Patent foramen ovale closure reduces recurrent stroke risk in cryptogenic stroke:A systematic review and metaanalysis of randomized controlled trials

AIM To investigate if patent foramen ovale(PFO) closure device reduces the risk of recurrent stroke in patients with cryptogenic stroke.METHODS We searched five databases-Pub Med,EMBASE,Cochrane,CINAHL and Web-of-Science and clinicaltrials.gov from January 2000 to September 2017 for randomized trials comparing PFO closure to medical therapy in cryptogenic stroke.Heterogeneity was determined using Cochrane's Q statistics.Random effects model was used.RESULTS Five randomized controlled trials with 3440 patients were included in the analysis.Mean follow-up was 50 ± 20 mo.PFO closure was associated with a 41% reduction in incidence of recurrent strokes when compared to medical therapy alone in patients with cryptogenic stroke [risk ratio(RR): 0.59,95%CI: 0.40-0.87,P = 0.008].Atrial fibrillation was higher with device closure when compared to medical therapy alone(RR: 4.97,95%CI: 2.22-11.11,P < 0.001).There was no difference between the two groups with respect to all-cause mortality,major bleeding or adverse events.CONCLUSION PFO device closure in appropriately selected patients with moderate to severe right-to-left shunt and/or atrial septal aneurysm shows benefit with respect to recurrent strokes,particularly in younger patients.Further studies are essential to evaluate the impact of higher incidence of atrial fibrillation seen with the PFO closure device on long-term mortality and stroke rates.

Evaluation of right-to-left shunt on contrast-enhanced transcranial Doppler in patent foramen ovale-related cryptogenic stroke: Research based on imaging

BACKGROUND Cardiogenic embolism caused by patent foramen ovale(PFO)is a common etiology of cryptogenic stroke(CS),particularly in young and middle-aged patients.Studies about right-to-left shunt(RLS)detection using contrast-enhanced transcranial Doppler(c-TCD)are numerous.According to the time phase and number of microbubbles detected on c-TCD,RLS can be classified and graded.We hypothesized that the characteristics of an infarction lesion on diffusion-weighted imaging differs when combining the type and grade of RLS on c-TCD in patients with PFO-related CS.AIM To explore the characteristics of infarction lesions on diffusion-weighted imaging when combining the RLS type and grade determined by c-TCD.METHODS We retrospectively evaluated CS patients from August 2015 to December 2019 at a tertiary hospital.In total,111 PFO-related CS patients were divided according to whether RLS was permanent(microbubbles detected both at resting state and after the Valsalva maneuver)or latent(microbubbles detected only after the Valsalva maneuver)on c-TCD.Each group was subdivided into small,mild and large RLS according to the grade of shunt on c-TCD.A normal control group was composed of 33 patients who suffered from simple dizziness.Intragroup and intergroup differences were analyzed in terms of clinical,laboratory and diffusion-weighted imaging lesion characteristics.The correlation between RLS grade evaluated by c-TCD and size of PFO determined by transesophageal echocardiography were also analyzed.RESULTS In 111 patients with PFO-related CS,68 had permanent RLS and 43 had latent RLS.Clinical characteristics and laboratory tests were not significantly different among the permanent RLS,latent RLS and normal control groups.The proportion of patients with multiple territory lesions in the permanent RLS group(50%)was larger than that in the latent RLS group(27.91%;P=0.021).Posterior circulation was more likely to be affected in the latent RLS group than in the permanent RLS group(30.23%vs 8.82%,P=0.004).Permanent-large and latent-large RLS were both more likely to be related to multiple(P_(trend)=0.017 and 0.009,respectively),small(P_(trend)=0.035 and 0.006,respectively)and cortical(P_(trend)=0.031 and 0.033,respectively)lesions.The grade of RLS evaluated by c-TCD was correlated to the size of PFO determined by transesophageal echocardiography(r=0.758,P<0.001).CONCLUSION Distribution of the infarct suggested the possible type of RLS.Multiple,small and cortical infarcts suggest large RLS induced by a large PFO.

