Recent Advances in Interface Modification of Cu/graphite Composites and Layered Ternary Carbides of Modified Layer Candidate

We review the fundamental properties and significant issues related to Cu/graphite composites.In particular,recent research on the interfacial modification of Cu/graphite composites is addressed,including the metal-modified layer,carbide-modified layer,and combined modified layer.Additionally,we propose the use of ternary layered carbide as an interface modification layer for Cu/graphite composites.

Microstructure and properties of Cu matrix composites reinforced with surface-modified Kovar particles

The thermal conductivity of Cu/Kovar composites was improved by suppressing element diffusion at the interfaces through the formation of FeWO_(4)coating on the Kovar particles via vacuum deposition.Cu matrix composites reinforced with unmodified(Cu/Kovar)and modified Kovar(Cu/Kovar@)particles were prepared by hot pressing.The results demonstrate that the interfaces of Cu/FeWO_(4)and FeWO_(4)/Kovar in the Cu/Kovar@composites exhibit strong bonding,and no secondary phase is generated.The presence of FeWO_(4)impedes interfacial diffusion within the composite,resulting in an increase in grain size and a decrease in dislocation density.After surface modification of the Kovar particle,the thermal conductivity of Cu/Kovar@composite is increased by 110%from 40.6 to 85.6 W·m^(-1)·K^(-1).Moreover,the thermal expansion coefficient of the Cu/Kovar@composite is 9.8×10^(-6)K^(-1),meeting the electronic packaging requirements.

粉末锻造Al_(2)O_(3)颗粒增强Fe–Ni–Mo–C–Cu复合材料的组织与性能

通过粉末锻造技术制备了不同含量微米级Al_(2)O_(3)颗粒强化的Fe–Ni–Mo–C–Cu(Q61)复合材料,并对调质态和淬火态复合材料的组织和性能进行了研究。结果表明:当Al_(2)O_(3)质量分数为0.15%时,增强颗粒在基体内分布均匀;相较于同种状态下不添加增强颗粒的单一Q61,调质态复合材料的硬度从HRC 38增至HRC 39.8,屈服强度从1106 MPa增至1121 MPa,延伸率从12%降至6.5%;淬火态复合材料的硬度从HRC 61.5增至HRC 63.2,磨损率从5.27×10^(-6)mm^(3)·m^(-1)·N^(-1)降至3.08×10^(-6)mm^(3)·m^(-1)·N^(-1),低于对比试验用的典型齿轮材料40Cr的磨损率(3.34×10^(-6)mm^(3)·m^(-1)·N^(-1))。当Al_(2)O_(3)质量分数大于0.15%时,Al_(2)O_(3)颗粒逐渐偏聚,虽然调质态下复合材料屈服强度仍继续小幅增加,但塑性严重退化,且淬火态复合材料磨损率增加,耐磨性变差。综合来看,添加0.15%Al_(2)O_(3)颗粒强化Q61复合材料在调质态下具有较高的综合力学性能,而在淬火态下表现出良好的抗摩擦磨损能力。

强流脉冲电子束作用下Cu表面合金化Mo研究

钼(Mo)与铜(Cu)之间属于二元互不固溶体系,然而结合了Mo的高温硬度和强度以及Cu的导电导热等优异性能的Cu-Mo复合材料却在电触头、散热元件等领域有着重要的应用。存在的问题是Cu-Mo之间的固溶度极低,难以实现合金化,从而极大地限制了Cu-Mo复合材料优异性能的发挥。该研究尝试采用强流脉冲电子束(HCPEB)技术实现Cu-Mo互不固溶体系的合金化,从而达到改善材料表面力学性能的目的。利用HCPEB辐照预制Mo涂层粉的Cu基体进行辐照,研究不同脉冲次数对样品固溶度、相结构和表面硬度的影响。结果表明,HCPEB辐照可以有效提高Cu-Mo互不固溶体系的固溶度,15次辐照后,Mo在Cu基体中的固溶度达到最高;随辐照次数增加,Cu(Mo)固溶体受热脱溶影响导致合金层中的固溶度反而有所降低。微观结构图像显示,15次HCPEB辐照后样品表层中可观察到大量的球形以及摩尔形态的Mo颗粒;当辐照次数增加到35次后,Mo颗粒大多倾向于分布在晶体缺陷处,且脱溶析出的Mo颗粒与基体存在一定的取向关系。性能测试结果表明,HCPEB合金化处理后Cu(Mo)合金化表层的硬度与辐照次数呈统一变化趋势,即随辐照次数增加显著提升,固溶强化、位错强化和弥散强化机制的共同作用是合金化表层性能改善的原因之所在。

