Early Hydration and Setting Process of Fly Ash-blended Cement Paste under Different Curing Temperatures

A specially developed ultrasonic measurement apparatus (UMA) was used to in situ monitor the setting process of fly ash blended cement paste. Combined with the results of Vicat Needle tests, isothermal calorimetric measurement, XRD analysis, SEM morphology and compressive test, the influence of curing temperature (20, 40, 60, and 90 ℃) and fly ash content (0,10%, 20% and 30%) on the setting and hydration process of fly ash blended cement paste was analyzed. The results show that setting and hardening process of fly ash blended cement paste at elevated temperature can be clearly identified into three stages including dormant stage, acceleration stage and deceleration stage. The increasing of curing temperature greatly accelerates the setting and hardening process. However, the content of fly ash does not have significant effect on the setting in condition of 90 ℃. Besides, the initial and final setting time of cement paste is correspondent with the time of duration of dormant stage and the time of UPV value is 1500 m/s (T1500), respectively. Thus, the UMA can be used to determine the initial and final setting time of cementitious material under different curing temperatures. The compressive test results indicate that the paste with 20% fly ash presents higher compressive strength than the plain paste at curing temperatures of 90 ℃. Therefore, appropriate amount of fly ash is beneficial for concrete in the high temperature curing conditions.

Influence of Elevated Curing Temperature on the Properties of Cement Paste and Concrete at the Same Hydration Degree

Three different curing temperatures（20 ℃, 40 ℃, and 60 ℃） were set, so that the nonevaporable water（w_n） contents of plain cement pastes cured at these three temperatures were measured to determine the hydration degree of cement. Tests were carried out to compare the pore structure and strength of cement paste, as well as the strength and permeability of concrete under different temperature curing conditions when their cements were cured to the same hydration degree. The experimental results show that either at a relatively low hydration degree（w_n=15%） or high hydration degree（w_n=16.5%）, elevated curing temperature has little influence on the hydration products of cement paste, while it has a negative influence on the pore structure and compressive strength of cement paste. However, this negative effect is weaker at high hydration degree. The large capillary pore（〉100 nm） volumes of cement pastes remain almost the same at high hydration degree, regardless of curing temperatures. As for the concrete, elevated curing temperature also has negative influence on its compressive strength development, at both low hydration degree and high hydration degree. And this negative effect is stronger than that on cement paste＇s compressive strength at the same hydration degree. On the whole, elevated curing temperature has little influence on the resistance of concrete to chloride ion penetration.

Performances of Concrete under Elevated Curing Temperature

The behaviors of concrete at elevated curing temperature were studied. The test results show that when concrete is cured at elevated temperature, a harmful consequence occurs.The later strength decreases significantly compared to that under normal curing condition. Incorporating silica fume, fly ash and slag or lowering w/c ratio can effectively alleviate this harmful consequence. Comparatively, incorporation of silica fume is the most efficient means to decrease the later strength reduction. The harmful consequence is not caused by the difference in degree of hydration since the degree of hydration is similar between elevated curing temperature and normal curing condition. The SEM analysis shows that it is the uneven distribution of hydration products caused by elevated curing temperature that leads to the later strength reduction of concrete.

Effect of Curing Temperature on Intermediate Temperature Properties of Calcium Aluminate Cement Bonded Corundum Castables

In order to study the effect of the curing temperature on the intermediate temperature properties of calcium aluminate cement bonded corundum castables,the prepared castables were cured at 5,10,25,40 and 50℃,respectively,dried at 110℃ for 24 h and heat treated at 800 and 1100 ℃,respectively.Then the apparent porosity,the cold modulus of rupture and the cold crushing strength were measured.The phase composition of castable matrix specimens treated under the same conditions and the influence of the curing temperature on the intermediate temperature strength of the castables were also analyzed.The results show that with the increase of the curing temperature,the hydration degree of calcium aluminate cement increases,which promotes the uniform distribution of hydration products with AI203 after decomposition,thus enhancing the intermediate temperature strength of castables.