Congenital Cardiac Defects, Such as Eustachian Valve, May Increase the Risk of Cryptogenic Stroke: A Case Report

Eustachian valve is an embryonic endocardial heart structure;after birth it becomes an embryogenic residue and its persistance in adult life is unusual. The literature reports some cases of association between Eustachian valve and PFO and is known that the prominent Eustachian valve can represent a way facilitating systemic embolism.Several studies also investigated the role of Eustachian valve in the pathophysiology of both migraine and cerebral embolism. In addiction is known how Eustachian valve may increase the risk of endocarditis, which mostly affects intravenous drug abusers or those with implanted medical devices or central venous catheters. The most commonly identified organism is Staphylococcus aureus (approximately 53% of cases). We present a case of a 46-year-old woman with known migraine. She was hospitalized in Stroke Unit for a cryptogenic stroke with a right-to-left shunt detected with transcranial doppler ultrasound with “bubble test” and a patent foramen ovale with right-to-left shunt with a fenestration of atrial septum and a voluminous Eustachian valve detected with transesophageal echocardiography;she developed fever with a blood cultures positive for methicillin-resis- tant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), even if without evidence of endocarditis vegetations. In summary, the objective of our paper is to present an example of a correlation between the persistence of the Eustachian valve with bothcryptogenetic stroke, possible valve infection and migraine.

Percutaneous Patent Foramen Ovale Closure versus Medical Therapy in Cryptogenic Stroke: An Update Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Objectives: Concerns regarding the real efficacy of transcatheter patent foramen ovale (PFO) closure versus medical therapy in patients with cryptogenic stroke remained unresolved. We performed a meta-analysis using the randomized controlled trials on the efficacy and safety of transcatheter PFO closure in patients with cryptogenic stroke. Methods: Web of Science, EMBASE, PubMed, and the Cochrane Library were searched for relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs). The primary outcome was recurrent stroke and transient-ischemic attack (TIA). Original data, hazard ratio (HR) with 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were abstracted to calculate a pooled effect size. Results: Our meta-analysis showed benefit with device closure when compared with medical therapy with an HR of 0.54 (95% CI: 0.39 - 0.74, P = 0.108) in the intention-to-treat cohort, 0.44 (95% CI: 0.24 - 0.82, P = 0.103) in the per-protocol populations, and 0.43 (95% CI: 0.31 - 0.60, P = 0.019) in the as-treated populations. There was a significantly higher incidence of new-onset atrial fibrillation in PFO closure patients (OR = 4.53, 95% CI: 2.58 - 7.97, P = 0.094). PFO Patients with an atrial septal aneurysm benefit from device closure (OR = 0.39, 95% CI: 0.22 - 0.69, P = 0.053). Patients with a substantial PFO shunt benefit the greatest with device closure with a pooled OR of 0.27 (95% CI: 0.14 - 0.56, P = 0.525). Conclusions: The meta-analysis concluded that PFO closure was associated with significantly lower risk of recurrent stroke in PFO patients with cryptogenic stroke than with medical therapy alone. The benefit of PFO closure was greater in patients with a substantial shunt and atrial septal aneurysm. PFO closure was associated with higher rates of new-onset atrial fibrillation.

Patent foramen ovale closure in non-lacunar cryptogenic ischemic stroke:where are we now?

Patent foram ovale(PFO)is the most common anatomical cause of an interarterial shunt.It is usually asymptomatic but may cause paradoxical embolism and is a risk factor for non-lacunar cryptogenic cerebral ischemia in young adults.Although the first clinical trials did not show a significant superiority of PFO closure in the secondary prevention of cerebral ischemia as compared with standard antithrombotic treatment,six subsequent randomized clinical trials(CLOSURE I,PC Trial,RESPECT,CLOSE,REDUCE,and DEFENSE-PFO)performed in a sample of cryptogenic stroke in patients aged 60 years or younger provided evidence of a significant reduction of recurrent cerebral ischemia after percutaneous PFO closure.However,the use of percutaneous PFO closure cannot be generalized to the entire population of patients with cerebral ischemia and PFO,but it is indicated in highly selected patients with non-lacunar cryptogenic cerebral infarction with a large right-to-left shunt,an atrial septal aneurysm and no evidence of atrial fibrillation,as well as in association with antithrombotic treatment for an optimal secondary prevention of cerebral ischemia.

