Chemical profiling and antimicrobial activity of essential oil from Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb.,Curcuma glans K.Larsen&J.Mood and Curcuma cf.xanthorrhiza Roxb.collected in Thailand

Objective: To investigate chemical constituents and new antimicrobial agents among essential oils from the rhizomes of Curcuma aeruginosa(C. aeruginosa) Roxb., Curcuma glans K. Larsen & J. Mood and Curcuma cf. xanthorrhiza Roxb.Methods: The essential oils were obtained by hydro-distillation and analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy. Agar-well diffusion assay was used to study the antimicrobial activity and also broth-micro dilution techniques were examined for minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC) against four bacterial strains and yeast.Results: The gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy analysis showed monoterpenes predominantly(88.53%) in the rhizome oil of Curcuma cf. xanthorrhiza. Sesquiterpenes(50.10%) was the most abundant component in the essential oil of C. glans, while monoterpenes(45.55%) and sesquiterpenes(45.81%) were found in C. aeruginosa with a significant amount. The major components of C. aeruginosa were characterized as camphor(29.39%) and germacrone(21.21%). Germacrone(15.76%), b-pinene(9.97%)and camphor(9.96%) were found as major compounds in the rhizome oils of C. glans while a-terpinolene(24.86%) and p-cymen-7-ol(12.17%) were found as major compositions in Curcuma cf. xanthorrhiza. The essential oils were tested against four bacterial strains and yeast. As a result, the rhizome oil of C. aeruginosa exhibited potent activity against Staphylococcus aureus [inhibition zone(21.94 ± 0.24) mm, MIC 125 μg/mL],Bacillus cereus [inhibition zone(20.83 ± 0.36) mm, MIC 125 μg/mL], and Candida albicans [inhibition zone(11.60 ± 0.30) mm, MIC 250 μg/mL].Conclusions: The essential oils from three Curcuma species possessed greater activity against the gram-positive bacteria(Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus) than gram-negative bacteria(Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). The results suggest that the essential oils from the fresh rhizome of Curcuma spp. might be a potential source of natural antimicrobial substances.

Chemical profiling of Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb. rhizome using different techniques of solvent extraction

Objective:To investigate the possible phytochemical constituents of Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb.(C. aeruginosa) rhizome using two different techniques of direct solvent extraction. Methods: Two different techniques of direct solvent extractions, i.e. methyl tert-butyl ether(MTBE) extraction and two-phase methanol/chloroform(M/C) system, were used in this study. The analysis of the phytochemical constituents in MTBE and M/C extracts was performed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry. The mass spectra of the compounds was matched with the NIST 08 mass spectral library. Results: The present study revealed that the extraction using two-phase M/C have resulted in higher metabolite coverage compared to the extraction with MTBE. Direct solvent extraction using MTBE revealed the presence of 27 compounds; whereas, M/C allowed the extraction of 18 and 36 compounds in polar(methanol) and nonpolar(chloroform) fractions respectively. The major compounds detected in the MTBE extract that based on the peak area percentage were methenolone(16.64%), cycloisolongifolene, 8,9-dehydro-9-formyl-(15.93%), labd-13-en-15-oic acid,8,12-epoxy-12-hydroxy-γ-lactone(10.77%), propiolic acid, 3-(1-hydroxy)-2 isopropyl-1,5-methylcyclohexyl)(7.84%), 4-oxo-β-isodamascol(5.17%), velleral(3.11%) and Z-α-farnesene(2.00%). The most prevailing major compounds identified in the polar fraction of the M/C extraction were α-D glucopyranoside, 1,3,4,6 tetrakis-O-(TMS)(trimethylsilyl)-β-D-fructofuranosyl 2,3,4,6-tetrakis-O-(TMS)-(38.08%), d-glucose, 2,3,4,5,6-pentakis-O-(TMS)-, O-methyloxime(14.61%), D-fructose, 1,3,4,5,6-pentakis-O-(TMS)-, O-methyloxime(5.28%), isocitric acid(TMS)(3.06%), oxalic acid, bis(TMS) ester(2.96%), hexadecanoic acid, TMS ester(2.16%), citric acid, ethyl ester, tri-TMS(1.91%) and butanedioic acid, [(TMS) oxy]-, bis(TMS) ester(1.14%); whereas in the nonpolar extract, among the major compounds detected were cycloisolongifolene, 8, 9-dehydro-9-formyl(15.70%), propiolic acid, 3-(1-hydroxy-2-isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexyl)(11.09%), stearic acid, TMS ester(2.78%), hexadecanoic acid, TMS ester(2.33%), oleic acid, TMS ester(1.62%), curzerene(1.56%); Z-α-farnesene(1.52%), germacrone(1.41%) and β-elemene(1.33%). Conclusions: It was evident from the results that C. aeruginosa rhizome extracted using two different techniques of solvent extractions(MTBE and M/C) contained various chemical classes of compounds including terpenoids, sterols, organic acids, fatty acids and sugars. Different methods of extraction have led to different compounds extraction for C. aeruginosa rhizome. The results also indicated that the plant was a source of phytochemical importance.

