Genetic investigation of the ubiquitin-protein ligase E3A gene as putative target in Angelman syndrome

BACKGROUND Angelman syndrome(AS)is caused by maternal chromosomal deletions,imprinting defects,paternal uniparental disomy involving chromosome 15 and the ubiquitin-protein ligase UBE3A gene mutations.However the genetic basis remains unclear for several patients.AIM To investigate the involvement of UBE3A gene in AS and identifying new potential genes using exome sequencing.METHODS We established a cohort study in 50 patients referred to Farhat Hached University Hospital between 2006 and 2021,with a strong suspicion of AS and absence of chromosomal aberrations.The UBE3A gene was screened for mutation detection.Two unrelated patients issued from consanguineous families were subjected to exome analysis.RESULTS We describe seven UBE3A variants among them 3 none previously described including intronic variants c.2220+14T>C(intron14),c.2507+43T>A(Exon15)and insertion in Exon7:c.30-47_30-46.The exome sequencing revealed 22 potential genes that could be involved in AS-like syndromes that should be investigated further.CONCLUSION Screening for UBE3A mutations in AS patients has been proven to be useful to confirm the diagnosis.Our exome findings could rise to new potential alternative target genes for genetic counseling.

Research Progress in Function and Regulation of E3 Ubiquitin Ligase SMURF1

Smad ubiquitylation regulatory factor 1(Smurf1)is an important homologous member of E6-AP C-terminus type E3 ubiquitin ligase.Initially,Smurf1 was reportedly involved in the negative regulation of the bone morphogenesis protein(BMP)pathway.After further research,several studies have confirmed that Smurf1 is widely involved in various biological processes,such as bone homeostasis regulation,cell migration,apoptosis,and planar cell polarity.At the same time,recent studies have provided a deeper understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of Smurf1’s expression,activity,and substrate selectivity.In our review,a brief summary of recent important biological functions and regulatory mechanisms of E3 ubiquitin ligase Smurf1 is proposed.

靶向Cullin-RING E3泛素连接酶的抗肿瘤策略及相关药物研发进展

Cullin-RING E3泛素连接酶(CRL)是泛素-蛋白酶体系统的重要组分,参与催化蛋白质的泛素化,促进随后的蛋白质降解,从而影响细胞周期、细胞凋亡、DNA复制、信号转导等多种细胞生理活动,且在多种肿瘤细胞中异常活化。以MLN4924为代表的拟素化抑制剂的成功研发有力地证实了CRL是可行的抗肿瘤靶点,具有很好的药物研发潜力。近年来,不断有新的研究通过高通量筛选、基于计算机辅助的虚拟筛选或基于结构的药物设计技术寻找特异的CRL抑制剂,但由于CRL复合物具有多种亚单位,呈蛋白-蛋白相互作用和多变的蛋白构象,缺乏典型的小分子药物结合位点等特性,其相关药物研发仍面临巨大挑战。截至目前,CRL小分子抑制剂主要以研究最为透彻的SCF泛素连接酶复合体的底物识别亚基F-box蛋白家族为靶点。此外,也发现数个通过靶向UBE2M-DCN1相互作用,特异性阻断CRL3/CRL1拟素化,从而抑制CRL3/CRL1泛素连接酶活性的小分子化合物。另一方面,也有CRL激动剂的报道,主要见于植物生长素吲哚乙酸和免疫调节性酰亚胺类药物。此外,靶蛋白水解嵌合体(PROTAC)是一项靶向蛋白-蛋白相互作用的新技术,其通过特异性小分子抑制剂链接一个CRL E3泛素连接酶来精确降解特定促癌靶蛋白,已成为近年来利用E3泛素连接酶设计抗肿瘤靶向药物的热点。

Role of E3 ubiquitin ligases in gastric cancer

E3 ubiquitin ligases have an important role in carcinogenesis and include a large family of proteins that catalyze the ubiquitination of many protein substrates for targeted degradation by the 26S proteasome.So far,E3 ubiquitin ligases have been reported to have a role in a variety of biological processes including cell cycle regulation,cell proliferation,and apoptosis.Recently,several kinds of E3 ubiquitin ligases were demonstrated to be generally highly expressed in gastric cancer(GC) tissues and to contribute to carcinogenesis.In this review,we summarize thecurrent knowledge and information about the clinical significance of E3 ubiquitin ligases in GC.Bortezomib,a proteasome inhibitor,encouraged the evaluation of other components of the ubiquitin proteasome system for pharmaceutical intervention.The clinical value of novel treatment strategies targeting aberrant E3 ubiquitin ligases for GC are discussed in the review.