The Value of c-TCD in the Diagnosis of Migraine and Cryptogenic Stroke Caused by PFO

Objective:To investigate the value of contrast-enhanced transcranial doppler(c-TCD)in the diagnosis of patent foramen ovale(PFO)of patients with migraine and cryptogenic stroke.Methods:A retrospective analysis of 160 patients undergoing c-TCD monitoring in our hospital from June 2014 to June 2019 was performed.Among them,there were 80 cases of patients with migraine(38 cases with aura and 42 cases without aura)in group A,and 80 cases of patients with cryptogenic stroke in group B.The positive detectable rate of PFO in the two groups were calculated and analyzed.Results:The detectable rate was 50.00%in group A,and 40.00%in group B.There was no statistical significance between the two groups(P>0.05).Among them,the detectable rate of PFO in migraine with aura in group A(62.50%)was higher than that in group B(37.50%).The difference was statistically significant(P<0.05);In the two groups of PFO-positive patients,the difference didn’t have statistical significance,comparing the proportion of the inherent type to that of potential type(P>0.05);There was no statistical significance of the difference between the RLS incidence of grade I and that of grade II among two groups of PFO-positive patients(P>0.05);the incidence of RLS in grade III in group B(50.00%)was higher than that in group A(25.00%),and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).Conclusion:c-TCD can accurately screen migraine and cryptogenic stroke caused by PFO,and grade and classify it as a clinical diagnosis of migraine and cryptogenic caused by PFO.It can also act as a objective reference of estimating the effect of treatment in different diseases and preventing cryptogenic stroke.

Logistic Regression Analysis of the Influencing Factors of Cryptogenic Stroke with Positive c-TCD

Objective:To explore the influencing factors and logistic regression characteristics of cryptogenic stroke in patients with positive transcranial doppler bubble test(c-TCD).Methods:A total of 134 cases of cryptogenic stroke that were diagnosed by Tianshui First People's Hospital from November 2018 to April 2020 were selected according to the TOAST(Trial of ORG 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment)classification criteria.According to c-TCD results,there were 70 cases of right to left shunt that were included in the positive group and 64 cases without right to left shunt in the negative group.Gender,age,smoking,diabetes,hypertension,and factors affecting the positive rate of foam were analyzed.According to the abnormal embolism scale scores,logistic regression equation was used to analyze the independent influencing factors.Results:The influencing factors of cryptogenic stroke in patients with positive c-TCD were correlated with age,gender,and abnormal embolism scale scores(p<0.05).For each grade increase in age,the proportion of positive foam test was calculated to be 3.21 times,and the proportion of female to male was calculated to be 2.25 times.For each grade increase in the scores,the proportion of positive foam test was calculated to be 2.55 times.Conclusion:Female,older age,and higher scores in the abnormal embolism scale are the influencing factors for cryptogenic stroke in patients with positive c-TCD.

经颅多普勒发泡试验联合经胸超声心动图声学造影在筛查卵圆孔未闭所致隐源性脑卒中的临床价值

目的探讨经颅多普勒发泡试验(c-TCD)联合经胸超声心动图声学造影(c-TTE)在筛查卵圆孔未闭(PFO)所致隐源性脑卒中(CS)的临床价值。方法169例CS患者均行c-TCD及c-TTE检查,分析c-TCD、c-TTE单独及联合对于PFO及阳性检出情况、对PFO的诊断效能及下右向左分流(RLS)分级情况的作用。结果与c-TCD比较,联合检测的静息阳性率升高(P<0.05),与c-TTE比较,联合检测的静息阳性率及Valsalva阳性率均升高(P<0.05)。联合诊断PFO的灵敏度及特异度均高于c-TCD、c-TTE单独诊断(P<0.05)。与c-TCD比较,联合检测对RLS 0级、I级的检出率降低,对RLSⅡ级、Ⅲ级的检出率升高(P<0.05),与c-TTE比较,联合检测对RLSⅢ级的检出率升高(P<0.05)。结论c-TCD联合c-TTE能够提高CS患者的PFO及PFO-RLS中大量分级的检出率,提高对PFO的诊断效能。

