Damage characteristics of Cu−Cr−Zr alloy rail of electromagnetic railgun after simulated launch

The damage characteristics of different speed sections of Cu−Cr−Zr alloy rail after simulated launch were studied.The microstructure,morphologies and properties of samples were investigated by using XRD,XPS,EBSD,SEM,hardness test,electrochemical test and DSC techniques.It was found that deposition layers were formed on the surfaces of the simulated launch samples.The thickness and surface roughness of these deposition layers increased with increasing the heat effect,suggesting a launch speed dependent damage degree of the arc ablation.The hardness variation of samples is attributed to the effects of the deposition layer and deformation hardening.The surface deposition layer affects corrosion resistance and crystalline characteristics,leading to changes in subsequent service performances.Additionally,the surface texture and plastic deformation ability of the samples are related to the recrystallization degree and deformation grain amount.

Microstructure and properties of rare earth-containing Cu-Cr-Zr alloy

Cu-0.81Cr-0.12Zr-0.05La-0.05Y(mass fraction) alloy was successively subjected to hot rolling, solid solution treatment, cold rolling and aging treatments. Its microstructure, microhardness and electrical conductivity at different states were systematically investigated. The as-cast microstructure consists of three phases: Cu matrix, Cr and Cu5 Zr. Zr is completely dissolved into the matrix while partial Cr remains after the solid solution treatment. Aging of the cold-rolled sample makes nanocrystals of Cr and Cu5 Zr precipitate from the matrix, and the microhardness and electrical conductivity rise. A combination of high microhardness(HV 186) and high conductivity(81% IACS) can be obtained by aging the sample at 773 K for 60 min. As the aging temperature increases, the orientation degree of the Cu crystals gradually decreases to zero, but the microstrain in them cannot be eliminated completely owing to the presence of precipitates and dislocations. The Cr precipitates exhibit the N-W orientation relationship with the matrix when the coherence strengthening mechanism plays a main role.

Analysis of phase in Cu-15%Cr-0.24%Zr alloy

The vacuum medium-frequency induction melting technology was employed to prepare the Cu-15%Cr-0.24%Zr alloy. The scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, energy dispersive spectroscopy （EDS）, transmission electron microscopy （TEM） and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy （HRTEM） were used to analyze the phase composition, morphology and structure of the alloy. The results reveal that the as-cast structure of the alloy consists of Cu matrix, Cr dendrite, eutectic Cr and Zr-rich phase. A large number of Cr-precipitated phases occur in the Cu matrix, and Cu5Zr particles can be found in the grain boundary of Cu matrix. The HRTEM images prove that there is a semi-coherent relationship between Cu5Zr and Cu matrix.

Electrical and mechanical properties of Cu-Cr-Zr alloy aged under imposed direct continuous current

The Cu-Cr-Zr alloys were aged at different temperatures for different time with different current densities. The results show that both the electrical conductivity and hardness are greatly improved after being aged with current at a proper temperature. The electrical conductivity increases approximately linearly with increasing current density while the hardness remains constant. The microstructure observation reveals that a much higher density of dislocations and nanosized Cr precipitates appear after the imposition of current, which contributes to the higher electrical conductivity and hardness. The mechanism is related with three factors： 1） Joule heating due to the current, 2） migration of mass electrons, 3） solute atoms, vacancies, and dislocations promoted by electron wind force.

微量Te对Cu-Cr-Zr合金组织及性能的影响

采用SEM、EDS等微观表征以及显微硬度和导电性能检测手段,研究了Te含量对Cu-Cr-Zr-Te合金铸态组织及性能的影响。结果表明:随着Te含量的增加,铸态Cu-Cr-Zr-Te合金的硬度呈逐渐升高的的趋势,但导电性能基本趋于稳定状态,热锻处理后合金的硬度和导电率都有所上升。铸态Cu-Cr-Zr-Te合金中低含量Te与Zr结合力较强易形成CuZrTe化合物,提升Te含量倾向于形成CuCrTe化合物;合金经900℃/4h的保温、热锻处理后,CuCrTe化合物分解为富Te相和富Cr相造成基体中Te元素的贫化,导致元素Te与元素Cr的相对比例减小而形成CuZrTe化合物。

复杂多组元Cu-Cr-Zr-Ni-Si-Co-Zn合金时效析出动力学研究

Cu-Cr-Zr及Cu-Ni-Si合金均为性能优异的引线框架材料,但二者性能均存在局限性。Cu-Cr-Zr合金具有优异的导电性能,但其强度偏低;Cu-Ni-Si合金具有极高的强度,但其导电性能一般。如果结合二者的优点,并通过后续工艺对其组织进行调控,则是制备高强高导铜合金的一条新路径。实验通过真空感应熔炼的方法制备了复杂多组元Cu-0.746Cr-0.217Zr-0.605Ni-0.109Si-0.177Co-0.085Zn(质量分数)合金,对其进行了不同工艺条件的固溶处理,并研究了不同固溶工艺条件下,合金时效过程中电导率及硬度的演化规律。结果表明:合金经1010℃×1.5 h固溶处理后,时效过程在500℃×3 h时,可获得较优异的综合性能,此时合金的硬度为HV 142.83,电导率为60.00%IACS。此外,根据Avrami经验方程描述了合金的时效析出过程,发现不同固溶工艺的合金在时效过程中,析出速率均随时效温度的提高而提高。

