RPV模拟钢中纳米富Cu析出相的复杂晶体结构表征

RPV模拟钢样品经过890℃水淬,660℃调质处理,然后在400℃时效13000h后,用高分辨透射电镜和能谱仪相结合的方法研究了RPV模拟钢中纳米富Cu析出相中的复杂晶体结构。纳米富Cu析出相的平均尺寸约为20nm,除了观察到常见的亚稳态9R结构、3R结构和稳态fcc结构外,还观察到同一富Cu析出相由3种不同的晶体结构组成,并分别分布在5个不同的区域中,包括1处9R、2处fcc和2处3R结构。9R结构与相邻的2个fcc结构形成的界面都具有特定的晶体取向,呈半共格关系,是由非孪晶9R结构演化而来。2处3R结构互为孪晶关系,是由孪晶9R结构演化而来。这种状态反映了纳米富Cu析出相从亚稳态演化到稳态结构的复杂过程。

纳米Cu析出相及晶界对微合金化钢力学性能的影响

基于弹塑性有限元理论,构建包含纳米Cu析出相及晶界的微合金化钢拉伸理论模型.计算纳米Cu析出相及晶界对微合金化钢力学性能的影响.研究在不同晶粒大小、不同纳米Cu析出相尺寸、不同应变条件下微合金化钢的单向拉伸性能,分析包含Cu析出相及晶界的晶粒变形趋势,探求纳米Cu析出相对基体材料的强化机制.研究结果表明:纳米Cu析出相心部塑性最大,晶界处的塑性低于晶内,且晶内发生塑性应变速率高于晶界;析出相与晶界都能起到增强材料塑性的作用,包含纳米Cu析出相及晶界的多晶模型在晶粒变形过程中,晶界参与协调变形作用.

分子动力学研究Cu析出相对BCC-Fe∑3{111}晶界拉伸性能的影响

采用分子动力学方法模拟计算了BCC-Fe∑3{111}晶界处Cu析出相尺寸(直径:1.0、1.5和2.0 nm)及体系温度变化(1~600 K)对晶体拉伸性能的影响。利用OVITO可视化软件进行数据可视化处理,并采用Wigner-seitz Defect Analysis方法对拉伸过程晶体点缺陷演化规律进行分析。结果表明,∑3{111}晶界处存在Cu析出相时,拉伸过程中Cu析出相内部会首先产生空位缺陷导致晶体断裂强度降低,且Cu析出相尺寸越大,晶体断裂强度越低。当晶界处Cu析出相尺寸不变时,随着体系温度升高,晶体的断裂强度随之降低,并且晶界处Cu析出相尺寸越小时温度升高对晶体断裂强度的降低作用越大。

相场法研究Fe-Cu-Mn-Al合金富Cu相析出机制

基于Ginzburg-Landau理论采用连续相场法模拟了Fe-15%Cu-3%Mn-x Al(质量分数x=1%, 3%, 5%)合金在873 K等温时效时纳米富Cu析出相沉淀机制及Al含量对富Cu相析出的阻碍效应.通过计算成分场变量和结构序参数,研究了富Cu析出相的形貌、颗粒密度、平均颗粒半径、生长和粗化动力学.研究结果表明:在时效早期阶段,纳米富Cu相通过失稳分解机制析出,由于原子扩散速率存在差异,从而形成以富Cu相为核心的核壳结构.随着时效时间延长,富Cu相析出物结构由体心立方转变为面心立方.其中Al和Mn原子在富Cu核外偏析形成Al/Mn簇,可以将其视为阻碍富Cu析出相形成的缓冲层;在沉淀过程中,随着Al含量的增大, Al/Mn金属间相促进了缓冲层的生长,阻碍富Cu析出相的生长和粗化.