老年卵圆孔未闭相关隐源性卒中研究进展

本文从老年卵圆孔未闭(PFO)相关隐源性卒中的流行病学、病理生理机制、诊断方法、治疗方法和预后等方面展开,就老年PFO相关隐源性卒中研究进展作一述评。PFO在老年人中的检出率较低,但与PFO相关的卒中患病率较高。老年隐源性卒中患者的PFO检出率明显高于已知病因卒中患者。此外,同时患有PFO和其他心脏异常的老年患者发生隐源性卒中的风险更高。老年PFO相关隐源性卒中的诊断首先需要确定卒中是否为血栓性卒中,可通过详细的病史、体格检查和影像学检查来排除其他原因,并通过超声心动图或经颅多普勒超声检查来确认PFO。老年PFO相关隐源性卒中的治疗方法主要包括药物治疗(抗血小板药物、抗凝剂等)和手术干预(经皮介入闭合术、外科闭合术等)。与年轻患者相比,老年患者接受PFO闭合术的治疗效果较差,术后心房扑动、心房颤动等并发症发生率较高。

基于卵圆孔未闭相关右向左分流患者发生隐源性卒中的预测模型构建研究

目的基于卵圆孔未闭相关右向左分流(PFO-RLS)患者发生隐源性卒中(CS)的预测模型构建研究。方法回顾性连续纳入2020年1月—2022年10月在苏州大学附一院神经内科住院的隐源性卒中(CS)患者,经头部磁共振成像检查证实,且行对比增强经颅多普勒和经食道超声心动图明确存在PFO-RLS患者66例纳入CS组,同期住院诊断为PFO-RLS且无卒中的患者83例为非卒中(NCI)组。(1)分析患者临床资料、PFO解剖学特点及PFO-RLS情况。(2)多因素Logistic回归分析PFO-RLS患者发生CS的相关因素。(3)构建联合预测模型,绘制受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线,分析联合预测模型及各指标ROC曲线下面积(AUC),AUC比较采用Delong检验。结果(1)基线资料:CS组收缩压和舒张压、D-二聚体水平更高,且PFO直径更大、PFO隧道更长(均P<0.05)。(2)多因素Logistic回归分析:高血压、D-二聚体升高、PFO直径大、PFO隧道长是PFO-RLS患者发生CS的相关因素,OR(95%CI)分别为4.16(1.31~13.15)、1.01(1.00~1.01)、2.29(1.14~4.61)、1.19(1.03~1.36),均P<0.05。(3)ROC曲线分析:联合预测模型、高血压、D-二聚体、PFO直径及PFO隧道长度的AUC分别为0.79(95%CI 0.71~0.86)、0.64(95%CI0.55~0.73)、0.62(95%CI 0.53~0.71)、0.67(95%CI 0.58~0.75)及0.65(95%CI 0.56~0.74)。Delong检验显示联合预测模型与各指标的AUC差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。该联合预测模型在最佳截断值时,其敏感度0.73,特异度0.76。结论高血压、D-二聚体升高、PFO直径大和PFO隧道长是PFO-RLS患者发生CS的相关因素,联合预测模型具有一定的预测价值。

