Microstructure and properties of Cu/Al joints brazed with Zn-Al filler metals

The mechanical properties and microstructural distribution of the Cu/A1 brazing joints formed by torch-brazing with different Zn-A1 filler metals were investigated. The microstructure of the Zn-A1 alloys was studied by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, and the phase constitution of the Cu/A1 joints was analyzed by energy dispersion spectrometry. The results show that the spreading area of the Zn-A1 filler metals on the Cu and A1 substrates increases as the A1 content increases. The mechanical results indicate that the shear strength reaches a peak value of 88 MPa when A1 and Cu are brazed with Zn-15AI filler metal. Microhardness levels from HV122 to HV515 were produced in the three brazing seam regions corresponding to various microstructure features. The Zn- and Al-rich phases exist in the middle brazing seam regions. However, two interface layers, CuZn3 and A12Cu are formed on the Cu side when the A1 content in the filler metals is 2% and more than 15%, respectively. The relationship between intermetallic compounds on Cu side and Zn-xA1 filler metals was investigated.

Theoretical study and numerical simulation of the stress fields of the Al_2O_3 joints brazed with composite filler materials

Non-linear finite element code MSC. Marc was utilized to analysis the field of stress of the Al2O3 joints brazed with composite filler materials. The properties of the filler materials were defined by using the mixing law, method of Mori-Tanaka and theory of Eshelby to ensure the accuracy and reliability of results of finite element method （FEM）. The results show stress in brazed beam is higher than that in base material. The maximal stress can be found in the interface of joint. And the experimental results show that the shear strength of joints increases from 93.75 MPa （ Al2O3p Ovol. % ） to 135.32 MPa （ Al2O3p 15vol. % ） when composition of titanium is 3wt% in the filler metal.

Microstructure and fracture morphology of Mo-Cu/Cr18-Ni8 brazed joint in vacuum

Mo-Cu composite and Cr18-Ni8 stainless steel were brazed with Ni-Cr-P filler metal in a vacuum of 10-4 Pa and a Mo-Cu/Cr18-Ni8 joint was obtained. Microstructure in Mo-Cu/Cr18-Ni8 joint was investigated by field-emission scanning electron microscope( FE-SEM) with energy dispersive spectrometer( EDS). Shear strength of Mo-Cu/Cr18-Ni8 lap joint was measured by electromechanical universal testing machine. An excellent Mo-Cu/Cr18-Ni8 joint with a shear strength of 155 MPa was achieved at 980 ℃ for 20 min. Brazed joint was mainly comprised of eutectic structure in the center of brazing seam,matrix structure and lump structure. Ni-Cu( Mo) and Ni-Fe solid solution were at the interface beside Mo-Cu composite and Cr18-Ni8 stainless steel,respectively. Shear fracture exhibited mixed ductile-brittle fracture feature with trans-granular fracture,ductile dimples and tearing edges. Fracture originated from the interface between brazing seam and Mo-Cu composite.

Microstructure and mechanical properties of Cu/Al joints brazed using(Cu,Ni,Zr,Er)-modified Al−Si filler alloys

To design a promising Al−Si filler alloy with a relatively low melting-point,good strength and plasticity for the Cu/Al joint,the Cu,Ni,Zr and Er elements were innovatively added to modify the traditional Al−Si eutectic filler.The microstructure and mechanical properties of filler alloys and Cu/Al joints were investigated.The result indicated that the Al−Si−Ni−Cu filler alloys mainly consisted of Al(s,s),Al_(2)(Cu,Ni)and Si(s,s).The Al−10Si−2Ni−6Cu filler alloy exhibited relatively low solidus(521℃)and liquidus(577℃)temperature,good tensile strength(305.8 MPa)and fracture elongation(8.5%).The corresponding Cu/Al joint brazed using Al−10Si−2Ni−6Cu filler was mainly composed of Al_(8)(Mn,Fe)_(2)Si,Al_(2)(Cu,Ni)3,Al(Cu,Ni),Al_(2)(Cu,Ni)and Al(s,s),yielding a shear strength of(90.3±10.7)MPa.The joint strength was further improved to(94.6±2.5)MPa when the joint was brazed using the Al−10Si−2Ni−6Cu−0.2Er−0.2Zr filler alloy.Consequently,the(Cu,Ni,Zr,Er)-modified Al−Si filler alloy was suitable for obtaining high-quality Cu/Al brazed joints.