富Cu析出强化贝氏体超高强钢的组织特征及强韧化机制

由于传统超高强钢高的碳含量导致其焊接性严重恶化,低碳含量的含Cu超高强钢因具有优异的焊接性而受到广泛关注,在高载荷焊接结构中具有较好的应用前景。为了获得更为优异的强韧性,将铁素体低碳纳米富Cu超高强钢的基体组织优化为板条贝氏体,分析了优化后试验钢的微观组织及纳米富Cu析出相晶体结构的特征,并基于常温拉伸试验及示波冲击试验探究了试验钢的强韧化机制。结果表明:该板条贝氏体低碳纳米富Cu析出强化超高强钢的强韧性能匹配优异,其屈服强度为1334 MPa,-40℃冲击吸收能量为63.5 J。该试验钢贝氏体基体中含有大量1~5 nm尺寸的B_(2)型富Cu析出相。纳米富Cu相的析出强化是主要强化的机制,对屈服强度的贡献约700 MPa;而且细小的晶粒尺寸(3.11μm)、较高的位错密度(8.2×10^(13)m^(-2))也有效地提高了试验钢的屈服强度,细晶强化和位错强化增量分别约305和215 MPa。试验钢中的贝氏体板条束亚结构对裂纹扩展起到阻碍作用,使其在提高强度的同时仍具有良好的冲击韧性。

利用APT研究铁素体时效钢中富Cu相和碳化物的偏析行为

铁素体时效钢样品经过880℃水淬、660℃调质处理,然后400℃时效4000 h后,利用三维原子探针层析技术(APT)研究了时效钢中晶界和基体中富Cu析出相和碳化物的偏析行为。结果表明:分析区域中Mn、Ni、Mo、C和Cu元素更容易在晶界处偏聚,形成富Cu团簇和碳化物,晶界处的纳米富Cu相为短棒状,其尺寸大小约为6 nm,团簇中的Cu原子含量为40at%。基体中的纳米团簇近似为球状,其尺寸和团簇中的Cu原子的数量密度都比晶界处小。在晶界处析出的富Cu团簇在碳化物之间,形成一种"夹层结构"。此外,富Cu团簇内部有Mn和Ni原子的偏聚,促进富Cu相的析出。

空位扩散诱导点缺陷环与富Cu相的相互作用

辐照诱导产生的点缺陷会加速核电站材料微观组织的演变,在很大程度上影响反应堆的寿命。本研究基于相场法的四元连续相场模型,耦合了空位和间隙原子,利用该模型模拟了Fe-15%Cu-1%Ni-1%Mn(原子分数)合金在空位扩散机制下的相分离,研究了点缺陷与富Cu相的相互作用机制。结果表明,空位和间隙原子会促进富Cu相的长大和粗化,点缺陷浓度的升高会促进相分离,加快析出相的失稳分解速率,并且升高温度会延缓Cu原子和空位环的生长和粗化,点缺陷也可以增加一定的屈服强度,为探究空位扩散机制影响抗辐照材料性能方面提供了新的思路。

Microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg,Ag and Zn multi-microalloyed Al-(3.2-3.8)Cu-(1.0-1.4)Li alloys

To develop super-high strength Al-Li alloy,the microstructures and mechanical properties of Mg,Ag and Zn microalloyed Al-（3.2-3.8）Cu-（1.0-1.4）Li alloys（mass fraction） with T8 temper were studied.The results showed that 1%of lower Li content restricted the strengthening effect of increasing Cu content,while simultaneous increase in Cu and Li contents contributed effectively to the enhancement of strength.The alloys were mainly strengthened by plenty of fine and well dispersed TI（Al2CuLi）precipitates.There were also some minor precipitates of θ＇（Al2Cu） and δ＇（Al3Li）,which became less in number density,even disappeared during the aging process.Meanwhile,higher Li content favored the formation θ＇ and δ＇ and a small amount of S＂（Al2CuMg） phases.In addition,strengthening effect and microstructure variation were analyzed through total non-solution mole fraction of Cu and Li and their mole ratio.To obtain Al-Li alloy with super-high strength,the total mole fractions of Cu and Li should be increased,and their mole ratios should also be kept at a certain high level.

