A novel slot scheduling technique for duty-cycle based data transmission for wireless sensor network

The duty cycling process involves turning a radio into an active and dormant state for conserving energy. It is a promising approach for designing routing protocols for a resource-constrained Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). In the duty cycle-based WSNs, the network lifetime is improved and the network transmission is increased as compared to conventional routing protocols. In this study, the active period of the duty cycle is divided into slots that can minimize the idle listening problem. The slot scheduling technique helps determine the most efficient node that uses the active period. The proposed routing protocol uses the opportunistic concept to minimize the sender waiting problem. Therefore, the forwarder set will be selected according to the node's residual active time and energy. Further, the optimum routing path is selected to achieve the minimum forwarding delay from the source to the destination. Simulation analysis reveals that the proposed routing scheme outperforms existing schemes in terms of the average transmission delay, energy consumption, and network throughput.

Effect of SAP on Properties of High Performance Concrete under Marine Wetting and Drying Cycles

The internal curing effect of superabsorbent polymer(SAP) on the properties of high performance concrete(HPC) under marine wetting and drying cycles(WD cycles) was investigated. Compressive strength, hydration and chloride migration were experimentally investigated and the results were evaluated by compasison with those under fresh water curing(FW). Water absorption and porosity were also evaluated only under WD cycles. The results showed the important influence of wetting and drying cycles on the properties of SAP modified HPC properties. Carefully designed, SAP minimized the long-term compressive strength of HPC under marine WD cycles. The hydration rate was faster in the initial curing, but became lower as compared with that cured in FW. In addition, SAP improved the long-term water absorption resistance and chloride migration resistance of HPC under marine WD cycles. The examination of the porosity showed a lower increase of the volume of capillary pores in SAP modified HPC under long term WD cycles compared with that without SAP. Therefore, internal curing by SAP could improve the durability properties of HPC under marine WD cycles.

Effect of High Temperature Curing on the Frost Resistance of Recycled Aggregate Concrete and the Physical Properties of Second-Generation Recycled Coarse Aggregate under Freeze-Thaw Cycles

With the emphasis on environmental issues,the recycling of waste concrete,even recycled concrete,has become a hot spot in the field of architecture.But the repeated recycling of waste concrete used in harsh environments is still a complex problem.This paper discusses the durability and recyclability of recycled aggregate concrete(RAC)as a prefabricated material in the harsh environment,the effect of high-temperature curing(60℃,80℃,and 100℃)on the frost resistance of RAC and physical properties of the second generation recycled coarse aggregate(RCA_(2))of RAC after 300 freeze-thaw cycles were studied.The frost resistance of RAC was characterized by compressive strength,relative dynamic elastic modulus,and mass loss.As the physical properties of RCA_(2),the apparent density,water absorption,and crushing value were measured.And the SEM images of RAC after 300 freeze-thaw cycles were shown.The results indicated that the frost resistance of RAC cured at 80℃ for 7 days was comparable to that cured in the standard condition(cured for 28 days at 20℃±2℃ and 95%humidity),and the RAC cured at 100℃ was slightly worse.However,the frost resistance of RAC cured at 60℃ deteriorated seriously.The RAC cured at 80℃ for 7 days is the best.Whether after the freeze-thaw cycle or not,the RCA that curd at 60℃,80℃,and 100℃ for 7 days can also meet the requirements of Grade III RCA and be used as the aggregate of non-bearing part of prefabricated concrete components.RCA_(2) which is cured at 80℃ for 7 days had the best physical properties.

Design of acceleration control schedule for adaptive cycle engine based on direct simulation model

To design the optimum acceleration control schedule for the Adaptive Cycle Engine(ACE)in the full flight envelope,this paper establishes a direct simulation model of the ACE transient state.In this model,geometric parameters are used to replace the component state parameters.The corresponding relationship between geometric parameters and component state parameters is determined by sensitivity analysis.The geometric variables are controlled when the geometric adjustment speed exceeds the limit,and at the same time the corresponding component state parameters are iterated.The gradient optimization algorism is used to optimize the ground acceleration process of ACE,and the control schedule in terms of operating point of compression components and corrected acceleration rate is used as the full-envelope acceleration control schedule based on the similarity principle.The acceleration control schedules of the triple-bypass mode and the double-bypass mode are designed in this paper.The acceleration processes under various flight conditions are simulated using the acceleration control schedules.Compared with the acceleration process with the linear geometric adjustment schedule,the acceleration performance of ACE is improved by the acceleration control schedule,with the impulse of the acceleration process of the triple-bypass mode being increased by 8.7%-12.3% and the impulse of the double-bypass mode acceleration process being increased by 11.8%-14.1%.