不明原因缺血性脑卒中潜在危险因素的分析研究

目的分析不明原因缺血性脑卒中的潜在危险因素。方法选取2017年6月至2022年6月江西省抚州市第一人民医院神经内科50例不明原因缺血性脑卒中住院患者作为试验组,并选取同一时期非缺血性脑卒中及既往无脑卒中病史的50例住院患者作为对照组。采用单因素及多因素分析两组患者的一般资料及血液指标与不明原因缺血性脑卒中的关系。结果单因素结果显示,试验组中的年龄、收缩压、体重指数(BMI)、尿酸(UA)、肌酐(SCr)、平均血小板体积(MPV)、大血小板比率(P-LCR)、红细胞体积分布宽度(RDW)均高于对照组,而总胆红素(TBil)低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。多因素分析结果显示,高UA(β=0.005,OR=1.005,95%CI=1.001~1.009)、高SCr(β=0.021,OR=1.021,95%CI=1.005~1.038)、高MPV(β=1.818,OR=6.158,95%CI=2.892~13.113)、高P-LCR(β=0.685,OR=1.983,95%CI=1.459~2.694)、高RDW(β=0.343,OR=1.410,95%CI=1.165~1.705)是不明原因缺血性脑卒中的独立危险因素(P<0.05);高TBil(β=-0.375,OR=0.687,95%CI=0.590~0.802)是不明原因缺血性脑卒中的独立保护因素(P<0.05)。结论UA、SCr、MPV、P-LCR、RDW以及TBil是不明原因缺血性脑卒中的独立影响因素,其中高UA、SCr、MPV、P-LCR、RDW是不明原因缺血性脑卒中的独立危险因素,高TBil是不明原因缺血性脑卒中的独立保护因素。

基于CS 3000的分程控制系统的研究与应用

给出一种CENTU MC S3000集散控制系统中分离信号软件模块的分程控制方案。提出利用该模块的信号分配功能，可以产生一种新型分程控制模式，即不必调整阀门定位器的机电机构就能使送到两个控制阀的输入信号范围均为0％-100％。通过应用软件组态能够实现分程控制。这种方法具有工程实施省时省力、节省资金，控制效果更加准确可靠等优点，克服了传统分程控制参数调整不方便且稳定性较差等缺点。在石油化工企业的釜式间歇反应器温度分程控制和精馏塔塔压分程控制等系统中，有着广泛的应用前景。

Progress in the treatment of elderly patients with patent foramen ovale complicated with cryptogenic stroke

Background The incidence of cryptogenic stroke(CS)accounts for about 25%of ischemic stroke.Current studies have shown that cryptogenic stroke is closely related to patent foramen ovale(PFO).Evaluating the correlation between PFO and CS needs to be combined with multidisciplinary evaluation.Many clinical studies have shown that drug therapy can reduce the risk of ischemic stroke in elderly PFO patients(>60 years old).However,whether elderly PFO patients(>60 years old)can benefit from PFO closure is still controversial.This article reviewed the research progress of drug therapy and PFO closure therapy for cryptogenic stroke associated with PFO in the elderly.[S Chin J Cardiol 2024;25(1):50-56].

卵圆孔未闭的隐源性脑卒中患者临床影像学特点及危险因素分析

目的探讨卵圆孔未闭(PFO)的隐源性脑卒中(CS)患者临床及影像学特点,并探讨其危险因素。方法回顾性分析2020年6月至2023年10月安徽医科大学附属省立医院92例经食道超声心动图(TEE)确诊的PFO患者资料。依据CS诊断结果分为PFO合并CS组(43例)及单纯PFO组(49例)。比较两组一般临床资料及影像学特点,采用多因素logistic回归分析PFO合并CS患者的危险因素。对于PFO合并CS者依据TEE结果分为大尺寸PFO(15例)、小尺寸PFO(28例)及长隧道型PFO(33例)、非长隧道型PFO(10例),分别比较各组间CS的病灶分布、累及的血管、发病严重程度及预后水平。结果PFO合并CS组中,男性、低龄、有高血压病史、有高同型半胱氨酸血症史、大尺寸PFO患者占比高于单纯PFO组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。logistic回归分析显示,大尺寸PFO、高同型半胱氨酸血症是PFO合并CS的危险因素(OR=3.251、6.806)。大尺寸PFO与小尺寸PFO之间CS的病灶分布(P=0.555)、累及的血管(P=1.000)、发病严重程度(Z=-1.362,P=0.174)及预后(Z=-0.513,P=0.611)比较,差异均无统计学意义;长隧道型PFO与非长隧道型PFO上述指标比较,差异均无统计学意义(P=0.355、0.326、0.766、0.457)。结论大尺寸PFO、高同型半胱氨酸血症可能是PFO合并CS的独立危险因素。