Effect of pre-deformation on microstructures and mechanical properties of high purity Al-Cu-Mg alloy

The effects of pre-deformation following solution treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of aged high purity Al-Cu-Mg alloy were studied by tensile test, micro-hardness measurements, transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The micro-hardness measurements indicate that compared with un-deformed samples, the peak hardness is increased and the time to reach peak hardness is reduced with increasing pre-strain. Additionally, a double-peak hardness evolution behavior of cold-rolled （CR） samples was observed during aging. The results of TEM observation show that the number density of S′（Al2CuMg） phase is increased and the size is decreased in CR alloy with increase of pre-strain. The peak hardness and peak strength of the CR alloy are increased because of quantity increasing and refinement of S′ phase and high density dislocation.

Effects of Cu content on microstructures and compressive mechanical properties of CNTs/Al-Cu composites

The carbon nanotubes(CNTs) reinforced Al-Cu matrix composites were prepared by hot pressing sintering and hot rolling, and the effects of Cu content on the interfacial reaction between Al and CNTs, the precipitation behavior of Cu-containing precipitates, and the resultant mechanical properties of the composites were systematically investigated. The results showed that the increase of Cu content can not only increase the number and size of Cu-containing precipitate generated during the composite fabrication processes, but also promote the interfacial reaction between CNTs and Al matrix, leading to the intensified conversion of CNTs into Al_(4)C_(3). As a result, the composite containing 1 wt.% Cu possesses the highest strength, elastic modulus and hardness among all composites, due to the maintenance of the original structure of CNTs. Moreover, the increase of Cu content can change the dominant strengthening mechanisms for the enhanced strength of the fabricated composites.

Effect of pre-straining on structure and formation mechanism of precipitates in Al−Mg−Si−Cu alloy

The effect of pre-straining on the structure and formation mechanism of precipitates in an Al−Mg−Si−Cu alloy was systematically investigated by atomic resolution high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy(HAADF-STEM).Elongated and string-like precipitates are formed along the dislocations in the pre-strained Al−Mg−Si−Cu alloy.The precipitates formed along the dislocations exhibit three features:non-periodic atomic arrangement within the precipitate;Cu segregation occurring at the precipitate/α(Al)interface;different orientations presented in one individual precipitate.Four different formation mechanisms of these heterogeneous precipitates were proposed as follows:elongated precipitates are formed independently in the dislocation;string-like precipitates are formed directly along the dislocations;different precipitates encounter to form string-like precipitates;precipitates are connected by other phases or solute enrichment regions.These different formation mechanisms are responsible for forming different atomic structures and morphologies of precipitates.

Influence of sub-grain boundaries on quenching process of an Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy

The effects of sub-grain boundaries on the quenching sensitivity and the precipitation behavior in Al-7.01Zn-1.26Mg- 1.43Cu alloy were investigated by an end-quenching test. Specimens were solution treated at 440 ℃ and 480 ℃ to get different recrystallization fractions, respectively. The results show that the maximum hardness value of the Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy can be improved by the sub-grain boundaries, but the depth of age-hardening layer decreases significantly. The precipitation temperature and the activation energy are reduced by the changes of surface energy, which is induced by sub-grain boundaries. So, the precipitation process from η phase to η phase becomes much easier. In this way, an increase in the number of sub-grain boundaries promotes the precipitation of MgZn2 particles, especially η＇-MgZn2.