Role of E3 ubiquitin ligases in lung cancer

E3 ubiquitin ligases are a large family of proteins that catalyze the ubiquitination of many protein substrates for targeted degradation by the 26S proteasome.Therefore,E3 ubiquitin ligases play an essential role in a variety of biological processes including cell cycle regulation,proliferation and apoptosis.E3 ubiquitin ligases are often found overexpressed in human cancers,including lung cancer,and their deregulation has been shown to contribute to cancer development.However,the lack of specific inhibitors in clinical trials is a major issue in targeting E3 ubiquitin ligases with currently only one E3 ubiquitin ligase inhibitor being tested in the clinical setting.In this review,we focus on E3 ubiquitin ligases that have been found deregulated in lung cancer.Furthermore,we discuss the processes in which they are involved and evaluate them as potential anti-cancer targets.By better understanding the mechanisms by which E3 ubiquitin ligases regulate biological processes and their exact role in carcinogenesis,we can improve the development of specific E3 ubiquitin ligase inhibitors and pave the way for novel treatment strategies for cancer patients.

微小核糖核酸-1205沉默Cullin-RING泛素E3连接酶4A激活AMPK信号传导保护人成骨细胞免受地塞米松损伤的研究

目的:腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶(AMPK)激活可以抑制地塞米松(Dex)诱导的成骨细胞损伤。Cullin-RING泛素E3连接酶4A(CUL4A)决定了AMPKα泛素化和蛋白酶体降解。本研究鉴定了一种新型的靶向CUL4A的微小核糖核酸-1205(miR-1205)。方法:为了研究miR-1205对Dex诱导人类成骨细胞的氧化损伤和细胞死亡的影响,对hFOB1.19成骨细胞和原代人成骨细胞进行培养和分化,提取第3~10代的原始人类成骨细胞总细胞RNA,并通过反转录获得c DNA。利用qPCR、2ΔΔCt方法进行数据定量,分析miR-1205的表达。将生成表达premiR-1205的慢病毒(lv-premiR-1205)或miR-1205反义慢病毒(lv-antagomiR-1205),进行过滤并添加至h FOB1.19细胞或人成骨细胞。将细胞接种到六孔板中,通过miR模拟物转染,进行遗传修饰。检查CUL4A 3’-UTR荧光素酶的活性,并对结果进行量化。在对hFOB1.19细胞使用Dex处理后,对细胞功能包括细胞生存力测定,细胞死亡检测,以及通过核TUNEL染色和caspase-3活性测定及Western印迹测定进行细胞凋亡检查。结果:将CUL4A七个靶向miRNA模拟物中的每一个都分别转染到hFOB1.19成骨细胞中。其中,miR-1205模拟物导致最显著的CUL4A mRNA降低。miR-1205的亚细胞分布表明,内源性miR-1205的大部分位于细胞质中。生物素化的miR-1205与hFOB1.19细胞中的CUL4A m RNA直接关联并使其沉默,从而导致AMPK级联激活,并显著减弱h FOB1.19细胞中Dex诱导的细胞毒性。此外,miR-1205的过表达显著抑制了hFOB1.19细胞中Dex诱导的凋亡激活。结论:在h FOB1.19细胞和人类成骨细胞中,通过miR-1205沉默CUL4A,激活了AMPK信号传导,并调节其下游靶标发挥有效的抗氧化活性,极大减弱Dex诱导的细胞毒性,从而显著保护成骨细胞。

Molecular cloning and functional characterization of apple U-box E3 ubiquitin ligase gene MdPUB29 reveals its involvement in salt tolerance

