Ma。综合分析认为武夷‒云开造山带为早古生代陆内造山带,二长花岗岩形成于后造山伸展垮塌阶段初期,为幔源基性岩浆及其上涌诱发的酸性岩浆在地壳深部混合,并经历了高程度的分离结晶作用的产物。

江南造山带东段阳储岭钨多金属矿床燕山期岩浆岩成因

与阳储岭钨多金属矿床密切相关的燕山期岩体主要由4个岩石单元组成,分别是似斑状二长花岗岩、似斑状细粒黑云母花岗闪长岩、花岗闪长斑岩、花岗闪长岩。在系统的野外地质调查基础上,开展了岩相学和地球化学分析,探讨了杂岩体的成因及主要岩石单元的活动时序。研究表明,阳储岭花岗岩体具有高硅、过铝质特征,岩石富集K、Rb,亏损Sr和Ba元素,高场强元素Zr、Hf富集不明显,Nb、Ti元素强烈亏损,U、Th相对富集。REE显示弱Eu亏损的较小斜率的右倾模式,微量元素原始地幔标准化蛛网图总体上呈左高右低的趋势,说明阳储岭岩体主要岩石均应属于高分异的I型花岗岩。从岩石的Rb/Sr、Rb/Nb、Zr/Hf及Ti/Zr值与地壳平均值和地幔平均值对比研究,表明岩浆来源于壳源物质与幔源物质的混合。基于以上稀土元素指标及主微量元素的哈克图解分析,阳储岭岩体轻、重稀土元素的分异程度高,暗示其可能由早期的似斑状二长花岗岩→似斑状细粒黑云母花岗闪长岩→花岗闪长斑岩→花岗闪长岩演化趋势,这与野外观察到的岩浆侵入时序较为一致。

南岭稀土花岗岩、钨锡花岗岩及其成矿作用的对比

南岭地区的钨锡和稀土矿床都与花岗岩类有直接成因联系,但二者的成矿作用有许多不同之处。钨锡是典型的热液成矿,而稀土则主要形成于风化作用。随着花岗岩类的分异演化,岩石中的W、Sn等元素含量逐渐增加,因此钨锡等矿床主要与高度分异演化的晚阶段小岩体有关;但是稀土的表现与钨锡不同,由于花岗岩类的分异演化导致稀土载体黑云母及许多副矿物的减少,因此稀土元素含量在晚阶段岩体中反而降低。赣南的五里亭-大吉山岩体、桂东北的花山-姑婆山岩体等提供了很好的范例。因此,南岭地区与风化壳型稀土矿床有关的岩石主要有:印支期准铝质花岗岩,燕山期A型花岗岩,燕山中-晚期黑云母二长花岗岩等。

外生稀土矿床的分布、类型和成因概述

稀土是当今危机资源,勘探和研究稀土矿床是世界热点。外生矿床是重要的稀土来源之一。本文综述了残-坡积、(河流)冲积和海滨砂矿,碳酸盐岩风化壳型,花岗岩风化壳型等稀土矿床地质特征和成因认识。风化壳型稀土矿床是由富稀土的原岩经过地表机械和化学风化作用形成,母岩稀土的最初富集是形成风化壳型稀土矿床的前提,风化壳继承了母岩的稀土特征。目前世界对重稀土的需求最为突出,中国南岭花岗岩风化壳型重稀土矿床为世界之最。风化是后期稀土提炼富集过程,成矿关键在于花岗岩岩浆阶段重稀土矿物的形成。然而,何种因素形成南岭地区具有稀土成矿潜力的花岗岩,富稀土花岗岩表现出的轻重稀土分异是由于源区性质的差异还是源于岩浆演化过程中的分异作用,以及重稀土矿物的形成机制仍有待于研究。