Microstructure and fracture behavior of SiO_2 glass ceramic and TC4 alloy joint brazed with TiZrNiCu alloy

Vacuum brazing of SiO2 glass ceramic and TC4 alloy using a commercially available TiZrNiCu foil was investigated. The interfacial microstructure and the fractures were examined with an optical microscope （OM） and an S-4700 scanning electron microscope （SEM） equipped with an energy dispersive spectrometer （EDS） and an electron probe X-ray microanalyzer （EPMA）. The structure of joint interface was identified by XRD （JDX-3530M）. Meanwhile, the fracture paths of the joints were comprehensively studied. The results show that processing parameters, especially the brazing temperature, have a significant effect on the microstructure and mechanical properties of joints. The typical interface structure is SiO2/Ti2O＋Zr3Si2＋Ti5Si3/（Ti,Zr）＋Ti2O＋ TiZrNiCu/Ti（s.s）/TiZrNiCu＋Ti（s.s）＋Ti2（Cu,Ni）/TC4 from SiO2 glass ceramic to TC4 alloy side. Based on the mechanical property tests, the joints brazed at 880 ℃ for 5 rain has the maximum shear strength of 23 MPa.

Microstructure and properties of the joints of Cu/Cu and metallized Cu / kovar brazed with a low-silver vacuum brazing filler metal

In an attempt to develop low-silver brazing filler metals used for hermetic sealing materials in the vacuum interrupter industry,the ternary Ag-50Cu-5Ga low-silver vacuum brazing filler metal was investigated.The melting temperature was measured by differential scanning calorimetry(DSC),and the brazability of Ag-50Cu-5Ga alloy on copper and metallized copper/kovar were ascertained at 850℃under 1×10-4 Pa in this article.The microstructures of the filler metal and the joints have been analyzed by using scanning electron microscopy(SEM),equipped with an energy dispersive spectroscopy.The results show that vacuum brazing was success to join with copper or metallized copper/kovar using Ag-50Cu-5Ga filler and reliable joints were obtained.There were Ag-rich phase,Cu-rich phase and a fine eutectic structure of Ag-based solid solution and Cu-based solid solution in the copper joints and the width of brazing seam is about 60μm.The joints of kovar alloy to copper after surface nickel plating was composed of AgCu eutectic phase,Ag,Cu,Cu2Ga and CuNi2 phase.The tensile strength was 167 MPa and 150 MPa,respectively.The tensile results of joints show that the joint strengths were equivalent to the traditional brazing filler metals.

Microstructure and Strength of Brazed Joints of Ti_(3)Al Base Alloy with Cu-P Filler Metal

Brazing of Ti3Al alloys with the filler metal Cu-P was carried out at 1173-1273 K for 60-1800 s. When products are brazed, the optimum brazing parameters are as follows： brazing temperature is 1215-1225 K; brazing time is 250-300 s. Four kinds of reaction products were observed during the brazing of Ti3Al alloys with the filler metal Cu-P, i.e., Ti3Al phase with a small quantity of Cu （Ti3Al（Cu）） formed close to the Ti3Al alloy; the TiCu intermetallic compounds layer and the Cu3P intermetallic compounds layer formed between Ti3Al（Cu） and the filler metal, and a Cu-base solid solution formed with the dispersed Cu3P in the middle of the joint. The interracial structure of brazed Ti3Al alloys joints with the filler metal Cu-P is Ti3Al/Ti3Al（Cu）/TiCu/Cu3P/Cu solid solution （Cu3P）/Cu3P/TiCu/Ti3Al（Cu）/Ti3Al, and this structure will not change with brazing time once it forms. The thickness of TiCu＋Cu3P intermetallic compounds increases with brazing time according to a parabolic law. The activation energy Q and the growth velocity/to of reaction layer TiCu＋Cu3P in the brazed joints of Ti3Al alloys with the filler metal Cu-P are 286 kJ/mol and 0.0821 m2/s, respectively, and growth formula was y2=O.O821exp（-34421.59/T）t.Careful control of the growth for the reaction layer TiCu＋Cu3P can influence the final joint strength. The formation of the intermetallic compounds TiCu＋Cu3P results in embrittlement of the joint and poor joint properties. The Cu-P filler metal is not fit for obtaining a high-quality joint of Ti3Al brazed.