Investigation on the Novel High-performance Copper/Graphene Composite Conductor for High Power Density Motor

High-performance Cu/Graphene composite wire synergistically strengthened by nano Cr_(3)C_(2) phase was directly synthesized via hot press sintering followed by severe cold plastic deformation, using liquid paraffin and CuCr alloy powder as the raw materials. Since graphene is in situ formed under the catalysis of copper powder during the sintering process, the problem that graphene is easy to agglomerate and difficult to disperse uniformly in the copper matrix has been solved. The nano Cr_(3)C_(2)-particles nailed at the interface favor to improve the interface bonding. The Cu/Graphene composite possesses high electrical conductivity, hardness, and plasticity. The composite wire exhibits high electrical conductivity of 96.93% IACS, great tensile strength of 488MPa, and excellent resistance to softening. Even after annealing at 400℃ for 1 h, the tensile strength can still reach 268 MPa with a conductivity of about 99.14% IACS.The wire's temperature coefficient of resistance(TCR) is largely reduced to 0.0035/℃ due to the complex structure,which leads the wire to present low resistivity at higher temperatures. Such Cu/Graphene composite wire with excellent comprehensive performance has a good application prospect in high-power density motors.

Hydrogen production performance of the non⁃platinum⁃based MoS_(2)/CuS cathode in microbial electrolytic cells

MoS_(2)/CuS composite catalysts were successfully synthesized using a one-step hydrothermal method with sodium molybdate dihydrate,thiourea,oxalic acid,and copper nitrate trihydrate as raw materials.The hydrogen pro-duction performance of MoS_(2)/CuS prepared with different molar ratios of Mo to Cu precursors(n_(Mo)∶n_(Cu))as cathodic catalysts was investigated in the two-chamber microbial electrolytic cell(MEC).X-ray diffraction(XRD),X-ray pho-toelectron spectroscopy(XPS),scanning electron microscopy(SEM),transmission electron microscope(TEM),linear scanning voltammetry(LSV),electrochemical impedance analysis(EIS),and cyclic voltammetry(CV)were used to characterize the synthesized catalysts for testing and analyzing the hydrogen-producing performance.The results showed that the hydrogen evolution performance of MoS_(2)/CuS-20%(nMo∶nCu=5∶1)was better than that of platinum(Pt)mesh,and the hydrogen production rate of MoS_(2)/CuS-20%as a cathode in MEC was(0.2031±0.0237)m^(3)_(H_(2))·m^(-3)·d^(-1) for 72 h at an applied voltage of 0.8 V,which was slightly higher than that of Pt mesh of(0.1886±0.0134)m^(3)_(H_(2))·m^(-3)·d^(-1).The addition of a certain amount of CuS not only regulates the electron transfer ability of MoS_(2) but also increases the density of active sites.

Mo-Cu复合材料的电化学分离及钼酸钠制备

针对钼铜复合材料中钼铜的分离回收,提出了一种电化学溶解分离的方法,并制备得到高纯度的二水合钼酸钠。系统研究了工艺参数对整个钼铜复合材料电溶解过程的影响和二水合钼酸钠的制备与纯化。研究结果表明:阴极电流密度450 A/m^(2)、极间距2 cm、NaOH初始浓度60 g/L时钼电溶解效果最好,7 d溶解率约90%。超声对钼电溶解无明显促进作用,但是能加速阳极原料中铜粉的脱落。电解母液通过蒸发结晶,并对晶体采用无水乙醇洗涤和重结晶的纯化工艺,可最终获得纯度达98.8%的二水合钼酸钠结晶,每公斤原料生产二水合钼酸钠约1.6 kg,满足工业标准。对比直接售卖钼铜复合废料,电化学回收废料毛利润约增加12.3万元/t。

Morphology and Frictional Characteristics Under Electrical Currents of Al_2O_3/Cu Composites Prepared by Internal Oxidation

Two Al2O3/Cu composites containing 0.24 wt.% Al2O3 and 0.60 wt.% Al2O3 separately are prepared by internal oxidation. Effects of sliding speed and pressure on the frictional characteristics of the composites and copper against brass are investigated and compared. The changes in morphology of the sliding surface and subsurface are examined with scanning electron microscope （SEM） and energy dispersive X-ray spectrum （EDS）. The results show that the wear resistance of the Al2O3/Cu composites is superior to that of copper under the same conditions, Under a given electrical current, the wear rate of Al2O3/Cu composites decreases as the Al2O3-content increases, However, the wear rates of the Al2O3/Cu composites and copper increase as the sliding speed and pressure increase under dry sliding condition. The main wear mechanisms for Al2O3/Cu composites are of abrasion and adhesion; for copper, it is adhesion, although wear by oxidation and electrical erosion can also be observed as the speed and pressure rise.