An E3 ubiquitin ligase gene(Genbank accession no.:MD01 G1010900) was cloned from the Royal Gala apple genome(Malus×domestica Borkh.).Sequence analysis showed that the length of the MdPUB29 gene was 1 275 bp,encoding 424 amino acids.Phylogenetic tree analysis indicated that the apple E3 ubiquitin ligase exhibited the greatest sequence similarity to Pyrus×bretschneideri.The predicted protein structural domain of MdPUB29 showed that it contained a U-box domain.qRT-PCR analysis showed that Md PUB29 was expressed widely in different tissues of the Royal Gala apple species,and was highly expressed in the root,while the expression of MdPUB29 was significantly inhibited by exogenous NaCl.Immunoblotting assays revealed that MdPUB29 protein abundance in tissue cultures of the Royal Gala apple accumulated under NaC l stress conditions.Three-dimensional protein structure prediction indicated that MdPUB29 was highly homologous with AtPUB29.The growing potential of MdPUB29-expressing apple calli and Arabidopsis were much stronger than that of the control under salt stress conditions,suggesting that MdPUB29 may positively regulate salt tolerance.

Human RING finger protein ZNF645 is a novel testis-specific E3 ubiquitin ligase

A large number of testis-specific genes are involved in the complex process of mammalian spermatogenesis. Identification of these genes and their roles is important for understanding the mechanisms underlying spermatogenesis. Here we report on a novel human RING finger protein, ZNF645, which contains a C3HC4 RING finger domain, a C2H2 zinc-finger domain, and a proline-rich region, indicating that it has a structure similar to that of the c-Cbl-like protein Hakai. ZNF645 was exclusively expressed in normal human testicular tissue. Immunohistochemical analysis confirmed that ZNF645 protein was present in spermatocytes, round and elongated spermatids, and Leydig cells. Immunofluorescence staining of mature sperms further showed that the ZNF645 protein was localized over the postacrosomal perinuclear theca region and the entire length of sperm tail. An in vitro ubiquitination assay indicated that the RING finger domain of the ZNF645 protein had E3 ubiquitin ligase activity. Therefore, we suggest that ZNF645 might act as an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase and play a role in human sperm production and quality control.

TaGW2L,a GW2-like RING finger E3 ligase,positively regulates heading date in common wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)

RING finger E3 ligases play an important role in regulating plant growth and development by mediating substrate degradation.In this study,we identified TaGW2L,encoding a Grain width and weight2(GW2)-like RING finger E3 ligase,as a novel positive regulator of heading date in wheat(Triticum aestivum L.).TaGW2L exhibited high amino acid sequence similarities with TaGW2 homoeologs,particularly in the conserved RING finger domain.Expression analysis indicated that TaGW2L was constitutively expressed in various wheat tissues.TaGW2L showed transactivation activity in yeast and could interact with the ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes E2_(s).An in vitro ubiquitination assay verified that TaGW2L possessed a similar E3 ligase activity to TaGW2.Overexpression of the TaGW2L-7A homoeolog in wheat led to a significantly earlier heading date under both natural conditions and long-day conditions.Transcriptome analysis revealed that multiple known genes positively regulating wheat heading were significantly upregulated in the TaGW2L-7A-overexpression plants compared with the wild-type control.Together,our findings shed light on the role of TaGW2L in wheat heading date and provide potential applications of TaGW2L for the adaptation improvement of crops.

Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of Gossypium RING-H2 finger E3 ligase genes revealed their roles in fiber development,and phytohormone and abiotic stress responses