Ultrasonic C-scan inspection of brazed joint in thin panel honeycomb structure

The non-destructive testing of brazed joint in honeycomb structure with thin panel （ thickness ： 0. 2 mm） was studied by ultrasonic C-scan method. Samples with different types of artificial defect were designed; the characteristic signal and the main parameters of the test were determined by the pre-experiment, and then parameters were optimized by orthogonal design, finally the optimum process was verified by a single panel sample. The multiple reflection echoes were chosen as the characteristic signal. The optimal C-scan results were achieved when the 20 MHz focus probe was used, and the pass band range for received signal were selected as 8 - 17. 5 MHz. The defects such as incomplete penetration and core damage can be detected with ultrasonic C-scan, and the detection accuracy can reach to 1 ram.

Interfacial microstructure and properties of YG11C/42CrMo joint brazed with BCu64MnNi filler metal

Brazing hard alloy to high strength steel, incomplete atomic diffusion and excessive brittle reaction product precipitation at the faying interface are usually suffered because of incomplete understanding the process of the initial interface disappearing and diffusion layer forming and evolving. In this paper , hard alloy YG11C （ WC-11wt. %Co） and high strength steel 42CrMo were picked up as base metals and BCu64MnNi as filler metal to clarify the interfacial microstrncture evolution. The process parameters of dwell time were set as 30 s, 60 s, 120 s, and 300 s and braze temperature were set as 950 ℃, 970 ℃, 990 ℃, 1 010 ℃, the effect of which on the evolution of interfacial microstructure, tensile strength, integrated with fracture morphology analysis, were conducted. The results showed that increasing brazing temperature from 950 ℃ to 970 ℃, no signifwant difference existed in the joint interface, whereas brazed at 990 ℃, the binder phase erosion occurred, i. e. the liquid filler metal etched into Co binder phase of WC-Co base metal, which caused WC particles debonding from the base metal surface and formed an micro-anisotropic zone.. Increase temperature to 1 010 ℃, severe binder erosion happened so as to micropores appear. Through the parameters optimization, the tensile strength can reach to the maximum 589 MPa at temperature of 970 ℃. The dwell time showed similar effect on tensile strength because longer dwell time also caused erosion and porosity owing to long-time diffusion and reaction.

Thermal cycling behavior of alumina-graphite brazed joints in electron tube applications

Alumina was joined with graphite by active metal brazing technique at 895,900,905,and 910 ℃ for 10 min in vacuum of0.67 mPa using Ti-Cu-Ag（68.8Ag-26.7Cu-4.5Ti;mass fraction,%） as filler material.The brazed samples were thermal cycled between 30 and 600 ℃ and characterized.X-ray diffraction results show strong reaction between titanium and carbon as well as titanium and alumina.Scanning electron microscopy and helium leak tests show that the initial and thermal cycled brazed samples are devoid of cracks or anv other defects and hermeticity in nature.Brazing strength of the joints is found to be satisfactory.

熔炼气雾化制备钴基粉末钎料在GH4169合金钎焊中应用

采用真空感应熔炼结合气雾化的方法制备了钴基Co-Cr-Ni-Si-W合金粉末,该合金粉末球具有高形度高和良好的分散性,杂质元素含量低、熔化温度范围为1073℃~1113℃。将合金粉末与粘结剂混合制成CoCrNiSiW膏状钎料,并在GH4169高温合金上进行钎焊试验,研究了钎料在母材上的润湿性能,对比了不同粒度合金粉末的钎焊性能。结果表明,在钎焊温度1180℃、保温时间10 min条件下,CoCrNiSiW合金钎料可以在GH4169合金母材表面表现出良好的润温性。使用小于325目粉末钎焊的合金接头组织更均匀、气孔缺陷相对较少,因此接头强度更高,接头的抗剪强度为127 MPa,抗拉强度为369 MPa。

高强Cu/Al接头用的Zn基钎料及Cu表面镀层研究

铜铝接头被广泛应用于电力电子等行业。在长期运行过程中,铜铝接头易出现脆性断裂问题,严重影响其安全服役。进行了锌基钎料的成分设计,分析了钎料的各项性能,得到优化的钎料成分。对铜板表面进行化学镀镍磷层改性,采用感应钎焊和优化的钎料进行了铜铝搭接钎焊试验。结果表明:在锌基钎料中提高Al含量,添加一定量Cu、Ag、稀土元素,可以提升钎料的润湿性能、强度和耐腐蚀性能。镍磷镀层显著提升了锌基钎料在铜板的润湿性能,改变了铜铝接头的界面反应,显著细化了焊缝晶粒。采用优化的锌基钎料和化学镀镍磷层工艺得到的铜铝接头的力学性能得到显著提升,剪切强度达37 MPa,疲劳寿命达85000次。