多叶姜黄(Curcuma comosa Roxb.)的化学成分

目的对泰国产姜科姜黄属植物多叶姜黄（Curcuma comosa Roxb．）干燥根茎甲醇提取物的化学成分进行分离和结构鉴定。方法C.comosa Roxb．的甲醇提取物经乙酸乙酯-正丁醇-水依次萃取后，对各萃取部分采用正一反相硅胶柱色谱和制备型HPLC进行分离，经理化常数测定、核磁共振技术分析等方法鉴定了化合物的结构。结果分离得到8个化合物，分别被鉴定为异蓬莪术环二烯酮（isofuranodienone，1），蓬莪术环二烯酮（furanodienone，2），1（10）Z，4Z-蓬莪术二烯-6-酮[1（10）Z，4Z-furanodiene-6-one，3]，泽泻醇（alismol，4），2，2，6-三甲基-1-氧螺[2，5]辛-5-烯-4-醇（2，2，6-trimethyl-1-oxaspiro[2，5]oct-5-en-4-ol，5），卜羟基-α，α，4-三甲基-3-环己烯-1-甲醇（1-hydroxy-α，α，4-trimethyl-3-cyclohexene-1-methanol，6），6-羟基-3（卜羟基-1-甲基乙基）-6-甲基-2-环己烯-1-酮（6-hydroxy-3（1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl）-6-methyl-2-cyclohexen—1—one，7），（1S，2S，4R）-1，8桉叶素-2—O-β-D-葡萄糖苷（（1S，2S，4R）-2-hydroxy-1，8-cineole β-D-glucopyranoside，8）。结论化合物3—8为首次从该属植物中分离得到。

Antimicrobial activity and essential oils of Curcuma aeruginosa,Curcuma mangga,and Zingiber cassumunar from Malaysia

Objective:To analyze the chemical composition of the essential oils of Curcuma aeruginosa (C.aeruginosa),Curcuma mangga(C.mangga),and Zingiber cassumunar(Z.cassumunar). and study their antimicrobial activity.Methods:Essential oils obtained by steam distillation were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass speclrometry(GC-MS).The antimicrobial activity of the essential oils was evaluated against four bacteria:Bacillus cereus(H.cereus).Staphylococcus aureus(S.aureus).Escherichia coli(E.coli).and Pseudomonas aeruginosa(P.aeruginosa);and two fungi:Candida albicans(C.albicans) and Cyptococcus neoformans(C.neoformans),using disc-diffusion and broth microdilution methods.Results:Cycloisolongifolene,8.9-dehydro-9- formyl(35.29%) and dihydrocoslunolide(22.51%) were the major compounds in C.aeruginosa oil; whereas caryophyllene oxide(18.71%) and caryophyllene(12.69%) were the major compounds in C.mangga oil:and 2,6.9,9-tetramethyl-2.6.10-cycloundecatrien-1-one(60.77%) andα-caryophyllene(23.92%) were abundant in Z.cassumunar oil.The essential oils displayed varying degrees of antimicrobial activity against all lested microorganisms.C.mangga oil had the highest and most broad-spectrum activity by inhibiting all microorganisms tested,with C.neoformans being the most sensitive microorganism by having the lowest minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration(MFC) values of 0.1μL/mL. C.aeruginosa oil showed mild antimicrobial activity,whereas Z.cassumunar had very low or weak activity against the tested microorganisms.Conclusions:The preliminary results suggest promising antimicrobial properties of C.mangga and C.aeruginosa,which may be useful for food preservation,pharmaceutical treatment and natural therapies.

4种姜黄属药材挥发油中莪术醇含量比较

目的 建立准确测定姜黄属 4种中药材挥发油中莪术醇含量。方法 以高效毛细管柱程序升温气相色谱法测定莪术醇的含量。结果 本法能准确地测定莪术醇的含量 ,回收率为 10 1.4 % ,RSD为 0 .4 % ,还测定了 4种姜黄属药材 (温郁金 ,姜黄 ,桂莪术 ,蓬莪术 )中莪术醇的含量 ,发现 4种药材中莪术醇的含量差异显著。结论 为姜黄属药材质量的分析控制提供可行的含量测定方法。

美洲商陆和姜黄提取物抑菌活性的研究

采用生长速率法测定了美洲商陆PhytolaccaamercanaRoxb、姜黄Curcumalonga2种中药植物多种溶剂提取物对玉米小斑病菌Helminthosporiummaydis、棉花枯萎病菌Fusariumoxysporium、柑橘绿霉病菌Penicilliamdigitatum和小麦纹枯病菌Rhizotoniacerealis4种植物病原真菌的生物活性。结果表明,姜黄提取物对玉米小斑和小麦纹枯2种病原菌有较好的抑制作用,其中乙醚提取物对玉米小斑病菌抑制效果最好,其EC50为0.4688g/L,石油醚提取物对小麦纹枯病菌抑制效果最好,其EC50为0.034g/L。美洲商陆甲醇提取物对柑橘绿霉和小麦纹枯2种病原菌有较强的抑制作用,尤其是根、叶、果3部分的提取物。从甲醇提取物中分离得到美洲商陆总皂甙,生测结果表明美洲商陆总皂甙对柑橘绿霉病菌有很强的抑制作用,其EC50为0.2032g/L。