Background： RING H2 finger E3 ligase （RH2FE3） genes encode cysteine rich proteins that mediate E3 ubiquitin ligase activity and degrade target substrates. The roles of these genes in plant responses to phytohormones and abiotic stresses are well documented in various species, but their roles in cotton fiber development are poorly understood. To date, genome wide identification and expression analyses of Gossypium hirsutum RH2FE3 genes have not been reported. Methods： We performed computational identification, structural and phylogenetic analyses, chromosomal distribution analysis and estimated KJKs values of G hirsutum RH2FE3 genes. Orthologous and paralogous gene pairs were identified by all versus all BLASTP searches. We predicted cis regulatory elements and analyzed microarray data sets to generate heatmaps at different development stages. Tissue specific expression in cotton fiber, and hormonal and abiotic stress responses were determined by quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction （qRT PCR） analysis. Results： We investigated 140 G hirsutum, 80 G. orboreum, and evolutionary mechanisms and compared them with orthologs 89 G. roimondii putative RH2FB genes and their in Arobidopsis and rice. A domain based analysis of the G hirsutum RH2FE3 genes predicted conserved signature motifs and gene structures. Chromosomal localization showed the genes were distributed across all G hirsutum chromosomes, and 60 duplication events （4 tandem and 56 segmental duplications） and 98 orthologs were detected, cis elements were detected in the promoter regions of G hirsutum RH2FE3 genes. Microarray data and qRT PCR analyses showed that G hirsutum RH2FE3 genes were strongly correlated with cotton fiber development. Additionally, almost all the （brassinolide, gibberellic acid （GA）, indole 3-acetic acid drought, and salt）. dentified genes were up regulated in response to phytohormones （IAA）, and salicylic acid （SA）） and abiotic stresses （cold, heat, Conclusions： The genome wide identification, comprehensive analysis, and characterization of conserved domains and gene structures, as well as phylogenetic analysis, cis element prediction, and expression profile analysis of G hirsutum RH2FE3 genes and their roles in cotton fiber development and responses to plant hormones and abiotic stresses are reported here for the first time. Our findings will contribute to the genome wide analysis of putative RH2FE3 genes in other species and lay a foundation for future physiological and functional research on G hirsutum RH2FE3 genes.

Effects of Nephrolithiasis on Serum DNase(Deoxyribonuclease Ⅰ and Ⅱ) Activity and E3 SUMO-Protein Ligase NSE2(NSMCE2) in Malaysian Individuals

Objective Nephrolithiasis is one of the most common disorders of the urinary tract. The aim of this study was to examine a possible relationship between DNase Ⅰ/Ⅱ activity and E3 SUMO-protein ligase NSE2 in the sera of nephrolithiasis patients to evaluate the possibility of a new biomarker for evaluating kidney damage. Methods Sixty nephrolithiasis patients and 50 control patients were enrolled in a case-control study. Their blood urea, creatinine, protein levels and DNase Ⅰ/Ⅱ activity levels were measured by spectrometry. Serum NSMCE2 levels were measured by ELISA. Blood was collected from patients of the government health clinics in Kuantan-Pahang and fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Results The result indicated that mean levels of sera NSMCE2 have a significantly increase（P〈0.01） in patients compared to control group. Compared with control subjects, activities and specific activities of serum DNase Ⅰ and Ⅱ were significantly elevated in nephrolithiasis patients（P〈0.01）. Conclusion This study suggests that an increase in serum concentrations of DNase Ⅰ/Ⅱ and E3 SUMO-protein ligase NSE2 level can be used as indicators for the diagnosis of kidney injury in patients with nephrolithiasis.

Study the effect of kidney stones on serum xanthine oxidase, ecto-5'-nucleotidase activity and E3 SUMO-protein ligase NSE2(NSMCE2) in Malaysian individuals

Objective: To verify possible relations between 5'-nucleotidase, xanthine oxidase to E3 small ubiquitin-like modifier-protein ligase non structural maintenance of chromosomes elements 2 in sera patients with kidney stones and to evaluate the possibility of a new biomarker for the evaluation of kidney damage. Methods: A sixty patients with known kidney stones who appeared the government health clinics in Kuantan–Pahang and fifty apparently healthy were taken as control group. The 5'-nucleotidase,xanthine oxidase and other biochemical parameters were measured by colorimetric tests. The serum NSMCE2 were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay.Results: The mean serum xanthine oxidase [(39.98±19.70) IU/L] and ecto-5'-nucleotidase activity(40.03±9.53 IU/L) were significantly higher than the controls' levels of(18.04 ±6.26) and(16.06 ±4.61) IU/L respectively. There were 85.00% and 83.33%, of patients with kidney stones who had abnormal ecto-5'-nucleotidase activity and uric acid respectively while xanthine oxidase activity was less sensitive 58.33%.Conclusions: The present study suggests that the increase in serum of xanthine oxidase,ecto-5'-nucleotidase activities E3 small ubiquitin-like modifier-protein ligase NSE2 concentration can be used as biomarkers for diagnosis of kidney damage in patients with kidney stone,also in developments of change DNA damage and inflammation disorders in these patients.