Buildings and civil engineering works-Sealants-Determination of changes in cohesion and appearance of elastic weatherproofing sealants after exposure of statically cured specimens to artificial weathering and mechanical cycling

Foreword ISO(the International Organization for Standardization)is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies(ISO member bodies).The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees.Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee.

Anti-cracking Property of EVA-modified Polypropylene Fiber-reinforced Concrete Under Thermal-cooling Cycling Curing

In order to investigate the synergistic effect of re-dispersible powder-ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer(EVA) and polypropylene fiber on the crack resistance of concrete under thermal fatigue loading, the compressive strength, ultimate tensile strength, ultimate tensile strain and tensile modulus of elasticity were tested. In addition, ultrasonic method and scanning electron microscope analysis were used to explain the microstructure mechanism. The results show that polypropylene fiberreinforced concrete presents a better performance on crack resistance than ordinary concrete, and the synergism of EVA and polypropylene fiber can improve the anti-cracking ability of concrete further.

Designing method of acceleration and deceleration control schedule for variable cycle engine

Studies show that different geometries of a Variable Cycle Engine(VCE)can be adjusted during the transient stage of the engine operation to improve the engine performance.However,this improvement increases the complexity of the acceleration and deceleration control schedule.In order to resolve this problem,the Transient-state Reverse Method(TRM)is established in the present study based on the Steady-state Reverse Method(SRM)and the Virtual Power Extraction Method(VPEM).The state factors in the component-based engine performance models are replaced by variable geometry parameters to establish the TRM for a double bypass VCE.Obtained results are compared with the conventional component-based model from different aspects,including the accuracy and the convergence rate.The TRM is then employed to optimize the control schedule of a VCE.Obtained results show that the accuracy and the convergence rate of the proposed method are consistent with that of the conventional model.On the other hand,it is found that the new-model-optimized control schedules reduce the acceleration and deceleration time by 45%and 54%,respectively.Meanwhile,the surge margin of compressors,fuel–air ratio and the turbine inlet temperature maintained are within the acceptable criteria.It is concluded that the proposed TRM is a powerful method to design the acceleration and deceleration control schedule of the VCE.

Design method of optimal control schedule for the adaptive cycle engine steady-state performance

The alternative working modes and flexible working states are the outstanding features of an adaptive cycle engine, with a proper control schedule design being the only way to exploit the performance of such an engine. However, unreasonable design in the control schedule causes not only performance deterioration but also serious aerodynamic stability problems. Thus, in this work,a hybrid optimization method that automatically chooses the working modes and identifies the optimal and smooth control schedules is proposed, by combining the differential evolution algorithm and the Latin hypercube sampling method. The control schedule architecture does not only optimize the engine steady-state performance under different working modes but also solves the control-schedule discontinuity problem, especially during mode transition. The optimal control schedules are continuous and almost monotonic, and hence are strongly suitable for a control system, and are designed for two different working conditions, i.e., supersonic and subsonic throttling,which proves that the proposed hybrid method applies to various working conditions. The evaluation demonstrates that the proposed control method optimizes the engine performance, the surge margin of the compression components, and the range of the thrust during throttling.

Modified Shifting Bottleneck Heuristic for Scheduling Problems of Large-Scale Job Shops

A modified shifting bottleneck algorithm was proposed to solve scheduling problems of a large-scale job shop.Firstly,a new structured algorithm was employed for sub-problems so as to reduce the computational burden and suit for large-scale instances more effectively.The modified cycle avoidance method,incorporating with the disjunctive graph model and topological sort algorithm,was applied to guaranteeing the feasibility of solutions with considering delayed precedence constraints.Finally,simulation experiments were carried out to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the modified method.The results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm can solve the large-scale job shop scheduling problems(JSSPs) within a reasonable period of time and obtaining satisfactory solutions simultaneously.

不同养护制度下粉煤灰混凝土压缩冻融损伤演化

为研究不同养护制度下混凝土冻损受压损伤演化规律,开展粉煤灰混凝土冻融循环试验和单轴压缩—声发射试验。结果表明,蒸养混凝土冻损受压行为呈明显“三阶段”分布特征,即瞬时变形期(Ⅰ阶段)、变形发展期(Ⅱ阶段)及变形陡增期(Ⅲ阶段);随着冻融循环次数的递增,变形发展期与变形陡增期的分界点在时间横轴上后移,累计事件数峰值呈先增后减变化趋势;蒸汽养护温度过高对混凝土抗冻性不利。

