The Two Cultures of Science: Implications for University-Industry Relationships in the U.S. Agriculture Biotechnology

Partnerships between U.S. universities and industries have existed for several decades and in recent years have become generally more varied, wider in scope, more aggressive and experimental and higher in public visibility. In addition, in the last few decades, public and private interests have advocated for government policies and laws to globally promote the commercialization of university science. This paper examines the persistence or convergence of the two cultures of science and the implications of this commercialization for university-industry relationships in agriculture biotechnology. The perceptions and values of over 200 U.S. university and industry scientists, managers and administrators who participate in or oversee research collaborations in agricultural biotechnology were analyzed. The findings revealed that the participants in these research relationships continue to perceive very distinct cultures of science and identify a wide range of concerns and disadvantages of these partnerships. Several actions were discussed to ensure that the two cultures serve complementary roles and that they maximize the public benefits from these increasing collaborations.

Modern British Scientific and Technological Societies and Agricultural Development

In modern Britain,the scientific and technological societies represented by the Royal Society and the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society were extremely prosperous.Their series of activities provided scientific and technological support for the development of British industry and agriculture.Based on the detailed case studies of the Royal Society and Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society and other societies from domestic and foreign academic circles,this paper summarized the development status of modern British scientific and technological societies as a whole,sorted out the history of societies participating in British agriculture,and analyzed the contribution of scientific and technological societies to the development of modern British agriculture.

Intercultural Dialogue in the Teaching of Pope Benedict XVI

This paper is devoted to intercultural dialogue from the point of view of Pope Benedict XVI （pontificate between 2005 and 2013）. It presents pontifical documents, statements, and speeches dedicated to this issue as well as the conclusions resulting from them. The aim of the paper is to prove that intercultural dialogue and interreligious dialogue are within the context of a new scientific discipline--political science of religion--which deals with the issues of relations between the sphere of religion and the sphere of politics. Intercultural dialogue is tightly connected to interreligious dialogue. Interreligious and intercultural dialogue allows to create the world based on brotherhood and reconciliation. They are the foundation of the future, an effective tool to build a civilization of love and they are born out of God＇s mercy.

Research on history of Chinese seismology

The history of Chinese seismology can be traced back to four thousand years before and divided into four stages,i.e.,primitive knowledge,worship of nature,perceptual knowledge and scientific research.The second stage ran in the whole Qin-Han dynasties,and the fourth stage began from Emperor Kangxi in Qing Dynasty and continued to the present.So far China has made four great contributions to seismological development of the world,i.e.,the invention of Heng Zhang＇s seismoscope,great amount of historical records of earthquakes of four thousand years,most abundant anomaly data before earthquakes,and successful practice of earthquake prediction in Haicheng.However,the seismological research in China at present is still on the junior and developing stage.Now we have been carrying on some recessively historical load in our mind such as the subconsciousness of absolute obedience,habit of phenomenological study as well as the methods of philosophical analysis without sincerity.For constructing a high-level Chinese culture in seismological research,we need to pay attention to combining the phenomenological research with experiment,observation and theory study.It is also suggested to take the appropriated measures matched with the present research level in seismology,as well as to promote coexisting and merging of multi-cultures.

Attitudes of young scholars in Qingdao and Hamburg about climate changeand climate policy The role of culture for the explanation of differences

This article analyses differences in the attitudes related to climate change of young scholars in environmental science in Qingdao (China) and Hamburg (Germany). The main aim of the article is to evaluate the role of cultural differences for their explanation. We expect no significant differences in the attitudes related to the findings of climate research, since scientific principles are the joint basis of the scientific discourse wordwide. However, we expect that there are differences in the attitudes of the young scholars about the role of science, of the state and of the civil society for dealing with the challenge of climate change. We suggest that these can be explained with substantial cultural differences between both societies, with regard to the role of the state and the civil society for the solution of environmental problems. In order to evaluate these hypotheses, we have conducted a comparative survey among environmental science students in Qingdao (China) and Hamburg (Germany) about their attitudes towards climate change. The findings support our main hypotheses. The young scholars in Qingdao and Hamburg differ substantially in their views of the role of science in society and policymaking. Plausibly, these differences may mainly be explained with differences in the cultural ideas about the role of the state and of the civil society for the solution of environmental problems. Gradual differences in the share of young scholars who think that climate change has anthropogenic causes, may be explained with differences in the curriculum but also by cultural habits. This article makes a new contribution to the scientific debate by exploring the role of cultural differences for differences in the attitudes of young scholars in environmental science in connection with climate change and climate policy in different cultural contexts.

SPECIAL ISSUE： CULTURAL PHILOSOPHICAL STUDIES IN CHINA：Some theoretical characteristics of the philosophy of culture

Establishing a philosophical theory or a paradigm of philosophical understanding should be premised on its possession of a relatively well-defined research subject, relatively original research methodology, and relatively outstanding theoretical objectives. In this regard, philosophy of culture aims at a general understanding of man through cultural symbols which in themselves are not the end of the research. Using the research methodology of historical science, philosophy of culture attempts to understand man as a non-continuous and heterogeneous being. The theoretical objective of philosophy of culture is the criticism and reconstruction of cultural patterns with cultural symbols at their core.

Traditional medicines:Science meets culture

Joint meeting of the GP-TCM Research Association,the TCM Chemistry Specialty Committee and the TCM Pharmaceutical Analysis Specialty Committee of the World Federation of Chinese Medicine Societies13th-15thJuly 2015,Mons,Belgium Final AnnouncementThe Good Practice in Traditional Chinese Medicine Research Association（GP-TCM RA）and the World Federation of Chinese Medicine Societies（WFCMS）invite all scientists from academia,industries,and other fields,dealing with traditional Chinese medicine,natural medicine,medicinal plants and