Properties and microstructure of Cu/diamond composites prepared by spark plasma sintering method

Cu/diamond composites have been considered as the next generation of thermal management material for electronic packages and heat sinks applications. Cu/diamond composites with different volume fractions of diamond were successfully prepared by spark plasma sintering（SPS） method. The sintering temperatures and volume fractions（50%, 60% and 70%） of diamond were changed to investigate their effects on the relative density, homogeneity of the microstructure and thermal conductivity of the composites. The results show that the relative density, homogeneity of the microstructure and thermal conductivity of the composites increase with decreasing the diamond volume fraction; the relative density and thermal conductivity of the composites increase with increasing the sintering temperature. The thermal conductivity of the composites is a result of the combined effect of the volume fraction of diamond, the homogeneity and relative density of the composites.

三维互穿结构Cu-W触头抗熔焊机理

触头闭合回跳电弧引起的开关电器动熔焊问题,直接影响大功率接触器的电寿命和可靠性。为此设计了2种三维互穿有序结构的四边形和菱形十二面体的Cu-W复合材料触头,围绕触头动熔焊过程中的电弧、熔池、液滴溅射及凝固相变降温等问题,建立触头熔池流体动力学模型和冷凝降温数学模型,研究了2种有序结构和商用无序结构的触头阳极在闭合回跳电弧作用下熔化温度分布、熔池喷溅形貌和接触区域金属凝固过程,通过模拟熔焊实验平台进行了熔焊力验证。结果表明,通过调节三维互穿有序W骨架结构,能够有效抑制熔池扩散和液态金属喷溅,并降低熔焊力,从而提高Cu-W复合材料的抗熔焊性能。

时效处理对Cu-Y_(2)O_(3)-Ti复合材料组织及性能的影响

以Cu、Y、Ti和CuO粉末为原料,采用机械合金化(MA)和热还原的方法制备了Cu-Y_(2)O_(3)-Ti复合粉末。然后经放电等离子烧结(SPS)技术制备了Cu-Y_(2)O_(3)-Ti复合材料,并对材料进行了900℃固溶1 h和不同温度时效2 h的处理。采用光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、能谱仪(EDS)、拉伸试验和导电率测量仪等研究了不同温度时效处理对Cu-Y_(2)O_(3)-Ti复合材料组织及性能的影响。结果表明:随着时效温度的升高,Cu-Y_(2)O_(3)-Ti复合材料的晶粒和第二相尺寸增大,导电率降低,最大应变和抗拉强度先增大后减小。Cu-Y_(2)O_(3)-Ti复合材料经900℃固溶1 h+400℃时效2 h后,综合性能最优,其具有良好塑性的同时,抗拉强度和导电率分别达到326.4 MPa和73.0%IACS。

Cu-Mo/C催化油酸甲酯选择性加氢脱氧制备生物柴油

使用四水合钼酸铵和三水合硝酸铜制备了Cu-Mo/C,并将其用作油酸甲酯选择性加氢脱氧反应的催化剂。利用X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和电子顺磁共振波谱(EPR)对催化剂进行表征,并探讨了Cu-Mo/C催化油酸甲酯制备生物柴油的较佳工艺和Cu-Mo/C的催化性能。研究结果显示:Cu的加入促进了Mo/C催化剂的形成,催化剂中的Mo_(2) C组分和MoO_(2)组分共同作用,MoO_(2)组分中的氧空位可以优先吸附底物中的C=O键,随后Mo_(2) C组分对其进行加氢脱氧,避免了C=C键发生加氢反应,实现了高催化活性和不饱和烃选择性加氢脱氧的优异性能。在反应温度280℃,氢气压力2.5 MPa,反应时间3 h的条件下油酸甲酯转化率达到98.8%,不饱和烃选择性为40.2%。Cu-Mo_(10)/C催化活性与贵金属Pd和商业催化剂Mo/C相当,但不饱和烃选择性更高,且具有良好的稳定性。

