Animals living in heterogeneous natural environments adopt different camouflage strategies against different backgrounds,and behavioral adaptation is crucial for their survival.However,studies of camouflage strategies...Animals living in heterogeneous natural environments adopt different camouflage strategies against different backgrounds,and behavioral adaptation is crucial for their survival.However,studies of camouflage strategies have not always quantified the effect of multiple strategies used together.In the present study,we used a human visual model to quantify similarities in color and shape between the carapace patterns of two Cuora species and their preferred habitats.Our results showed that the color of the middle stripe on the carapace of Cuora galbinifrons(Indochinese box turtle)was significantly similar to the color of their preferred substrates.Meanwhile,the middle stripe on the carapace of C.mouhotii(keeled box turtle)contrasted more with their preferred substrates,and the side stripe matched most closely with the environment.Furthermore,the carapace side stripe of C.galbinifrons and the carapace middle stripe of C.mouhotii highly contrasted with their preferred substrates.We quantified the similarity in shape between the highcontrast stripes of both Cuora species and leaves from their habitats.The carapace middle stripe of C.mouhotii was most similar in shape to leaves from the broadleaves substrate,and the carapace side stripe of C.galbinifrons was the most similar in shape to leaves from the bamboo-leaves substrate.We determined that these species adopt partial masquerading when their entire carapace is exposed and partially match their background when they semi-cover themselves in leaf litter.To the best of our knowledge,this is the first study to demonstrate that partial masquerading and background matching improve the camouflage effect of Asian box turtles in their preferred habitats.This is a novel study focusing on the influence of the shape and color of individual carapace segments on reducing detectability and recognition.展开更多
巢捕食是造成卵生动物繁殖失败的重要因素之一。为了解不同生境中黄额闭壳龟(Cuora galbinifrons)巢捕食者的类型、巢捕食率及对其繁殖成效的影响,我们于2013年3—5月,在海南吊罗山国家级自然保护区黄额闭壳龟栖息地,按照黄额闭壳龟巢...巢捕食是造成卵生动物繁殖失败的重要因素之一。为了解不同生境中黄额闭壳龟(Cuora galbinifrons)巢捕食者的类型、巢捕食率及对其繁殖成效的影响,我们于2013年3—5月,在海南吊罗山国家级自然保护区黄额闭壳龟栖息地,按照黄额闭壳龟巢址选择特性和巢穴特征,用红耳龟(Trachemys scripta elegans)的卵作为替代,进行模拟黄额闭壳龟巢卵被捕食状况的研究。在人工林、次生林和原生林内共设置人工巢120个,每巢埋卵2枚,同时在巢周围架设自动红外照相机,监测巢捕食者。结果表明:66.7%的人工巢被破坏,小型兽类和蚂蚁为主要捕食者,被小型兽类捕食的巢占51.3%,被蚂蚁捕食的巢占28.8%。次生林和原生林的人工巢被捕食率均为62.5%,人工林中的被捕食率为72.5%,人工林的捕食率高于次生林和原生林但差异不显著(P>0.05,n=40)。同一林型的林缘和林中之间,人工林和原生林中差异不显著,在次生林中巢捕食率明显高于林缘(P<0.05,n=20)。展开更多
The Yunnan box turtle (Cuora yunnanensis, Boulenger, 1906), which has drawn much attention in conservation biology, was regarded as extinct since it was previously known only from 12 specimens collected in Yunnan, Chi...The Yunnan box turtle (Cuora yunnanensis, Boulenger, 1906), which has drawn much attention in conservation biology, was regarded as extinct since it was previously known only from 12 specimens collected in Yunnan, China, before 1908. Recently, live specimens have been discovered which are suggested to be C. yunnanensis. To determine whether the newly discovered specimens are really C. yunnanensis, we have established a molecular phylogeny, with a 1725-bp fragment of mitochondrial DNA, using samples from three live individuals of C. yunnanensis, together with sequence data from a museum specimen of C. yunnanensis (MNHN 1907.10) and other members of the genus Cuora. We found that the three newly discovered individuals and the old museum specimen of C. yunnanensis are very similar both in morphology and in mitochondrial DNA sequence, suggesting that the three new individuals are the very C. yunnanensis, and thus the species is not extinct. Our phylogenetic analysis also demonstrates that C. yunnanensis is not of recent hybrid origin, but rather represents a distinct evolutionary lineage.展开更多
从患病黄额闭壳龟(Cuora galbinifrons)肝脏中分离到一株致病菌HE01,经人工感染健康巴西龟,可复制与自然发病相同的症状,且从人工感染病龟体内再次分离到相同的病原菌。经Biolog微生物自动鉴定系统的鉴定,以及进一步的16 S rDNA基因序...从患病黄额闭壳龟(Cuora galbinifrons)肝脏中分离到一株致病菌HE01,经人工感染健康巴西龟,可复制与自然发病相同的症状,且从人工感染病龟体内再次分离到相同的病原菌。经Biolog微生物自动鉴定系统的鉴定,以及进一步的16 S rDNA基因序列和系统发育分析都表明,此致病菌为产酸克雷伯菌(Klebsiella oxytoca)。药物敏感性试验表明,该菌株对头孢噻肟、头孢曲松、头孢哌酮等10种药物高度敏感。展开更多