预时效工艺对Cu-Cr-Zr合金力学性能和电学性能的影响

高强高导铜合金经过塑性加工后通常具有高强度,但会严重损失塑性。因此,需要开发新工艺,从而不断提升铜合金的力学性能和电学性能。对固溶态Cu-0.7Cr-0.19Zr合金进行冷轧处理(样品SR),分别采用低温预时效、高温单级时效、低温预时效结合高温时效3种不同的处理工艺制备样品,样品分别命名为SRP, SRA和SRPA。对4种样品的微观组织、强度、塑性和导电率进行了测试。结果表明,时效处理并未造成明显再结晶,保留了超细晶结构及高密度位错。与样品SR相比,单级时效与双级时效均可促成力学与电学性能的综合提升,而双级时效比单级时效更加有效。对样品的强度、塑性和导电率的影响进行了分析。

离心铸造Cu-Cr-Zr-Mg合金中纳米铬相形成过程的研究

利用真空熔炼+离心铸造技术制备出了凝固组织中含大量2.5~5 nm颗粒状和间距为0.6~1.2 nm条纹状的单质铬相的Cu-0.43Cr-0.22Zr-0.092Mg(wt%)合金。针对纳米级单质铬相形成原因不清楚的问题,借助SEM、XRD、TEM和HRTEM(高分辨率透射电镜)对合金的铸态显微组织进行观察分析,计算了铬相临界晶核半径,研究了单质铬相形核与生长过程。结果表明,Cu-0.43Cr-0.22Zr-0.092Mg(wt%)合金熔体在离心力作用下首先产生铬的偏聚,为铬相形核创造了条件。铬相形核后,在离心力作用下,铬相晶核向贫铬区域移动过程中略有长大,进入贫铬区域后长大基本停止,最后得到几个纳米尺寸的单质铬相。

Cu-Zr-Cr合金热变形行为及微观组织研究

目的探究应变速率、变形温度及Cr含量对Cu-Zr-Cr合金组织与性能的影响。方法采用真空熔炼法制备了Cu-0.3Zr-0.05Cr和Cu-0.3Zr-0.15Cr合金。热锻后,使用Gleeble-1500型热模拟试验机分别对2种合金在温度为750~900℃、反应速率为0.003~1 s^(−1)的条件下进行热压缩实验。绘制了2种合金在不同热变形条件下的真应力-真应变曲线,建立了本构方程,绘制了Cu-0.3Zr-0.15Cr合金的热加工图,观察并分析了合金的微观组织。对温度850℃、应变速率1 s^(−1)条件下热压缩Cu-0.3Zr-0.15Cr合金进行了TEM观察。结果流变应力随变形温度的升高而降低,随应变速率的增大而增大。Cu-0.3Zr-0.05Cr和Cu-0.3Zr-0.15Cr合金的热激活能分别为488.9 kJ/mol和491.3 kJ/mol,确定了Cu-0.3Zr-0.15Cr合金的最佳加工区域。当Cu-0.3Zr-0.05Cr和Cu-0.3Zr-0.15Cr合金在850℃、应变速率1 s^(−1)下进行热压缩实验时,垂直于压缩方向的晶粒尺寸分别为25μm和21.4μm。Cu-0.3Zr-0.15Cr合金中存在2种析出相,分别为细小Cr析出相和粗大未溶解的Cu5Zr相,尺寸分别约为10 nm和840 nm。结论Cu-Zr-Cr合金在850℃、应变速率为1 s^(−1)的条件下进行热变形时具有较好的晶粒细化效果,Cr元素的增加会细化晶粒并且提高合金的热激活能,改善合金的热加工性能。

