Damage characteristics of Cu−Cr−Zr alloy rail of electromagnetic railgun after simulated launch

The damage characteristics of different speed sections of Cu−Cr−Zr alloy rail after simulated launch were studied.The microstructure,morphologies and properties of samples were investigated by using XRD,XPS,EBSD,SEM,hardness test,electrochemical test and DSC techniques.It was found that deposition layers were formed on the surfaces of the simulated launch samples.The thickness and surface roughness of these deposition layers increased with increasing the heat effect,suggesting a launch speed dependent damage degree of the arc ablation.The hardness variation of samples is attributed to the effects of the deposition layer and deformation hardening.The surface deposition layer affects corrosion resistance and crystalline characteristics,leading to changes in subsequent service performances.Additionally,the surface texture and plastic deformation ability of the samples are related to the recrystallization degree and deformation grain amount.

Oxidation of two-phase Cu-Cr alloys with different microstructures

The oxidation of PM Cu 50Cr, MA Cu 40Cr and MS Cu 40Cr alloys at 800 ℃ in 0.1 MPa O 2 was studied. The most important difference of their oxidation behaviors is the formation of an exclusive chromia scale on the surface of the MS Cu 40Cr alloy and a continuous chromia layer beneath an outer CuO layer corresponding MA Cu 40Cr alloy, while a complex scale composing of CuO, Cu 2O, Cu 2Cr 2O 4 and Cr 2O 3 formed on the PM Cu 50Cr alloy. This result implies that alloy microstructure affects their oxidation behaviors largely. Microcrystalline structure provides numerous diffusion paths for reactive component chromium, shorter diffusion distance and rapid dissolution of Cr riched second phase. All these favor the exclusive formation of the most stable oxide. [

Fabrication of high strength conductivity submicron crystalline Cu 5%Cr alloy by mechanical alloying

Cu 5%Cr alloy bulk material with submicron grains were fabricated by mechanical alloying and subsequent hot hydrostatic extrusion. The microstructure, mechanical properties and electrical conductivity of the alloy were experimentally investigated, and the influence of the extrusion temperature on its microstructure and properties was made clear. Also, the strengthening mechanism of the alloy was discussed. It was revealed that the microstructure of the alloy is very fine, with an average grain size being about 100～120 nm, and thus possesses significant fine grain strengthening effect, leading to very high mechanical strength of 800～1 000 MPa. Meanwhile, the alloy also possesses quite good electrical conductivity and moderate tensile elongation, with the former in the range of 55%～70%(IACS) and the latter about 5% respectively.

Effect of cryorolling on microstructure and property of high strength and high conductivity Cu−0.5wt.%Cr alloy

Cu−0.5wt.%Cr alloy with high strength and high conductivity was processed by cryorolling(CR)and room temperature rolling(RTR),respectively.The microstructure,mechanical property and electrical conductivity of Cu−0.5Cr alloy after CR/RTR and aging treatment were investigated.The results indicate that obvious dislocation entanglement can be observed in matrix of CR alloy.The Cr particles in the alloy after CR and aging treatment possess finer particle size and exhibit dispersive distribution.The peak hardness of CR alloy is HV 167.4,significantly higher than that of RTR alloy.The optimum mechanical property of CR alloy is obtained after aging at 450℃ for 120 min.The conductivity of CR Cu−0.5Cr alloy reaches 92.5%IACS after aging at 450℃ for 120 min,which is slightly higher than that of RTR alloy.

Effect of Cr content on microstructure and properties of aged Cu−Cr−P alloys

The role of Cr in affecting the precipitates and the properties of aged Cu−Cr−P alloys was investigated and discussed.The results show that there are mainly three sizes of Cr phase in aged Cu−Cr−P alloys,among them,the nano-sized Cr phase plays an important role in the strength of Cu−Cr−P alloys.The strengthening effect of Cr phase(less than 5 nm)with FCC structure completely coherent with the matrix is calculated to be about 200 MPa on the basis of dislocation cut-through mechanism.The strengthening effect of Cr phase(10−20 nm)with BCC structure incoherent with the matrix is calculated to be about 100 MPa on the basis of the Orowan dislocation bypass mechanism.The increase of Cr content changes the number and size of nano-sized Cr phase,which causes the mechanical properties of the Cu−Cr−P alloys to increase first and then decrease.The tensile strength of Cu−0.36Cr−0.01P alloy is 572 MPa and its electrical conductivity is 80%IACS after solid solution treatment at 980°C for 2 h followed by 95%cold rolling and then aging treatment at 450°C for 1 h.