基金provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31772486)the Hainan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(319MS047 and 320CXTD437)。
文摘Animals living in heterogeneous natural environments adopt different camouflage strategies against different backgrounds,and behavioral adaptation is crucial for their survival.However,studies of camouflage strategies have not always quantified the effect of multiple strategies used together.In the present study,we used a human visual model to quantify similarities in color and shape between the carapace patterns of two Cuora species and their preferred habitats.Our results showed that the color of the middle stripe on the carapace of Cuora galbinifrons(Indochinese box turtle)was significantly similar to the color of their preferred substrates.Meanwhile,the middle stripe on the carapace of C.mouhotii(keeled box turtle)contrasted more with their preferred substrates,and the side stripe matched most closely with the environment.Furthermore,the carapace side stripe of C.galbinifrons and the carapace middle stripe of C.mouhotii highly contrasted with their preferred substrates.We quantified the similarity in shape between the highcontrast stripes of both Cuora species and leaves from their habitats.The carapace middle stripe of C.mouhotii was most similar in shape to leaves from the broadleaves substrate,and the carapace side stripe of C.galbinifrons was the most similar in shape to leaves from the bamboo-leaves substrate.We determined that these species adopt partial masquerading when their entire carapace is exposed and partially match their background when they semi-cover themselves in leaf litter.To the best of our knowledge,this is the first study to demonstrate that partial masquerading and background matching improve the camouflage effect of Asian box turtles in their preferred habitats.This is a novel study focusing on the influence of the shape and color of individual carapace segments on reducing detectability and recognition.
文摘巢捕食是造成卵生动物繁殖失败的重要因素之一。为了解不同生境中黄额闭壳龟(Cuora galbinifrons)巢捕食者的类型、巢捕食率及对其繁殖成效的影响,我们于2013年3—5月,在海南吊罗山国家级自然保护区黄额闭壳龟栖息地,按照黄额闭壳龟巢址选择特性和巢穴特征,用红耳龟(Trachemys scripta elegans)的卵作为替代,进行模拟黄额闭壳龟巢卵被捕食状况的研究。在人工林、次生林和原生林内共设置人工巢120个,每巢埋卵2枚,同时在巢周围架设自动红外照相机,监测巢捕食者。结果表明:66.7%的人工巢被破坏,小型兽类和蚂蚁为主要捕食者,被小型兽类捕食的巢占51.3%,被蚂蚁捕食的巢占28.8%。次生林和原生林的人工巢被捕食率均为62.5%,人工林中的被捕食率为72.5%,人工林的捕食率高于次生林和原生林但差异不显著(P>0.05,n=40)。同一林型的林缘和林中之间,人工林和原生林中差异不显著,在次生林中巢捕食率明显高于林缘(P<0.05,n=20)。
基金Supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program) (Grant No. 2007CB411600)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 30621092)Bureau of Science and Technology of Yunnan Province, China
文摘The Yunnan box turtle (Cuora yunnanensis, Boulenger, 1906), which has drawn much attention in conservation biology, was regarded as extinct since it was previously known only from 12 specimens collected in Yunnan, China, before 1908. Recently, live specimens have been discovered which are suggested to be C. yunnanensis. To determine whether the newly discovered specimens are really C. yunnanensis, we have established a molecular phylogeny, with a 1725-bp fragment of mitochondrial DNA, using samples from three live individuals of C. yunnanensis, together with sequence data from a museum specimen of C. yunnanensis (MNHN 1907.10) and other members of the genus Cuora. We found that the three newly discovered individuals and the old museum specimen of C. yunnanensis are very similar both in morphology and in mitochondrial DNA sequence, suggesting that the three new individuals are the very C. yunnanensis, and thus the species is not extinct. Our phylogenetic analysis also demonstrates that C. yunnanensis is not of recent hybrid origin, but rather represents a distinct evolutionary lineage.
文摘从患病黄额闭壳龟(Cuora galbinifrons)肝脏中分离到一株致病菌HE01,经人工感染健康巴西龟,可复制与自然发病相同的症状,且从人工感染病龟体内再次分离到相同的病原菌。经Biolog微生物自动鉴定系统的鉴定,以及进一步的16 S rDNA基因序列和系统发育分析都表明,此致病菌为产酸克雷伯菌(Klebsiella oxytoca)。药物敏感性试验表明,该菌株对头孢噻肟、头孢曲松、头孢哌酮等10种药物高度敏感。