卵圆孔未闭相关性隐源性脑卒中的神经影像学特征分析

目的探讨卵圆孔未闭(PFO)相关性隐源性脑卒中的神经影像学特征。方法回顾性分析2021年3月至2022年11月急性缺血性脑卒中住院患者,共筛选出隐源性脑卒中患者101例,根据右心声学造影结果分为PFO(-)卒中组50例与PFO(+)卒中组51例,对比组间临床资料及神经影像学特征。结果PFO(+)卒中组反常栓塞风险评分高于PFO(-)卒中组(t=2.203,P=0.030)。与PFO(-)组相比较,PFO(+)卒中患者脑梗塞病灶数量更多(χ^(2)=6.163,P=0.013),且病灶多为<15mm(χ^(2)=4.738,P=0.030);两组间梗塞灶分布、累及血管的比较均无明显差异(均P>0.05)。结论PFO相关性隐源性脑卒中的神经影像学特征为多发细小梗塞灶,能够作为隐源性脑卒中病因诊断的影像学证据,有助于临床诊疗决策。

老年卵圆孔未闭患者发生隐源性脑卒中的危险因素

目的探讨老年卵圆孔未闭患者发生隐源性脑卒中的危险因素。方法选取2019年1月至2023年12月上饶市人民医院收治的80例卵圆孔未闭老年患者作为研究对象,其中未伴有隐源性脑卒中的40例患者为对照组,伴有隐源性脑卒中的40例患者为观察组,采用单因素分析与多因素logistic回归分析老年卵圆孔未闭患者发生隐源性脑卒中的影响因素。结果单因素分析结果显示,两组的年龄、性别、体重指数、缺血性心脏病、既往脑卒中发作史、饮酒、药物使用情况、总胆固醇、甘油三酯、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、空腹血糖值、合并房间隔瘤、合并高活动度房间隔、合并过长的下腔静脉瓣、合并希阿里氏网、大量右向左分流情况比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);而两组的血管危险因素(高血压、高脂血症、糖尿病、偏头痛、吸烟)、血压水平(舒张压、收缩压)、高半胱氨酸水平、卵圆孔未闭影像学特征(长度、宽度、静息右向左分流)比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,舒张压升高(β=1.471,OR=4.35,95%CI:2.348~8.072)、卵圆孔未闭长度增加(β=1.744,OR=5.72,95%CI:2.429~13.471)、静息右向左分流(β=1.415,OR=4.12,95%CI:1.678~10.102)是老年卵圆孔未闭患者发生隐源性脑卒中的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。结论舒张压升高、卵圆孔未闭长度增加、静息右向左分流是上饶地区老年卵圆孔未闭患者发生隐源性脑卒中的独立危险因素,可通过这些特征对老年卵圆孔未闭患者是否有隐源性脑卒中的发生风险进行识别。

RoPE评分结合c-TTE在隐源性脑卒中患者中的应用价值

目的 探讨反常性栓塞量表(RoPE)评分结合右心声学造影(c-TTE)在隐源性脑卒中(CS)患者中的应用价值。方法 选取并分析我院神经内科收治的151例CS患者的临床特征及超声心动图资料,根据c-TTE结果分为阳性组、阴性组,比较两组患者的一般资料和影像学特点,根据RoPE量表对c-TTE阳性患者进行评分,记录c-TTE在静息状态下及标准化Valsalva动作下右向左分流(RLS)的分级情况,评估RoPE评分与RLS分级的相关性。结果 c-TTE阳性组和阴性组的CS患者在年龄、糖尿病、卒中史、RoPE评分方面差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。RoPE评分与RLS分流程度呈正相关(r=0.383,P<0.01)。结论 RoPE评分联合c-TTE可用于国内CS病因的筛查。

Ischemic Stroke Due to Paradoxical Embolism in a Patient with Patent Foramen Ovale, Bilateral Distal Deep Vein Thrombosis and Platypnea-Orthodeoxia Syndrome: A Case Report