Re-dissolution and re-precipitation behavior of nano-precipitated phase in Al-Cu-Mg alloy subjected to rapid cold stamping

High-resolution transmission electron microscopy(TEM),X-ray diffractometry(XRD),energy dispersive spectroscopy(EDS)and hardness test were used to study the re-dissolution and re-precipitation behavior of nano-precipitates of the spray-formed fine-grained Al-Cu-Mg alloy during rapid cold stamping deformation.Results show that the extruded Al-Cu-Mg alloy undergoes obvious re-dissolution and re-precipitation during the rapid cold-stamping deformation process.The plasticθ′phase has a slower re-dissolution rate than the brittle S′phase.The long strip-shaped S′phases and the acicularθ′phases in Al-Cu-Mg alloy after three passes of cold stamping basically re-dissolved to form a supersaturated solid solution.A large number of fine granular balanceθphases precipitate after four passes of rapid cold-stamping deformation.Rapid cold stamping deformation causes the S′phase andθ′phase to break and promote the nano-precipitate phases to re-dissolve.The high distortion free energy of the matrix promotes the precipitation of the equilibriumθphase,and the hardness of the alloy obviously increases from HB 55 to HB 125 after the rapid cold stamping process.

Microstructure evolution of Al-Cu-Mg alloy during rapid cold punching and recrystallization annealing

The microstructure evolution of spray formed and rapidly solidified Al-Cu-Mg alloy with fine grains during rapid cold punching and recrystallization annealing was investigated by transmission electron microscopy(TEM). The results show that the precipitates of fine-grained Al-Cu-Mg alloy during rapid cold punching and recrystallization annealing mainly consist of S phase and a small amount of coarse Al6Mn phase. With the increase of deformation passes, the density of precipitates increases, the size of precipitates decreases significantly, and the deformation and transition bands disappear gradually. In addition, the grains are refined and tend to be uniform. Defects introduced by rapid cold punching contribute to the precipitation and recrystallization, and promote nucleation and growth of S phase and recrystallization. Deformation and transition bands in the coarse grains transform into deformation-induced grain boundary during the deformation and recrystallization, which refine grains, obtain uniform nanocrystalline structure and promote homogeneous distribution of S phase.

Effect of rapid cold stamping on fracture behavior of long strip S′phase in Al−Cu−Mg alloy

High-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy and selected area electron diffraction techniques were used to study the mechanism that underlies the influence of rapid cold-stamping deformation on the fracture behavior of the elongated nanoprecipitated phase in extruded Al−Cu−Mg alloy.Results show that the interface between the long strip-shaped S′phase and the aluminum matrix in the extruded Al−Cu−Mg alloy is flat and breaks during rapid cold-stamping deformation.The breaking mechanisms are distortion and brittle failure,redissolution,and necking.The breakage of the long strip S′phase increases the contact surface between the S′phase and the aluminum matrix and improves the interfacial distortion energy.This effect accounts for the higher free energy of the S′phase than that of the matrix and creates conditions for the redissolution of solute atoms back into the aluminum matrix.The brittle S′phase produces a resolved step during rapid cold-stamping deformation.This step further accelerates the diffusion of solute atoms and promotes the redissolution of the S′phase.Thus,the S′phase necks and separates,and the long strip-shaped S′phase in the extruded Al−Cu−Mg alloy is broken into a short and thin S′phase.

Effect of heat treatments on microstructure and mechanical properties of sand cast Al−2Li−2Cu−0.5Mg−0.2Sc−0.2Zr alloy

This study focused on modifying heat treatment schemes to enhance the mechanical properties of sand cast Al−2Li−2Cu−0.5Mg−0.2Sc−0.2Zr alloy.Different three-stage solution treatment schemes((460℃,32 h)+(520℃,24 h)+(530/540/550℃,4/12/24/32 h))and aging temperatures(125,175,225℃)were designed for comparison.The microstructure evolutions were analyzed by optical microscopy(OM),scanning electron microscopy(SEM)and transmission electron microscopy(TEM).The results showed that the three-stage solution treatment of(460℃,32 h)+(520℃,24 h)+(530℃,12 h)could dissolve most of the secondary phases.The TEM results illustrated that fineδ'(Al_(3)Li)particles were homogeneously distributed in the matrix after aging at 175℃for 8 h,accompanied by a small amount of lath-shaped S′(Al_(2)CuMg)and plate-like T_(1)(Al_(2)CuLi)phases.The best comprehensive properties of yield strength of 376 MPa,ultimate tensile strength of 458 MPa and elongation of 4.1%were obtained by the optimal heat treatment scheme((460℃,32 h)+(520℃,24 h)+(530℃,12 h)+(175℃,8 h)).