钻井废弃泥浆固化土力学特性试验分析

石油开采过程中产生大量钻井废弃泥浆,直接排放会造成环境污染,对钻井废弃泥浆进行处理势在必行。针对钻井废弃泥浆采用固化处理方法,并对固化土的力学特性进行系统试验分析。研究结果表明:固化土的应力应变曲线为应变软化型,发生脆性破坏;曲线峰值随着围压的增加和养护龄期的延长而升高;随冻融循环次数的增加而降低,6—8次后趋于稳定,冻融循环对固化土的强度影响明显。固化土发生刚度软化现象,E-ε曲线整体呈下降趋势,刚度随着围压的增加和养护龄期的延长而增加,随冻融循环次数的增加而降低,无量纲化割线模量与无量纲化主应力差的关系曲线由两部分组成,呈现倒C型。对固化土力学性能的研究有利于废弃泥浆的资源化再利用。

养护条件对混凝土力学性能及抗硫酸盐侵蚀性能的影响

针对新疆盐渍环境及高温干旱气候条件下混凝土普遍存在的硫酸盐侵蚀问题,研究了不同养护条件[标准养护、自然条件下内养护、(40±2)℃恒温内养护]对混凝土力学及抗硫酸盐侵蚀性能的影响,进行了混凝土的抗压强度、干湿循环硫酸盐侵蚀试验,计算了质量损失率及耐蚀系数。结果表明:SAP内养护可以在一定程度上改善混凝土的抗压强度,且可以延缓干湿循环硫酸盐侵蚀对混凝土的腐蚀破坏;混凝土的耐蚀系数与质量损失率之间有显著的负相关性,随着耐蚀系数的降低,混凝土的质量损失率增加。

碳化养护混凝土生命周期环境影响的评估

碳化养护能够实现混凝土对CO_(2)的高附加值利用与封存,因此本工作开展碳化养护对混凝土生命周期环境影响的研究。结合文献中的试验研究,建立碳化养护混凝土生命周期环境影响的数据集,进而开展碳排放的计算。基于蒙特卡洛模拟方法,研究原材料碳排放系数不确定性对环境净效益计算结果的影响。结果表明,水泥生产过程和混凝土养护过程的碳排放是影响碳化养护混凝土环境效益的关键因素。120组数据集中有21组会产生正的环境净效益,其余99组会产生负的环境净效益。增加碳化养护时间和气压能够提升混凝土的CO_(2)封存量,但碳化设备能耗的提升导致碳化养护混凝土生命周期碳排放过高。碳化养护时间过长、养护气压过高或混凝土力学性能降低皆为碳化养护混凝土环境净效益为负的原因。根据碳化养护对混凝土生命周期环境影响的计算结果,建议采用常压条件下的碳化养护,其养护时间控制在6 h内。

自适应循环发动机快速推力变化过渡过程性能初步研究

自适应循环发动机是基于变循环发动机设计理念基础并充分考虑飞发一体化设计、热管理等综合性能的面向未来飞行平台的先进动力装置,可通过诸多可调机构实现发动机涵道比、增压比、流量以及工作模式的灵活改变,从而适应不同飞行任务的复杂任务剖面需求,获得更大飞行包线内的性能优化。本文基于自适应循环发动机的性能计算仿真模型,在相关研究基础上结合模式转换和加减速过程实现快速推力变化过程,根据模式转换与加减速控制规律设计,开展典型算例下的快速推力变化过渡过程性能分析并验证其控制规律设计方法可行性,在亚声速巡航工况下,发动机在以M3模式叶尖风扇最小角度状态下,低压转子相对物理转速从0.6加速至1.0,最大可使终止推力增大32.4%,相较于单一模式加减速过渡过程,推力变化范围更宽,加速时间更短,转速变化范围更小。

实用化高比能准固态锂离子电池体系的研究

针对锂离子电池中电解液易泄漏、易燃烧,甚至引发爆炸等潜在安全问题,本文将单一的醚类小分子物质作为单体,与LiPF_(6)基电解液混合制备预聚前驱体,在60℃下原位衍生为非流动态的黏弹性凝聚体。通过调控单体比例、优化原位固化工艺,制备出高镍/高硅准固态锂离子电池。经测试,2.1 Ah电池体系在0.3 C电流下循环寿命达600圈,保持率比同期液态高1.8%。由更高硅含量的负极构成的36 Ah电池体系的比能量高达351 Wh/kg,500圈循环容量保持率达88.36%,准固态锂离子电池具有优异的低温性能,-20℃下容量保持率达85.6%,结果表明固化电解质在电池层内部及层间起到了良好的结构稳定性作用。该高比能准固态锂离子电池体系的开发为后续固态电池的进一步实用化提供了切实可行的途径。