Study on improvement of conductivity of Cu-Cr-Zr alloys

The influence of alloying, heat treatment, and plastic working on the performance of Cu-Cr-Zr alloys was investigated. The precipitated phases were characterized as Cr, Cu51Zr14 and Cu5Zr. Cu-Cr-Zr alloys demonstrate combination properties of high strength and high conductivity after solution treatment, aging treatment, and plastic deformation. Precipitation course of Cr is the main factor that influences the conductivity of Cu-Cr-Zr alloys, while adding Zr in the alloys adjusts the orientation relationship between Cr and matrix, and tends to increase the conductivity of aged Cu-Cr-Zr alloys after deformation.

Effect of thermomechanical treatment on microstructure and properties of Cu-Cr-Zr-Ag alloy

The effects of thermomechanical treatment on the properties and microstructure of Cu-Cr-Zr alloy and Cu-Cr-Zr-Ag alloy were investigated. Ag addition improves the mechanical properties of the alloy through solid solution strengthening and brings a little effect on the electrical conductivity of the alloy. A new Cu-Cr-Zr-Ag alloy was developed, which has an excellent combination of the tensile strength, elongation, and electrical conductivity reaching 476.09 MPa, 15.43% and 88.68% IACS respectively when subjected to the optimum thermomechanical treatment, i.e., solution-treating at 920℃ for 1 h, cold drawing to 96% deformation, followed by aging at 400℃ for 3 h. TEM analysis revealed two kinds of finely dispersed precipitates of Cr and CuaZr. It is very important to use the mechanisms of solid solution strengthening, work hardening effect as well as precipitate pinning effect of dislocations to improve tensile strength of the alloy without adversely affecting its electrical conductivity.

Microstructure and Properties of Cu-Cr-Zr Alloy after Rapidly Solidified Aging and Solid Solution Aging

The structure and properties of Cu-Cr-Zr alloy were studied after rapidly solidified aging and solid solution aging.At the early stage of aging （500℃ for 15 rain）, the hardness and the conductivity of the alloy rapidly solidified are 143 HV and 72% IACS, respectively. Under the same aging condition, the hardness and electrical conductivity of the alloy solid solution treated can reach 86 HV and 47% IACS, respectively. The microstructure was analyzed, and the grain size after rapid solidification is much smaller than that after solid solution treatment. By rapidly solidified aging the fine precipitates distribute inside the grains and along the grain boundary, while by solid solution aging there are large Cr particles along the grain boundary.

Influence of Cerium and Yttrium on Cu-Cr-Zr Alloys

Testing results shows that alloying with Ce and Y improves the hardness and softens temperature of cold worked Cu-Cr-Zr alloys obviously, while the conductivity was fluctuant with the variation of RE content. Observation and analysis indicate that micro-dosage RE elements helps to refine microstructure and morphology of Cu-Cr-Zr-RE alloys, suppress microstructure coarsening and improves homogeneous level of Cu-Cr-Zr alloys. Alloying with 0.01% Ce causes about 1% IACS increment of conductivity, and reduces about 2% ~ 3.5% IACS conductivity after alloying with 0.03% ~ 0.04% RE (Ce or Ce + Y) for Cu-Cr-Zr alloys. The microstructure of as-cast Cu-Cr-Zr alloy is refined after alloying with 0.01% Ce while the plasticity is improved slightly. Alloying with 0.01% ~ 0.04% RE improves the softening temperature of deformed Cu-Cr-Zr alloys about 20 ~ 40 K; hardness is also improved about 20 ~ 35 HV . Test data indicate that alloying with Ce + Y raises softening temperature and hardness of Cu-Cr-Zr alloys more notably than alloying with pure Ce.

