Real time monitoring of bioreactor mAb IgG3 cell culture process dynamics via Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy： Implications for enabling cell culture process analytical technology

Compared to small molecule process analytical technology （PAT） applications, biotechnology product PAT applications have certain unique challenges and opportunities. Understanding process dynamics of bioreactor cell culture process is essential to establish an appropriate process control strategy for biotechnology product PAT applications. Inline spectroscopic techniques for real time monitoring of bioreactor cell culture process have the distinct potential to develop PAT approaches in manufac- turing biotechnology drug products. However, the use of inline Fourier transform infrared （FTIR） spectroscopic techniques for bioreactor cell culture process monitoring has not been reported. In this work, real time inline FTIR Spectroscopy was applied to a lab scale bioreactor mAb IgG3 cell culture fluid biomolecular dynamic model. The technical feasibility of using FTIR Spectroscopy for real time tracking and monitoring four key cell culture metabolites （including glucose, glutamine, lactate, and ammonia） and protein yield at increasing levels of complexity （simple binary system, fully formulated media, actual bioreactor cell culture process） was evaluated via a stepwise approach. The FTIR fingerprints of the key metabolites were identified. The multivariate partial least squares （PLS） calibration models were established to correlate the process FTIR spectra with the concentrations of key metabolites and protein yield of in-process samples, either individually for each metabolite and protein or globally for all four metabolites simultaneously. Applying the 2＇ld derivative pre-processing algorithm to the FTIR spectra helps to reduce the number of PLS latent variables needed significantly and thus simplify the interpretation of the PLS models. The validated PLS models show promise in predicting the concentration profiles of glucose, glutamine, lactate, and ammonia and protein yield over the course of the bioreactor cell culture process. Therefore, this work demonstrated the technical feasibility of real time monitoring of the bioreactor cell culture process via FTIR spectroscopy. Its implications for enabling cell culture PAT were discussed.

Cultural materialism behind global cultural diffusion process

In this paper, the author intends to illustrate cultural materialism behind cultural diffusion process. The author first argues that despite the two opposing paradigms of cultural views （differentialism vs. universalism） what is really happening and winning is the third paradigm of mixing cultural perspective as presented in Jan Nederveen Pieterse＇s book Globalization and culture-global Mdlange. Then the author takes Marvin Harris＇ cultural materialism theory as the basis and gives specific evidence from China to illustrate the formation and eventual spread of any ＂new cultural scripts＂, which is done through the transformation process from territorial culture to translocal culture with economic motive behind as the driving force. These Chinese cases of global mixing, in turn, form a further support to Marvin Harris＇s cultural materialism theory.

Cultural Awareness＇ Functions in Chinese Learners＇ English Acquisition --An Analysis through the Way of Signal-processing

The significance of cultural awareness in foreign language learning is an issue that earns hot discussion in the both fields of linguistics and instructional science. Being different from others, the observing angle in this paper lies in how the signal is processed. The four skills of listening, speaking, reading and writing are classified, by ways of signal processing, into two categorizes, namely receptive skills to which listening and reading belong, and productive skills to which speaking and writing belong. By analyzing the signal processing progress occurred in each of the four skills, the author is to argue the functions of cultural awareness in each of these four skills, in order to reinforce the importance of emphasizing cultural awareness in the new standards for English in China.

Contrastive Rhetoric and Inter-language Theory

A learner’s stages of L2 development are connected by his or her L1 and culture.It is,accordingly,of paramount importance to understand the second language learners’culture and learning process and better assist them through this process in the way of teaching them English.Similarly,inter-language theory(IL)and contrastive rhetoric are affected by factors,such as learner’s L1,learning experiences,and culture.This paper talks about these two theory’s characteristics,constructs,and importance,so language instructors may better understand the L2 learning phenomena and think out better methods to help language learners improve their language skills.

Some Knacks of Studying English Writing： From My Own Learning Experience

A learner's stages of L2 development are connected by his or her L1 and culture. It is, accordingly, of paramount impor-tance to understand the second language learners' culture and learning process and better assist them through this process in theway of teaching them English writing.This essay has demonstrated several elements which affect learners' English writing throughmy own experiences, such as different cultures, reading and correct recognition of writing, and the writing process.