干湿循环作用下吹填固化轻质土蠕变特性研究

采用新型固化技术对高含水率吹填土进行固化处理,通过三轴流变仪,考虑干湿循环次数、围压和初始静偏应力等因素研究其对吹填固化轻质土蠕变变形和抗剪强度指标的影响规律。试验结果表明:吹填固化轻质土具有密度小、质量轻及强度高等优点。在一定程度上,增大围压可有效缓解吹填固化轻质土的蠕变变形,而初始静偏应力对其影响较小,前7次干湿循环对土体破坏应力的影响最大,而后基本保持不变。抗剪强度指标c、φ值均随初始静偏应力的增加而逐渐降低,随干湿循环次数的增加呈现出先减小而后逐渐稳定的趋势,且前7次干湿循环,二者均呈指数函数降低;7次以后,变化均较小并逐渐稳定。基于c、φ值与时间关系曲线,分别构建了不同偏应力作用下吹填固化轻质土c、φ值的预测公式。根据蠕变曲线发展态势,通过回归分析,引入围压、初始静偏应力和干湿循环次数等因素,建立了吹填固化轻质土蠕变变形预测模型,并验证了其可行性。研究结果可为实际工程场地提供理论依据。

Minimum-Time Aggregation Scheduling in Duty-Cycled Wireless Sensor Networks

Aggregation is an important and commonplace operation in wireless sensor networks. Due to wireless interferences aggregation in wireless sensor networks often suffers from packet collisions. In order to solve the collision problem aggregation scheduling is extensively researched in recent years. In many sensor network applications such as real-time monitoring, aggregation time is the most concerned performance. This paper considers the minimum-time aggregation scheduling problem in duty-cycled wireless sensor networks for the first time. We show that this problem is NP-hard and present an approximation algorithm based on connected dominating set. The theoretical analysis shows that the proposed algorithm is a nearly-constant approximation. Simulation shows that the scheduling algorithm has a good performance.

考虑储能循环里程成本的风-火-储协调优化调度方法

结合储能寿命等效全循环模型,提出考虑储能循环里程成本的风-火-储协调优化调度方法。首先,结合全寿命等效全循环次数计算模型,进一步完善储能装置在不同充放电深度的循环里程中的寿命损耗评估模型;然后,在精准核算储能循环里程成本的基础上,构建考虑储能运行成本、火电机组运行成本、弃风损失等因素的风-火-储协调优化调度模型;最后,通过算例分析验证了所提出方法的正确性与有效性,并与传统的以度电成本结算储能运行成本的调度方法相比,有效避免低估低荷电状态下放电对储能寿命的影响,保障了储能使用寿命。

计及循环寿命和电能量-调频市场出清的储能自调度策略

探究储能参与电力市场的运行策略、引导储能积极参与电能量交易,能够有效缓解新型电力系统的电量平衡和调频需求矛盾。为此,提出了考虑循环寿命和电能量-调频市场出清的储能自调度策略。首先,针对储能循环寿命计算过程中出现的“零交互状态”问题,设计了改进的等效循环寿命模型(MECL),能够更准确地描述储能的运行损耗。其次,根据改进的MECL和电能量-调频市场联合出清规则,构建双层Stackelberg博弈模型来描述储能自调度运行策略。再次,根据所提模型的特点,结合强对偶定理(SDT)、KKT(Karush-Kuhn-Tucker)条件和Benders分解将所提模型分解为主、子问题进行迭代求解。最后,通过多种情景对比分析,验证了考虑改进MECL的自调度运行策略能够提升储能联盟参与电能量-调频市场的运行收益。

干旱荒漠区水泥粉煤灰稳定风积沙碎石基层高温稳定性和冻融耐久性研究

针对干旱荒漠区沥青路面基层建设的需求,探讨水泥粉煤灰稳定风积沙碎石混合料的高温稳定性和冻融耐久性。通过击实、高温养护、冻融耐久性和pH测定等试验方法,研究了不同压实系数和养护温度对混合料力学性能的影响。结果表明:随着养护温度的升高,混合料的抗压强度显著提升,且风积沙掺量与压实系数的增加能够协同增强强度;在2%Na2SO4溶液中进行的冻融循环试验显示,混合料的耐久性降低,风积沙的剥落加剧了材料的劣化。此外,建立了考虑冻融循环次数、风积沙掺量和压实系数影响的强度演化模型,模型验证结果显示出高准确性和可靠性。综上所述,风积沙作为替代细集料在沥青路面基层的应用具有良好的潜力。