激光功率对铝/铜激光熔钎焊接头组织及性能的影响

采用激光熔钎焊方法对5052铝合金和T2紫铜进行对接试验,研究了激光功率(2000,2200,2400,2600,2800 W)对接头显微组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明:不同激光功率下接头铜侧钎焊区组织均以柱状晶为主,随着激光功率的增加,焊缝区树枝晶由细针状转变为雪花状;铜侧钎焊区由界面层和金属间化合物层组成,2000,2600 W激光功率下的界面层主要为AlCu相,金属间化合物层主要为Al_(4)Cu_(9)相,2400 W激光功率下的界面层主要由AlCu相和CuZn相组成,金属间化合物层主要为CuZn_(5)相;焊缝区主要由Al_(4.2)Cu_(3.2) Zn_(0.7)和Al_(0.71)Zn_(0.29)相组成。随着激光功率的增加,金属间化合物层厚度增加。激光功率对铜侧钎焊区的显微硬度影响较大,各接头的最高显微硬度均出现在铜侧钎焊区。随着激光功率的增加,接头最高硬度增加,抗拉强度先增大后减小;当激光功率为2400 W时,接头的抗拉强度最大,达到铝合金母材的92%,此时接头在靠近铝合金母材处断裂,而其他激光功率下制备的接头均在铜侧钎焊区和焊缝区处断裂。

不锈钢钎焊接头残余应力数值分析

钎焊接头的残余应力对接头的静力学强度、疲劳强度有着重要的影响。为了获得铜基不锈钢钎焊对接接头的残余应力场信息,采用有限元方法对钎焊过程进行分析,获得在不同焊缝宽度和不同钎焊温度条件下,钎焊接头的残余应力分布情况。结果显示,随着钎焊间隙增大,纵向残余应力减小,而钎焊温度升高则提高了纵向残余应力峰值;考虑钎焊接头产生裂纹的情况,计算残余应力强度因子Kres来表征残余应力二次变化对接头疲劳强度的影响。随着裂纹扩展,残余应力强度因子变大,钎焊接头削弱显著。

基于内聚力模型的气波机振荡管304对接钎焊接头拉伸强度研究

气波机核心部件振荡管采用钎焊连接,钎焊接头拉伸性能对气波机结构强度具有重要影响。为了对钎焊接头界面裂纹扩展过程进行探究,笔者针对气波机振荡管钎焊结构,制备304对接钎焊接头试样进行拉伸试验,并对拉伸断口进行形貌分析,断口处表现为韧性断裂;基于内聚力模型,开发了VUMAT子程序,进行了有限元模拟分析。模拟断裂载荷为5 039 N,试验值为5 242 N,2者误差为3.9%,验证了模拟的准确性,结果表明内聚力模型可以较好地模拟气波机振荡管钎焊接头的裂纹萌生与扩展过程。在此基础上研究焊缝缺陷对钎焊接头断裂载荷的影响,发现缺陷处内聚力单元损伤速率加快,引起断裂载荷显著下降。

Time-dependent effects in transient liquid phase bonding of 304L and Cp-Ti using an Ag-Cu interlayer

One of the challenges for bimetal manufacturing is the joining process.Hence,transient liquid phase(TLP)bonding was performed between 304L stainless steel and Cp-Ti using an Ag-Cu interlayer with a thickness of 75μm for bonding time of 20,40,60,and 90 min.The bonding temperature of 860℃ was considered,which is under the β transus temperature of Cp-Ti.During TLP bonding,various intermetallic compounds(IMCs),including Ti_(5)Cr_(7)Fe_(17),(Cr,Fe)_(2)Ti,Ti(Cu,Fe),Ti_(2)(Cu,Ag),and Ti_(2)Cu from 304L toward Cp-Ti formed in the joint.Also,on the one side,with the increase in time,further diffusion of elements decreases the blocky IMCs such as Ti_(5)Cr_(7)Fe_(17),(Cr,Fe)_(2)Ti,Ti(Cu,Fe)in the 304L diffusion-affected zone(DAZ)and reaction zone,and on the other side,Ti_(2)(Cu,Ag)IMC transformed into fine morphology toward Cp-Ti DAZ.The microhardness test also demonstrated that the(Cr,Fe)_(2)Ti+Ti_(5)Cr_(7)Fe_(17) IMCs in the DAZ on the side of 304L have a hardness value of HV 564,making it the hardest phase.The maximum and minimum shear strength values are equal to 78.84 and 29.0 MPa,respectively.The cleavage pattern dominated fracture surfaces due to the formation of brittle phases in dissimilar joints.