Effect of Lanthanum and Yttrium on Microstructures of Cu-Cr alloys

Microstructures of Cu-based alloys (including CuO.8CrO.05La, CuO.8CrO.lLa, CuO.8CrO.4La, CuO.8CrO.05Y, CuO.8CrO.lY and CuO.8CrO.4Y) were studied by optical microscope, X-ray diffractometer, Scanning electron microscope and Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The results show that La and Y refine the grains and change the distribution of microstructures of Cu-Cr alloys. The sizes of Cr particles are smaller in CuCrRE alloys than in CuCr alloy. In CuCrLa and CuCrY alloys, La and Y usually respectively exist as compounds of CugLa and Cu5Y. These compounds distribute in the grains with sphere shape and on the grain-boundaries with slice shape.

Aging Behavior of Cu-Cr-Zr-Ce Alloy

The aging properties of Cu-0.35Cr-0.038Zr-0.055Ce alloy are studied. The results show that can obtain higher electrical conductivity and microhardness after solutioned at 920°Cfor Ih, and aged at 500°C. The process of precipitation of the secondary phase can be accelerated with cold deformation before aging, so properties of the alloy are improved. Upon aging at 500°C for 30 minutes after 60% cold deformation, the values of electrical conductivity and microhardness are 69.0%IACS and 152HV respectively, but they are only 66.2%IACS and 136HV upon directly aging after solution. With the addition of a trace of rare earth element Ce, the value of microhardness of Cu-0.35Cr-0.038Zr alloy increases 18-25HV, while the value of electrical conductivity drops a little.

High temperature oxidation of powder metallurgy two phase Cu Cr alloys under low oxygen pressure

The oxidation of two phase Cu Cr alloys containing 25% and 50% Cr prepared by powder metallurgy (PM) with a rather uniform two phase microstructure has been studied at 700～900 ℃ under oxygen pressure below the stability of the copper oxides. The two PM alloys oxidized very slowly and formed only external Cr 2O 3 scales rather than undergoing an internal oxidation of chromium. This result is attributed mainly to a supply of chromium from the small Cr rich particles dispersed within the Cu rich phase. The oxidation kinetics of the two PM Cu Cr alloys approximately followed the parabolic rate law. The scaling rates are of the same order as those measured for pure chromium under the same oxygen pressure, but smaller than those for the alloys of similar composition prepared by normal arc melting techniques, whose compositions were largely non uniform. The results are interpreted in terms of the two phase nature of these alloys.

EFFECT OF COLD WORKING ON THE AGING PROPERTIES OF Cu-Cr-Zr-Mg ALLOY BY ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK

A developmental research has been carried out to deal with the high performance of Cu-Cr-Zr-Mg lead frame alloy by artificial neural network (ANN). Using the cold working to assist in the aging hardening can improve the the hardness and electrical conductivity properties of Cu-Cr-Zr-Mg lead frame alloy. This paper studies the effect of different extent of cold working on the aging properties by a supervised ANN to model the non-linear relationship between processing parameters and the properties. The back-propagation (BP) training algorithm is improved by Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm. A basic repository on the domain knowledge of cold worked aging processes is established via sufficient data mining by the network. The predicted values of the ANN coincide well with the tested data. So an important foundation has been laid for prediction and optimum controlling the rolling and aging properties of Cu-Cr-Zr-Mg alloy.

STUDY ON THE HOT DEFORMATION BEHAVIORS OF Al-Zn-Mg-Cu-Cr ALUMINUM ALLOY

The hot deformation behaviors and microstructures of A1-Zn-Mg-Cu-Cr aluminum alloy have been studied using thermal simulation test, optical microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. As a result, the true stress versus true strain curves and the microstructures under various deformation conditions are obtained. The microstructures gradually incline to dynamic-recrystallization with the deformation temperature rising and the recrystallization grains refine with the decrease of deformation temperature or with raising the strain rates. The quantitative relationship between the Zener-Hollomon parameter （Z） and average recrystallization grain size in the subsequent heat treatment is set up.