晶粒尺寸对界面含Cr-O-C防黏层Cu/Ni复合体拉伸性能的影响

通过分子动力学方法研究含Cr-O-C防黏层的具有不同晶粒尺寸的Cu/Ni复合体的拉伸变形。结果表明:当Cu/Ni复合体的晶粒尺寸大于12 nm时,不论界面不含Cr、O和C原子或含有定量Cr、O和C原子,复合体的屈服强度随着晶粒尺寸的减小呈现增大趋势,符合细晶强化规律,晶粒塑性变形主要受晶体内部的位错滑移控制,最大应力增加9.52%;当晶粒尺寸小于12 nm时,由于晶界所占比例的增加,拉伸过程的塑性变形更多受晶界变形控制,屈服强度下降。Cr-O-C界面弱化了Cu/Ni复合体的强度,随着界面上Cr、O和C原子数量的增加,Cu/Ni复合体的抗拉强度随之降低,最大应力下降56.40%,Cu/Ni复合体内部的位错数量也随之降低,转移到Ni表面的Cu原子数量随之减少。

Reaction thermodynamics and kinetics on in situ Al_2O_3/Cu composites

The preferred internal oxidation of aluminum in Cu Al alloy was used to obtain in situ Al 2O 3/Cu composites. The reinforcement particles were mainly γ Al 2O 3, some θ Al 2O 3 and a little α Al 2O 3. Thermodynamics analyses show that the chemical reactions are 3Cu 2O+2Al=6Cu+Al 2O 3 or 3CuO+2Al=3Cu+Al 2O 3. A related equilibrium diagram was drawn. The experiments and investigation show that the formation rate of Al 2O 3 was controlled by the diffusion of oxygen in matrix.

Effect of Ni-coated MoS2 on microstructure and tribological properties of(Cu−10Sn)-based composites

The(Cu−10Sn)−Ni−MoS2 composites,prepared by powder metallurgy,were studied for the effects of Ni-coated MoS2 on the microstructure,mechanical properties and lubricating properties.The mechanism of effects of Ni and MoS2 on the properties of composites was analyzed through a comparative experiment by adding Ni and MoS2 separately.The results show that the nickel wrapping around the MoS2 particles decreases the reaction rate of MoS2 with the copper matrix,and greatly improves the bonding of the matrix.The composites with 12 wt.%Ni-coated MoS2(C12)show the optimum performance including the mechanical properties and tribological behaviors.Under oil lubrication conditions,the friction coefficient is 0.0075 with a pressure of 8 MPa and a linear velocity of 0.25 m/s.The average dry friction coefficient,sliding against 40Cr steel disc,is measured to be 0.1769 when the linear velocity and pressure are 0.25 m/s and 4 MPa,respectively.

Low-temperature heat conduction characteristics of diamond/Cu composite by pressure infiltration method

In this paper,diamond/CuCr and diamond/CuB composites were prepared using the pressure infiltration method.The physical property measurement system(PPMS)was adopted to evaluate the thermal conductivity of diamond/Cu and MoCu composites within the range of100–350 K,and a scanning electron microscope(SEM)was utilized to analyze the microstructure and fracture appearance of the materials.The research indicates that the thermal conductivity of diamond/Cu composite within the range of100–350 K is 2.5–3.0 times that of the existing MoCu material,and the low-temperature thermal conductivity of diamond/Cu composite presents an exponential relationship with the temperature.If B element was added to a Cu matrix and a low-temperature binder was used for prefabricated elements,favorable interfacial adhesion,relatively high interfacial thermal conductivity,and favorable low-temperature heat conduction characteristics would be apparent.

Mechanical properties and expansion coefficient of Mo-Cu composites with different Ni contents

Mo-Cu composites were fabricated by powder metallurgy with addition of various Ni contents.The effect of Ni contents on mechanical and thermal properties of Mo-Cu composites was investigated.The results show that mechanical and thermal properties of Mo-Cu composites are greatly affected by the addition of Ni contents.The composite powders with Ni addition exhibits high sinterability.The sintering temperature is greatly decreased and the comprehensive properties of Mo-Cu composites are obviously improved.Mo-Cu composites with a content of 1.5 wt.% Ni have relative density 99.2%,bending strength 1057.9 MPa,hardness 72.5 HRA,electronic resistivity 1.28×10^(-7)Ω·m^(-1),thermal conductivity 139 W.m^(-1).K^(-1),and lower coefficient of thermal expansion 7.4×10^(-6)K^(-1).Mo-Cu composites have homogeneous and fine microstructure.The fracture mechanism is ductile fracture.