Serum E3 SUMO-protein ligase NSE2 level and peroxynitrite related to oxidative stress in nephrolithiasis patients

Objective: To prove probable relations between serum E3 SUMO-protein ligase NSE2(NSMCE2) concentration, peroxynitrite related to oxidative stress in nephrolithiasis patients.Methods: A total of 60 patients with nephrolithiasis and 50 healthy volunteers were involved in this study. Colorimetric method was used to detect blood urea, creatinine, uric acid, protein, albumin, total antioxidant status, total oxidant status, peroxynitrite, nitric oxide and oxidative stress index. Glutathione, NSMCE2 and superoxide dismutase were measured by ELISA.Results: A significant increase in level of peroxynitrite, total oxidant status, NSMCE2 and oxidative stress index in patients was observed, while total antioxidant status and glutathione were significantly decreased.Conclusions: The study concluded that serum NSMCE2 significantly correlated with peroxynitrite and oxidative stress in patients with nephrolithiasis.

Antiserum Preparation and Specific Detection of Banana RING-E3 Ubiquitin-Protein Ligase

According to the data of banana transcriptome sequencing, an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase gene was cloned by RT-PCR method using the cDNA sample of banana leaves. The complete ORF of E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase is 681 bp long and its encoded protein showed 100% sequence identity to homologue RING-H2 finger protein (XP_009407047.1) of Musa_acuminata. Bioinformatic analysis indicated that E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase contains the Ring finger domain in C terminus and eight cross-brace motifs are found in the domain. The target gene was digested by EcoR V and EcoR I, and was inserted into prokaryotic expression vector pET-32a of the same digestions to obtain the plasmid pET32a-E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase. The recombinant plasmid was introduced into Escherichia coli strain BL21 (DE3), and induced at 25°C with 0.4 mmol/L IPTG for 6 hours. The soluble fusion protein was expressed and high purity fusion protein was obtained by Ni2+-NTA agarose affinity chromatography purification. The fusion protein was injected into mice 3 times to prepare the antiserum. Western blot analysis showed a specific protein band was detected in total protein sample of banana leaves, but not for the samples of wild-type Nicotiana benthamiana (N.B.) and wild-type Arabidopsis thaliana (A.T.), implying the antiserum was specific to banana E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase.

The E3 ubiquitin ligase seven in absentia homolog 1 may be a potential new therapeutic target for Parkinson's disease

In this study, we investigated the effect of an antibody against E3 ubiquitin ligase seven in absentia homolog 1（SIAH-1） in PC12 cells. 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium（MPP＋） treatment increased α-synuclein, E1 and SIAH-1 protein levels in PC12 cells, and it reduced cell viability; however, there was no significant change in light chain 3 expression. Treatment with an SIAH-1 antibody decreased m RNA expression levels of α-synuclein, light chain 3 and SIAH-1, but increased E1 m RNA expression. It also increased cell viability. Combined treatment with MPP＋ and rapamycin reduced SIAH-1 and α-synuclein levels. Treatment with SIAH-1 antibody alone diminished α-synuclein immunoreactivity in PC12 cells, and reduced the colocalization of α-synuclein and light chain 3. These findings suggest that the SIAH-1 antibody reduces the monoubiquitination and aggregation of α-synuclein, promoting its degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Consequently, SIAH-1 may be a potential new therapeutic target for Parkinson’s disease.