Patent foramen ovale (PFO) is a common congenital cardiac defect. It is usually asymptomatic, but it can be associated with relevant clinical manifestations such as cryptogenic stroke and platypnea-orthodeoxia syndrome. We present the case of a patient with hemodynamically significant carotid artery stenosis who underwent endarterectomy for a transient ischemic attack (TIA). After surgery, the patient presented an ischemic stroke due to M2 occlusion treated with mechanical thrombectomy. During hospitalization, a distal bilateral deep vein thrombosis was found. The patient developed respiratory failure due to a massive right-to-left shunt through a large PFO (platypnea-orthodeoxia syndrome). These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the TIA and the subsequential ischemic stroke were related to paradoxical embolism rather than atherothromboembolism. The aim of our case report is to raise awareness of the possible complications of such a common finding as PFO.

右心声学造影与经颅多普勒发泡试验诊断隐源性卒中患者卵圆孔未闭的对比研究

目的对比右心声学造影(c-TTE)与经颅多普勒发泡试验(c-TCD)对隐源性卒中患者卵圆孔未闭(PFO)的诊断价值。方法选取在我院诊治的隐源性卒中患者102例,均行c-TCD、c-TTE、经食管超声心动图(TEE)检查,以TEE为诊断金标准,绘制受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线分析c-TTE、c-TCD对隐源性卒中患者PFO的诊断效能;比较c-TTE与c-TCD对PFO右向左分流半定量分级及检出率。结果TEE检查证实102例隐源性卒中患者中发生PFO 44例。ROC曲线分析显示,c-TCD、c-TTE诊断隐源性卒中患者PFO的曲线下面积(AUC)分别为0.823、0.951;c-TCD诊断隐源性卒中患者PFO的灵敏度、特异度、准确率分别为81.82%、82.76%、82.35%,低于c-TTE(95.45%、94.83%、95.10%),差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。c-TCD对PFO右向左分流半定量分级低于c-TTE,对PFO右向左分流的检出率(70.45%)低于c-TTE(90.91%),差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.01)。结论与c-TCD相比,c-TTE对隐源性卒中患者PFO具有更高的诊断价值,且对PFO右向左分流半定量分级程度和检出率均更高。

合并肺水平右向左分流的隐源性缺血性脑卒中患者的临床分析

目的 分析合并肺水平右向左分流的隐源性缺血性脑卒中患者的临床特征。方法 对2019年5月至2022年6月就诊于河南科技大学第一附属医院神经内科的经增强经食道超声心动图证实合并肺水平右向左分流的24例隐源性缺血性卒中患者的临床表现、反常性栓塞风险评分(RoPE)、头颅MRI、增强TCD、增强经胸超声心动图、增强经食道超声心动图、肺血管成像特点、治疗经过、预后进行分析。结果 入组的24例患者中男∶女为11∶13,年龄(46.04±11.52)岁,RoPE评分(6.42±1.32)分。头颅MRI提示急性梗死单累及前循环10例(41.67%)、单累及后循环10例(41.67%)、前后循环均受累1例(4.17%);单发病灶7例(29.17%)、多发病灶14例(58.33%);小病灶16例(66.67%)、中等病灶4例(16.67%),大病灶1例(4.17%)。增强经食道超声心动图1级9例(37.50%)、2级5例(20.83%)、3级10例(41.67%);在经食道彩超下可见微泡来自右下肺静脉2例(8.33%)、左上肺经脉19例(79.17%)、左上下静脉2例(8.33%)、双侧肺静脉1例(4.17%)。24例患者中经胸部CT肺血管成像证实有3例患者存在肺动静脉瘘右向左分流。其中3例就诊时间在时间窗内的患者均给予了静脉溶栓治疗,预后良好。3例确诊肺动静脉瘘患者中1例行介入栓塞治疗,另外两例行抗凝治疗,随访6~15个月均无复发。结论 合并肺水平右向左分流的隐源性缺血性脑卒中临床表现及头颅影像无特异性;肺动静脉瘘所致的脑梗死增强TCD特点为快速出现的大量、持续分流,Valsalva动作后分流特点无明显变化,其在时间窗内可行静脉溶栓治疗。