Novel-structured Mo-Cu-Fe-O composite for catalytic air oxidation of dye-containing wastewater under ambient temperature and pressure

A novel‐structured Mo‐Cu‐Fe‐O composite was successfully prepared by co‐precipitation and impregnation method.The properties of the as‐prepared samples were determined using X‐ray diffraction,temperature‐programmed reduction by H2,cyclic voltammetry,and temperature‐programmed desorption by O2.The results showed that Mo6+diffused into the Cu‐Fe‐O crystal lattice and then formed a new crystalline phase of CuMoO4.The Mo‐Cu‐Fe‐O catalyst had redox properties,and its surface contained active sites for oxygen adsorption.In addition,the catalytic activity of the Mo‐Cu‐Fe‐O composite was evaluated by the degradation of Cationic Red GTL,Crystal Violet,and Acid Red in catalytic wet air oxidation(CWAO)at ambient temperature and pressure.The Mo‐Cu‐Fe‐O catalyst showed excellent activity at basic conditions for the degradation of Cationic Red GTL.High removal efficiencies of91.5%and92.8%were achieved for Cationic Red GTL and Crystal Violet,respectively,in wastewater,and the efficiency remained high after seven cycles.However,almost no degradation of Acid Red occurred in the CWAO process.Furthermore,hydroxyl radicals were formed in the CWAO process,which induced the decomposition of the two cationic dyes in wastewater,and the toxicity of their effluents was decreased after degradation.The results indicate that the Mo‐Cu‐Fe‐O composite shows excellent catalytic activity for the treatment of wastewater contaminated with cationic dyes.

电沉积制备Cu-Ni-Mo三元电极及其析氢性能

目的制备一种在碱性溶液中具有高效、低成本等优点的铜基析氢阴极材料。方法在35℃下采用直流电沉积法,在泡沫镍(NF)表面分别沉积Cu-Ni、Cu-Ni-Mo镀层,制备Cu-Ni/NF、Cu-Ni-Mo/NF析氢电极。利用X射线衍射分析仪(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)和能谱仪(EDS)表征电极的表面形貌、结构元素含量及物相。通过电化学阻抗技术(EIS)、线性扫描伏安法(LSV)、循环伏安法(CV)测定电极的析氢性能和催化活性。结果经Mo掺杂后,Mo在Cu-Ni-Mo三元合金中以置换型固溶体的形式存在,与二元镀层相比,增大了镀层的晶格常数。Cu-Ni-Mo/NF三元电极在电流密度10 mV/cm^(2)下,过电位仅为116 mV,塔费尔斜率为104 mV/dec,电荷转移电阻为15.34Ω,电化学活性比表面积(ECSA)为22.33,相较于Cu-Ni/NF二元电极,分别降低了68 mV、27 mV/dec、15.48Ω,ECSA值提高了7.95,且循环稳定性较好。结论引入第3种元素Mo,改变了Cu-Ni二元电极的镀层形貌,使晶粒细化,表现为微粒紧密堆积而成的球胞状结构,从而提升了电极材料的比表面积,为析氢反应提供了更多的活性位点,有助于提高析氢反应效率。由于三金属间的协同作用,与Cu-Ni二元电极相比,Cu-Ni-Mo三元电极显示出更优异的析氢催化性能。

Microstructure and thermal and electric conductivities of high dense Mo/Cu composites

For electronic packaging applications, Mo/Cu composites with volume fractions of 55%, 60% and 67% Mo were fabricated by the patented squeeze-casting technology. The microstructures and thermal and electric conduction properties of the Mo/Cu composites were investigated. The results show that Mo particles are homogeneous and uniform, and the Mo-Cu interfaces are clean and free from interfacial reaction products and amorphous layers; the densifications of the Mo/Cu composites are higher than 99%. The thermal conductivities of Mo/Cu composites range from 220 to 270W/(m·℃) and decrease with an increase in volume fraction of Mo content. The thermal conductivities agree well with the predicted values of theoretical models. The electric conductivities of Mo/Cu composites are in the range of 2228MS/m and decrease with the increase of Mo content. The achievement of higher thermal and electric conduction is attributed to the full densities and high purity Mo/Cu composites, which are attained through the cost-effective squeeze-casting technology processes.