HPLC法同时测定不同配伍比例三棱-莪术药对中P-香豆酸、阿魏酸的含量

目的:建立同时测定三棱-莪术药对中P-香豆酸、阿魏酸含量的方法,探讨不同比例药对中二者含量的变化。方法:采用高效液相色谱法。色谱柱为Agilent 20RBAX XDB-C_(18),流动相为乙腈-0.1%冰醋酸溶液(梯度洗脱),流速为1.0 m L/min,检测波长为266 nm,柱温为30℃,进样量为10μL。结果:P-香豆酸、阿魏酸检测质量浓度线性范围分别为4.218 6~21.093μg/m L(r=0.999 8)、1.836 0~9.180μg/m L(r=0.999 9);精密度、稳定性、重复性试验的RSD<2.0%;加样回收率分别为98.72%~100.30%(RSD=0.18%,n=9)、99.11%~100.45%(RSD=0.46%,n=9)。三棱-莪术药对4个配伍比例(1∶1、2∶1、1∶2、1∶0,m/m)中,三棱-莪术比例(m/m)为2∶1时P-香豆酸、阿魏酸含量最高。结论:该方法操作简便,精密度、稳定性、重复性好,可用于三棱-莪术药对中P-香豆酸、阿魏酸含量的同时测定;该药对中三棱-莪术比例(m/m)为2∶1时主要有效成分含量最高。

印尼姜黄挥发油的GC-MS研究

目的:采用GC-MS联用法对印尼姜黄挥发油化学成分进行研究,为印尼姜黄的综合利用提供参考。方法:采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取挥发油,运用GC-MS进行分离测定,结合质谱库检索技术对化合物进行结构鉴定,应用色谱峰面积归一化法计算各成分的相对百分含量。结果:鉴定出38种化学成分。结论:首次采用GC-MS联用技术对印尼姜黄进行定性定量研究,为印尼姜黄的进一步开发利用提供了一定的理论基础。

印尼莪术快速繁殖技术初步研究

以印尼莪术根茎为外植体,诱导不定芽、增殖至生根形成完整植株的试验。结果表明:较好的不定芽诱导培养基为MS+6-BA 1.0 mg/L+NAA 0.5mg/L,芽的增殖培养基为MS+6-BA 1.2 mg/L+NAA 0.1 mg/L,试管苗的生根培养基为1/2MS+NAA 0.5 mg/L。

圆叶节节菜提取物的抗菌活性及机理研究

目的 研究圆叶节节菜提取物的抑菌活性及作用机理。方法 采用纸片扩散法和二倍稀释2,3,5-氯化三苯基四氮唑染色法测定金黄色葡萄球菌和铜绿假单胞菌的抑菌圈直径、最小抑菌浓度(MIC)和最小杀菌浓度(MBC);并通过测定电导率、核酸、碱性磷酸酶活性和蛋白质的含量,初步阐明其抑菌机理。结果 圆叶节节菜提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌和铜绿假单胞菌的抑菌圈直径为9.02~11.46 mm,其MIC和MBC分别为0.625、1.25 g·mL-1;用提取物处理后,菌胞外电导率、核酸、碱性磷酸酶和蛋白质的浓度明显增加,表明提取物增加了菌细胞的通透性,导致菌胞内物质泄露,最终导致菌生长受到抑制。结论 圆叶节节菜提取物具有抗菌活性,其抗菌作用可能与膜壁屏障受损有关。

束骨姜黄化学成分及其乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制活性

采用硅胶层析、反相硅胶中压柱层析、高效液相等色谱技术对姜科姜黄属束骨姜黄(Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.)根茎中的低极性化学成分进行了分离纯化,并通过MS和NMR等波谱技术确定了化合物结构,分离纯化化合物6个,分别鉴定为蓬莪术环氧酮(Ⅰ)、β-谷甾醇(Ⅱ)、愈创木内酯Guai-1(10),3,5,7(11),8-pentaen-2-on-11,8-olide(Ⅲ)、郁金二酮(Ⅳ)、莪术双环烯酮(Ⅴ)、花侧柏烯(Ⅵ)。化合物Ⅲ、Ⅵ为首次从该科植物中分离得到,化合物Ⅳ、Ⅴ为首次从该种中分离得到。对所分离获得化合物进行了乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制活性测定,其中化合物Ⅳ、Ⅵ具有活性,化合物Ⅳ的TLC生物自显影最小抑制量为95μg。