微合金化Cu-Cr-Zr合金时效析出动力学研究

目的为制定更加合理的时效工艺和制备高性能Cu-Cr-Zr合金,探究微合金化元素Ni、Si的添加对Cu-Cr-Zr合金时效析出动力学的影响。方法在Cu-Cr-Zr合金的基础上设计制备了Cu-Cr-Zr-Ni-Si合金,通过电导率仪测量2种合金在相同形变热处理工艺下电学性能的变化并结合微观组织观察,根据合金电导率与新相转变率的关系对合金的时效析出动力学过程进行研究,绘制等温析出动力学S曲线。结果在实验设置的时效温度下,2种合金的电导率都随着时效时间的延长而升高,且时效初期电导率提升迅速,后期平缓。由拟合得到的析出动力学方程可知,2种合金的等温析出动力学S曲线较为接近。当时效温度为400℃和450℃时,Cu-Cr-Zr-Ni-Si合金的析出动力学曲线高于Cu-Cr-Zr合金的析出动力学曲线。结论在400~500℃下进行时效时,Cu-Cr-Zr合金时效析出动力学过程随温度的升高而加快。当时效温度为400℃和450℃时,微量Ni、Si元素的加入加快了Cu-Cr-Zr合金的时效析出动力学过程。

Effects of minor Sc and Zr additions on mechanical properties and microstructure evolution of Al−Zn−Mg−Cu alloys

The effects of minor Sc and Zr additions on the mechanical properties and microstructure evolution of Al Zn Mg Cu alloys were studied using tensile tests, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The ultimate tensile strength of the peak-aged Al Zn Mg Cu alloy is improved by about 105 MPa with the addition of 0.10% Zr. An increase of about 133 MPa is observed with the joint addition of 0.07% Sc and 0.07% Zr. For the alloys modified with the minor addition of Sc and Zr (0.14%), the main strengthening mechanisms of minor addition of Sc and Zr are fine-grain strengthening, sub-structure strengthening and the Orowan strengthening mechanism produced by the Al3(Sc,Zr) and Al3Zr dispersoids. The volume of Al3Zr particles is less than that of Al3(Sc,Zr) particles, but the distribution of Al3(Sc,Zr) particles is more dispersed throughout the matrix leading to pinning the dislocations motion and restraining the recrystallization more effectively.

Effect of thermomechanical treatment on microstructure and properties of Cu-Cr-Zr-Ag alloy

The effects of thermomechanical treatment on the properties and microstructure of Cu-Cr-Zr alloy and Cu-Cr-Zr-Ag alloy were investigated. Ag addition improves the mechanical properties of the alloy through solid solution strengthening and brings a little effect on the electrical conductivity of the alloy. A new Cu-Cr-Zr-Ag alloy was developed, which has an excellent combination of the tensile strength, elongation, and electrical conductivity reaching 476.09 MPa, 15.43% and 88.68% IACS respectively when subjected to the optimum thermomechanical treatment, i.e., solution-treating at 920℃ for 1 h, cold drawing to 96% deformation, followed by aging at 400℃ for 3 h. TEM analysis revealed two kinds of finely dispersed precipitates of Cr and CuaZr. It is very important to use the mechanisms of solid solution strengthening, work hardening effect as well as precipitate pinning effect of dislocations to improve tensile strength of the alloy without adversely affecting its electrical conductivity.

Study on improvement of conductivity of Cu-Cr-Zr alloys

The influence of alloying, heat treatment, and plastic working on the performance of Cu-Cr-Zr alloys was investigated. The precipitated phases were characterized as Cr, Cu51Zr14 and Cu5Zr. Cu-Cr-Zr alloys demonstrate combination properties of high strength and high conductivity after solution treatment, aging treatment, and plastic deformation. Precipitation course of Cr is the main factor that influences the conductivity of Cu-Cr-Zr alloys, while adding Zr in the alloys adjusts the orientation relationship between Cr and matrix, and tends to increase the conductivity of aged Cu-Cr-Zr alloys after deformation.

Microstructure and Properties of Cu-Cr-Zr Alloy after Rapidly Solidified Aging and Solid Solution Aging

The structure and properties of Cu-Cr-Zr alloy were studied after rapidly solidified aging and solid solution aging.At the early stage of aging （500℃ for 15 rain）, the hardness and the conductivity of the alloy rapidly solidified are 143 HV and 72% IACS, respectively. Under the same aging condition, the hardness and electrical conductivity of the alloy solid solution treated can reach 86 HV and 47% IACS, respectively. The microstructure was analyzed, and the grain size after rapid solidification is much smaller than that after solid solution treatment. By rapidly solidified aging the fine precipitates distribute inside the grains and along the grain boundary, while by solid solution aging there are large Cr particles along the grain boundary.

Influence of Cerium and Yttrium on Cu-Cr-Zr Alloys

Testing results shows that alloying with Ce and Y improves the hardness and softens temperature of cold worked Cu-Cr-Zr alloys obviously, while the conductivity was fluctuant with the variation of RE content. Observation and analysis indicate that micro-dosage RE elements helps to refine microstructure and morphology of Cu-Cr-Zr-RE alloys, suppress microstructure coarsening and improves homogeneous level of Cu-Cr-Zr alloys. Alloying with 0.01% Ce causes about 1% IACS increment of conductivity, and reduces about 2% ~ 3.5% IACS conductivity after alloying with 0.03% ~ 0.04% RE (Ce or Ce + Y) for Cu-Cr-Zr alloys. The microstructure of as-cast Cu-Cr-Zr alloy is refined after alloying with 0.01% Ce while the plasticity is improved slightly. Alloying with 0.01% ~ 0.04% RE improves the softening temperature of deformed Cu-Cr-Zr alloys about 20 ~ 40 K; hardness is also improved about 20 ~ 35 HV . Test data indicate that alloying with Ce + Y raises softening temperature and hardness of Cu-Cr-Zr alloys more notably than alloying with pure Ce.