陶瓷钎焊用钎料的国内外研究进展

陶瓷材料具有良好的抗高温、耐腐蚀等性能,对航空航天、化工、核能等领域的发展具有极大的影响。然而,陶瓷与异种材料的互连存在热膨胀系数不匹配等固有缺陷,其导致的残余应力过大、材料难以润湿等是当前相关行业急需解决的问题。钎焊是连接陶瓷材料的主要方法之一,所使用的钎料在很大程度上决定了钎焊接头的综合性能。目前,针对陶瓷材料的连接已开发出多种钎料,如Ag-Cu体系钎料、Ni基钎料、玻璃钎料、高熵合金钎料等,但实现以上钎料与陶瓷材料可靠连接的手段还尚未完善,使用不同体系钎料钎焊的接头性能存在差异。因此,本文综述了陶瓷材料与异种材料钎焊过程中存在的差异与问题,以期为后续陶瓷/异种材料连接的发展提供参考。

IC10高温合金大间隙钎焊接头组织与力学性能研究

针对航空发动机涡轮热端部件的焊接制造需求,开展了定向凝固高温合金IC10的大间隙钎焊工艺研究。结果表明,采用Ni-Nb-W-Co-Cr-Al合金钎料在不同间隙内预填高温合金粉末,在1225℃/30 min钎焊条件下可获得冶金质量良好的IC10合金大间隙钎焊接头。当钎焊间隙为0.2 mm时,接头在980℃/75 MPa下的平均持久寿命为44.56 h,随钎焊间隙增大,接头高温持久寿命逐渐下降。从接头断口分析来看,接头中的脆性化合物相为薄弱相,易萌生裂纹,从而诱发断裂。

搅拌船用耐磨板YG20、Q355与TU1铜钎焊接头的性能分析

针对引进的国外某型搅拌船中的易损件中的耐磨板机械性能问题,选用硬质合金YG20与Q355低合金钢作为母材、TU1无氧铜作钎料进行真空钎焊,在不同的钎缝间隙下,进行焊接接头进行性能试验,对拉伸试样与冲击试样的断口形貌进行SEM扫描,结果表明,YG20与Q355在TU1无氧铜作为钎料进行钎焊时,当钎缝间隙小于0.5 mm时能够获得很好的焊接接头;在0.4 mm时接头性能最佳,抗拉强度为439.8 MPa,达到母材抗拉强度上限值的69.8%;当钎缝间隙大于0.5 mm后,性能急剧下降;钎缝间隙在0.2 mm以下时,焊接接头断口呈脆性断裂,在0.3 mm以上塑性断裂现象随间隙值的增大而显现出一定的塑性。YG20和Q355通过铜钎焊能够获得良好的焊接接头;综合考虑钎焊批量生产的操作性、焊接接头性能等因素,推荐焊缝间隙范围为0.2~0.5 mm。

AlN/Cu钎焊接头残余应力的数值模拟研究

氮化铝(AlN)陶瓷可用于高压大功率绝缘栅双极型功率管(IGBT)的封装,并以表面覆铜(Cu)的方式实现散热功能。但AlN和Cu存在巨大的物性差异,易在连接中残留较大的残余应力。针对AlN/Cu钎焊接头的残余应力进行有限元数值模拟研究,探究压力载荷、冷却速度以及钎料厚度对接头残余应力的影响规律。结果表明,在所研究的范围内,AlN/Cu钎焊接头中最大轴向应力均出现在AlN陶瓷棱边靠近钎料金属层处,最大剪切应力则出现在靠近外侧边的AlN陶瓷与钎料金属层界面处。压力载荷降低、冷却速度加快和钎料层厚度增加均会增大最大轴向应力和剪切应力,但应力分布较为一致。本研究可为大功率IGBT覆Cu AlN陶瓷基板的高可靠性封装提供理论指导。