Electrochemical corrosion behavior of Cu-40Ni-20Cr alloys with different grain sizes in solutions containing chloride ions

The electrochemical corrosion behavior of the two Cu-40Ni-20Cr alloys prepared by conventional casting(CA) and mechanical alloying(MA) with the different grain sizes was studied by using open-circuit potential(OCP), potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS) methods in solutions containing chloride ions. The results show that the free corrosion potentials of the two alloys move towards negative values, corrosion currents increase and therefore corrosion rates become faster with the increase of chloride ion concentrations. EIS plots of CACu-40Ni-20Cr alloy are composed of single capacitive loop, while EIS plots of MACu-40Ni-20Cr alloy are composed of double capacitive loops in solution containing lower chloride ion concentrations. EIS plots of the two alloys have Warburg impedance with the increase of chloride ion concentrations. Corrosion rates of MACu-40Ni-20Cr alloy become faster than those of CACu-40Ni-20Cr alloy obviously in solutions containing the same chloride ion concentrations because MACu-40Ni-20Cr alloy is able to produce large concentrations of grain boundaries in the course of reduction in grain size by mechanical alloying.

Prediction of Properties in Thermomechanically Treated Cu-Cr-Zr Alloy by an Artificial Neural Network

A supervised artificial neural network (ANN) to model the nonlinear relationship between parameters of thermomechanical treatment processes with respect to hardness and conductivity properties was proposed for Cu-Cr-Zr alloy. The improved model was developed by the Levenberg-Marquardt training algorithm. A basic repository on the domain knowledge of thermomechanical treatment processes is established via sufficient data acquisition by the network. The results showed that the ANN system is an effective way and can be successfully used to predict and analyze the properties of Cu-Cr-Zr alloy.

Microstructural Characteristics of CuCr50 Alloy by Laser Refining

An investigation conceming the thecrostructural characterization of CuCr50 alloy layer by laser surface refining on the powder metallurgy substrate was carried out Significant refined procutectic chromium crystals distributed in an Cr-rich eutectic and high mutual solubility of Cu and Cr elements in the CuCr50 alloy were exam ined by Backscattered Eectron Imaging (BEI) and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrum (EDS) techniques. The results show that surface refining and alloying by high-power laser have a great potential to develop new and high performance alloys in the immiscible and limited solubility systems like Cu-Cr and other similar alloy systems.

Aging Strengthening in Rapidly Solidified Cu-Cr-Sn- Zn Alloy

It is known that the strength of alloys can be successfully improved by rapid solidification. The paper presents a process where Cu-Cr-Sn-Zn lead frame alloy is produced by rapid solidification and aging. The microcrystalline structure of rapidly solidified Cu-Cr-Sn-Zn alloy is smaller grain structure examined by optical metallography. The effects of aging processes on the microstructure and properties of the lead frame alloy were investigated. Aged at 500℃ for 15 min the fine coherent precipitates Cr distribute in Cu matrix observed by transmission electron microscopy and the properties of hardness and electrical conductivity properties can reach 178HV and 61%IACS, respectively.

Effects of Mechanical Alloying Parameters on the Microstructures of Nanocrystalline Cu-5 wt% Cr Alloy

Nanocrystalline Cu-5 wt%Cr alloy powders were fabricated by mechanical alloying （MA）, The effects of MA processing parameters on the crystallite size, solid solubility, and microstructures of the Cu- 5 wt%Cr alloys were investigated including type and size distribution of the grinding medium and ball-topowder weight ratio （BPR）. The results show that the crystallites were refined effectively and solid solubility of Cr in Cu was extended when heavier ball and higher BPR were adopted. The maximum solubility is extended up to 5.6 at% （namely 4.6 wt%） Cr in Cu by use of a combination of large and small size WC-Co balls with BPR of 30：1. A Cn-5 wt%Cr supersaturated solid solution alloy bulk is obtained by spark plasma sintering the as-milled powders at 900 ℃ for 5 min.

The influence of surface roughness and deformation on dechromization of a Cu-Cr alloy

In order to realize the dechromization of a Cu-Cr alloy in HCl solution, the influence of surface roughness and deformation on dechromization of the Cu-Cr alloy was studied by means of metallographic observation, TEM, SEM/EDX, and CH1660A electrochemical instrument. The results showed that the bigger the sample＇s deformation and surface roughness, the shorter the incubation time of dechromization of the Cu-Cr alloy, and the trend of dechromization increases. Simultaneously, the deformation can increase the dechromization rate, invite stress corrosion, and decrease the compactibifity of the microstructure of the dechromization layer. And yet the surface roughness does not obviously affect the dechromization rate and the compactibility of the dechromization layer.