Jianpi Decoction Combined with Medroxyprogesterone Acetate Alleviates Cancer Cachexia and Prevents Muscle Atrophy by Directly Inhibiting E3 Ubiquitin Ligase

ObjectiveTo provide comprehensive evidence for the anti-cancer cachexia effect of Jianpi Decoction(JP)and to explore its mechanism of anti-cancer cachexia.MethodsA mouse model of colon cancer(CT26)-induced cancer cachexia(CC)was used to investigate the anti-CC effect of JP combined with medroxyprogesterone acetate(MPA).Thirty-six mice were equally divided into 6 groups:normal control,CC,MPA(100 mg·kg^(−1)·d^(−1)),MPA+low-dose(20 mg·kg^(−1)·d^(−1))JP(L-JP),MPA+medium-dose(30 mg·kg^(−1)·d^(−1))JP(M-JP),and MPA+high-dose(40 mg·kg^(−1)·d^(−1))JP(H-JP)groups.After successful modeling,the mice were administered by gavage for 11 d.The body weight and tumor volume were measured and recorded every 2 d starting on the 8th day after implantation.The liver,heart,spleen,lung,kidney,tumor and gastrocnemius muscle of mice were collected and weighed.The pathological changes of the tumor was observed,and the cross-sectional area of the gastrocnemius muscle was calculated.The protein expressions of STAT3 and E3 ubiquitinase in the gastrocnemius muscle were measured by Western blot.In addition,an in vitro C2C12 myotube formation model was established to investigate the role of JP in hindering dexamethasone-induced muscle atrophy.In vitro experiments were divided into control,model,and JP serum groups.After 2-d administration,microscopic photographs were taken and myotube diameters were calculated.Western blot was performed to measure the protein expressions of STAT3 and E3 ubiquitinase.ResultsJP combined with MPA restored tumor-induced weight loss(P<0.05,vs.CC)and muscle fiber size(P<0.01,vs.CC).Mechanistically,JP reduced the expression of atrophy-related proteins MuRF1 and MAFbx in tumor-induced muscle atrophy in vivo(P<0.05,vs.CC).In addition,JP reduced the expression of atrophy-related proteins MuRF1 and MAFbx and p-STAT3 phosphorylation(P<0.05 or P<0.01 vs.model group)in C2C12 myotubes treated with dexamethasone in vitro.ConclusionsAdministration of JP combined with MPA restores tumor-induced cachexia conditions.In addition,the profound effect of JP combined with MPA on tumor-induced cachexia may be due to its inhibition of muscle proteolysis(E3 ubiquitinase system).

An atypical ubiquitin ligase at the heart of neural development and programmed axon degeneration

The degeneration of nerve fibres following injury was first described by Augustus Waller over 170 years ago.Initially assumed to be a passive process,it is now evident that axons respond to insult via regulated cellular signaling events resulting in their programmed degeneration.Pro-survival and prodegenerative factors have been identified and their regulato ry mechanisms are beginning to emerge.The ubiquitin system has been implicated in the pro-degenerative process and a key component is the ubiquitin E3 ligase MYCBP2(also known as PHR1).Ubiquitin E3 ligases are tasked with the transfer of the small protein modifier ubiquitin to substrates and consist of hundreds of members.They can be classified as single subunit systems or as multi-subunit complexes.Their catalytic domains can also be assigned to three general architectures.Hints that MYCBP2 might not conform to these established formats came to light and it is now clear from biochemical and structural studies that MYCBP2 is indeed an outlier in terms of its modus operandi.Furthermore,the unconventional way in which MYCBP2 transfe rs ubiquitin to substrates has been linked to neurodevelopmental and pro-degenerative function.Herein,we will summarize these research developments relating to the unusual features of MYCBP2 and postulate therapeutic strategies that prevent Walle rian degeneration.These have exciting potential for providing relief from pathological neuropathies and neurodegenerative diseases.