Aging Behavior of Cu-Cr-Zr-Ce Alloy

The aging properties of Cu-0.35Cr-0.038Zr-0.055Ce alloy are studied. The results show that can obtain higher electrical conductivity and microhardness after solutioned at 920°Cfor Ih, and aged at 500°C. The process of precipitation of the secondary phase can be accelerated with cold deformation before aging, so properties of the alloy are improved. Upon aging at 500°C for 30 minutes after 60% cold deformation, the values of electrical conductivity and microhardness are 69.0%IACS and 152HV respectively, but they are only 66.2%IACS and 136HV upon directly aging after solution. With the addition of a trace of rare earth element Ce, the value of microhardness of Cu-0.35Cr-0.038Zr alloy increases 18-25HV, while the value of electrical conductivity drops a little.

Effect of minor Sc and Zr addition on microstructures and mechanical properties of Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloys

Three kinds of Al-Zn-Mg-Cu based alloys with 0.22%, 0.36%(Sc+Zr) (mass fraction, %), and without Sc, Zr addition were prepared by ingot metallurgy. By using optical microscopy, transmission electronic microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, the effects of microalloying elements of Sc, Zr on the microstructure of super-high-strength Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloys related to mechanical properties were investigated. The tensile properties and microstructures of the studied alloys under different heat treatment conditions were studied. The addition of minor Sc, Zr results in the formation of Al3(Sc,Zr) particles. These particles are highly effective in refining the microstructures, retarding recrystallization, pinning dislocations and subboundaries. The strength of Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloys was greatly improved by simultaneously adding minor Sc, Zr, meanwhile the ductility of the studied alloys remains at a higher level. The 0.36%(Sc+Zr) alloys gain the optimal properties after 465 ℃/h solution and 120 ℃/24 h aging. The increment of strength is mainly due to strengthening of fine grain and substructure and precipitation of Al3(Sc, Zr) particles.

Microstructure evolution and hot deformation behavior of Cu–3Ti–0.1Zr alloy with ultra-high strength

The hot compression deformation behavior of Cu−3Ti−0.1Zr alloy with the ultra-high strength and good electrical conductivity was investigated on a Gleeble−3500 thermal-mechanical simulator at temperatures from 700 to 850℃ with the strain rates between 0.001 and 1 s^−1.The results show that work hardening,dynamic recovery and dynamic recrystallization occur in the alloy during hot deformation.The hot compression constitutive equation at a true strain of 0.8 is constructed and the apparent activation energy of hot compression deformation Q is about 319.56 kJ/mol.The theoretic flow stress calculated by the constructed constitutive equation is consistent with the experimental result,and the hot processing maps are established based on the dynamic material model.The optimal hot deformation temperature range is between 775 and 850℃ and the strain rate range is between 0.001 and 0.01 s^−1.

EFFECT OF COLD WORKING ON THE AGING PROPERTIES OF Cu-Cr-Zr-Mg ALLOY BY ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK

A developmental research has been carried out to deal with the high performance of Cu-Cr-Zr-Mg lead frame alloy by artificial neural network (ANN). Using the cold working to assist in the aging hardening can improve the the hardness and electrical conductivity properties of Cu-Cr-Zr-Mg lead frame alloy. This paper studies the effect of different extent of cold working on the aging properties by a supervised ANN to model the non-linear relationship between processing parameters and the properties. The back-propagation (BP) training algorithm is improved by Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm. A basic repository on the domain knowledge of cold worked aging processes is established via sufficient data mining by the network. The predicted values of the ANN coincide well with the tested data. So an important foundation has been laid for prediction and optimum controlling the rolling and aging properties of Cu-Cr-Zr-Mg alloy.

Prediction of Properties in Thermomechanically Treated Cu-Cr-Zr Alloy by an Artificial Neural Network

A supervised artificial neural network (ANN) to model the nonlinear relationship between parameters of thermomechanical treatment processes with respect to hardness and conductivity properties was proposed for Cu-Cr-Zr alloy. The improved model was developed by the Levenberg-Marquardt training algorithm. A basic repository on the domain knowledge of thermomechanical treatment processes is established via sufficient data acquisition by the network. The results showed that the ANN system is an effective way and can be successfully used to predict and analyze the properties of Cu-Cr-Zr alloy.