调质态含Cu高强钢的强化机理及钢中Cu的析出行为

对含Cu低合金高强度钢板淬火并经高温时效后,采用SEM、EBSD、HRTEM和APT等手段对其微观组织和纳米尺度Cu的析出相进行了表征,对其厚度截面的室温拉伸性能进行了测定,并对钢板厚度方向近表面和心部的强化机理进行了分析。结果表明,高温时效后钢中Cu的析出相尺寸在6~50 nm范围内,30 nm以内的为9R结构的短棒状或球状粒子,30 nm以上的为fcc结构的长棒状粒子,棒状粒子中微量的Mn、Ni在Cu粒子与基体界面上的偏聚更明显。在较高温度范围内进行时效后,钢的屈服强度随着时效温度的升高而呈大致线性下降趋势,钢的主要强化机制为细晶强化,其次为位错强化和析出强化,经计算,钢中每1%(质量分数)的Cu在过时效状态下能够产生约90 MPa的析出强化增量。钢板厚度截面存在强度差异,表面与心部强度相差约40 MPa,这主要是由于晶粒尺寸及位错密度差异所导致。

Cu对高强高效无取向电工钢力学性能的影响

如何在保证磁性能的前提下获得高强度是驱动电机用高性能无取向电工钢研发需要解决的关键问题之一。利用Cu的析出强化是一种理想的手段,但是目前Cu对无取向电工钢的力学性能的影响研究尚不系统深入。设计并制备了含Cu高强高效无取向电工钢,利用光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、万能电子拉伸试验机等系统地研究了Cu对新型高强度高效率无取向电工钢力学性能的影响。结果表明,随着Cu含量的增加,实验钢热轧板、常化板和退火板样品的屈服强度和抗拉强度均增加,而伸长率整体上呈逐渐下降趋势。Cu在样品中主要以纳米尺寸富Cu析出相的形式析出,一方面阻碍位错运动,发挥沉淀强化的作用;同时对磁性能的不利影响较小。Cu含量越高,富Cu析出相数量越多,强化效果越显著。适量的Cu(质量分数为1.24%)不仅使实验钢强度明显提升而且还可保持一定的塑性。

Effect of copper on precipitation and baking hardening behavior of Al-Mg-Si alloys

The effects of copper on the ageing precipitation behavior of as-quenched and pre-aged AA6016 aluminum alloy were studied by differential scanning calorimetry （DSC）, Vickers hardness measurement and transmission electronic microscopy （TEM）. The results indicate that the addition of copper facilitates the growth of clusters （GP I） to the critical size during pre-ageing. Therefore, the addition of copper accelerates the transition from GP I （pre-β＂） to GP II （β＂） during final artificial ageing, and finally results in the favorable paint-bake response. However, the one with the copper level of 0.3% does not show significant baking hardening response as expected. Pre-aging can also reduce the detrimental effect due to natural aging of copper-containing alloys.

热处理工艺和铜含量对高硅无取向硅钢织构的影响

采用背散射电子衍射技术(EBSD)对无Cu与含Cu高硅无取向硅钢热处理过程的织构进行了检测,分析了微量Cu元素对高硅无取向硅钢织构的影响,并对其微观机理进行了探究。结果表明,在1000℃高温再结晶退火时,添加微量Cu元素对硅钢成品的织构起到明显的恶化作用;高温退火工艺可以更充分发挥剪切带优化织构的作用,但含微量Cu元素的无取向硅钢对剪切带优化织构有明显的抑制作用,其原因与基体中弥散析出的含Cu析出相有关。