The role of E3 ubiquitin ligases in bone homeostasis and related diseases

The ubiquitin-proteasome system(UPS)dedicates to degrade intracellular proteins to modulate demic homeostasis and functions of organisms.These enzymatic cascades mark and modifies target proteins diversly through covalently binding ubiquitin molecules.In the UPS,E3 ubiquitin ligases are the crucial constituents by the advantage of recognizing and presenting proteins to proteasomes for proteolysis.As the major regulators of protein homeostasis,E3 ligases are indispensable to proper cell manners in diverse systems,and they are well described in physiological bone growth and bone metabolism.Pathologically,classic bone-related diseases such as metabolic bone diseases,arthritis,bone neoplasms and bone metastasis of the tumor,etc.,were also depicted in a UPS-dependent manner.Therefore,skeletal system is versatilely regulated by UPS and it is worthy to summarize the underlying mechanism.Furthermore,based on the current status of treatment,normal or pathological osteogenesis and tumorigenesis elaborated in this review highlight the clinical significance of UPS research.As a strategy possibly remedies the limitations of UPS treatment,emerging PROTAC was described comprehensively to illustrate its potential in clinical application.Altogether,the purpose of this review aims to provide more evidence for exploiting novel therapeutic strategies based on UPS for bone associated diseases.

Fine mapping of a major QTL qHYF_B06 for peanut yield

High yield is a major objective for peanut(Arachis hypogaea L.) breeding worldwide. However, fewer yield-related quantitative trait loci(QTL) have been reported in peanut than in other staple food crops such as rice(Oryza sativa), wheat(Triticum aestivum), and maize(Zea mays). This study aimed to identify stable major-effect QTL associated with pod yield per plant, hundred-pod weight for double-seeded pods,hundred-seed weight, shelling percentage, and pod number per plant, allowing us to predict candidate genes by means of transcriptome and genome sequencing. To this end, we used a population of recombinant inbred lines comprising 192 F9:11families derived from a JH6 × KX01-6 cross to construct a highresolution genetic map(1705.7 c M) consisting of 2273 polymorphic SNPs, with 0.75 c M(on average)between adjacent SNPs. We identified two high-confidence, yield-related QTL, qHYF_A08 and qHYF_B06, explaining 5.78%–31.40% of phenotypic variation and with LOD values of 5.10–24.48, in six environments. qHYF_A08 mainly explained the variation in shelling percentage, whereas qHYF_B06explained variation in hundred-pod weight and hundred-seed weight and accounted for 8.77%–31.40%of the variation in effective pod number per plant, pod number per plant, and shelling percentage. We narrowed down qHYF_B06 to an 890-kb interval using an advanced mapping population.Transcriptome and genome analyses revealed that only Arahy.129FS0 and Arahy.3R9A5K in the candidate mapping interval were differentially expressed between JH6 and KX01-6, with substantial structural variations in their promoter and coding regions. Genotypes of 208 peanut accessions determined using a diagnostic CAPS marker suggested that the two haplotypes of Arahy.3R9A5K were highly associated with hundred-seed weight and hundred-pod weight;this diagnostic CAPs marker could therefore be useful for selecting high-yielding lines during peanut breeding. Overall, our results provide valuable information for cloning alleles with favorable effects on peanut yield.

An alfalfa MYB-like transcriptional factor MsMYBH positively regulates alfalfa seedling drought resistance and undergoes MsWAV3-mediated degradation

Drought is a major threat to alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.)production.The discovery of important alfalfa genes regulating drought response will facilitate breeding for drought-resistant alfalfa cultivars.Here,we report a genome-wide association study of drought resistance in alfalfa.We identified and functionally characterized an MYB-like transcription factor gene(MsMYBH),which increases the drought resistance in alfalfa.Compared with the wild-types,the biomass and forage quality were enhanced in MsMYBH overexpressed plants.Combined RNA-seq,proteomics and chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis showed that MsMYBH can directly bind to the promoters of MsMCP1,MsMCP2,MsPRX1A and MsCARCAB to improve their expression.The outcomes of such interactions include better water balance,high photosynthetic efficiency and scavenge excess H_(2)O_(2)in response to drought.Furthermore,an E3 ubiquitin ligase(MsWAV3)was found to induce MsMYBH degradation under long-term drought,via the 26S proteasome pathway.Furthermore,variable-number tandem repeats in MsMYBH promoter were characterized among a collection of germplasms,and the variation is associated with promoter activity.Collectively,our findings shed light on the functions of MsMYBH and provide a pivotal gene that could be leveraged for breeding drought-resistant alfalfa.This discovery also offers new insights into the mechanisms of drought resistance in alfalfa.