Effect of Curing Temperature on the Morphology and Hydration of MgO Expansive Material in Paste

The morphologies and hydration properties of MgO expansive material at different curing temperatures were investigated.When the curing temperature varies from 25℃to 50℃,the conductivity of MgO rises from 40 to 80μs/cm,the hydration product of MgO expansive material curing in water for 28 days is from 1.5—2 mm to 2—2.5μm in length through SEM observation,and the expansion of pastes with 5%of the magnesium oxide is from 0.36%up to 1.01%,it is increased by 2.78 times.When the content of cement paste increases to 95%and cured in water for 90 days,the brucite forms as hexaflaggy?shaped crystal,which is less than 0.1μm and tends to aggregates.The effect of curing temperature on the hydration of MgO expansive material is obvious.

Effect of Curing Temperature on Tunnel Fire Insulation of Aerogel Cement Paste Coatings

To further strengthen the protective effect of aerogel cement paste (ACP) coating on self-compacting concrete (SCC) in tunnel fire under the optimal mix proportion,the effect of curing temperature (from 5 to 80 ℃,based on site construction curing temperature and surrounding rock temperature) on fire insulation of ACP was investigated.The mechanical properties,thermal conductivity and porosity of ACP were tested.The microstructure of ACP was characterized by means of SEM,XRD and TG/DTG.The results reveal that 50 ℃ is the optimal curing temperature for ACP with good mechanical properties and fire insulation.Relatively high curing temperature can facilitate hydration and pozzolanic reactions,contributing to the generation of more stable substances (such as C-S-H gels,tobermorite and thenardite,etc).ACP under excessive low curing temperature brings inhomogeneous microstructure with coarse pores,leading to producing wider and longer microcracks when it is exposed to tunnel fire.The microcracks make the heat convection and thermal radiation more significant and thus accelerate the damage of ACP under fire.In case of the less than 7% difference of thermal conductivity,dense microstructure and stable substances are more conducive to strengthening fire insulation of ACP.In practical engineering applications,the thickness of protective layer of ACP can be further optimized when ACP is cured under about 50 ℃.

Non-contact and full-field online monitoring of curing temperature during the in-situ heating process based on deep learning

Online monitoring of the curing temperature field is essential to improving the quality and efficiency of the manufacturing process of composite parts.Traditional embedded sensor-based technologies have difficulty monitoring the full temperature field or have to introduce heterogeneous items that could have an undesired impact on the part.In this paper,a non-contact,full-field monitoring method based on deep learning that predicts the internal temperature field of composite parts in real time using surface temperature measurements of auxiliary materials is proposed.Using the proposed method,an average temperature monitoring accuracy of 97%is achieved in various heating patterns.In addition,this method also demonstrates satisfying feasibility when a stronger thermal barrier covers the part.This method was experimentally validated during the self-resistance electric heating process,in which the monitoring accuracy reached 93.1%.This method can potentially be applied to automated manufacturing and process control in the composites industry.

Effect of Curing Regime on the Distribution of Al^(3+) Coordination in Hardened Cement Pastes

The effect of curing regime on the distribution ofAl3＋ coordination in hardened cement pastes within 28 d were investigated by 29Si and 27Al magic angle spinning （MAS） nuclear magnetic resonance（NMR） with deconvolution technique. The results indicate that the tetrahedral coordination Al3＋ incorporated in C-S-H structure mainly originate from the AP＋ incorporated in the alite and belite phases in the Portland cement. The curing regime of constant temperature of 20 ℃ is beneficial to the octahedral coordination Al3＋ transforming to tetrahedral coordination AP＋ incorporated in C-S-H structure. However, at curing regime of variable temperature, the temperature rising process is more advantageous to the transformation from ettringite to monosulphate, substitution of Al3＋ for Si4＋ in the C-S-H structure and the formation of the third aluminate hydrate （TAH） than that at constant temperature of 20 ℃. The high temperature of 60 ℃ in the holding temperature process promotes the decomposition of ettringite, and enhances the consumption of the Al3＋ incorporated in C-S-H phases and the Al3＋ in TAH for the monosulphate forming. The temperature decreasing promotes the transformation from monosulphate to ettringite, and increases the consumption of the Al3＋ incorporated in C-S-H phases, and then increases the quantity of the TAH.

Effect of Curing Regime on Polymerization of C-S-H in Hardened Cement Pastes

The effect of two different curing regimes on the polymerization degree of C-S-H in hardened cement pastes within 28 d were investigated by measuring the chemical environments of 29Si with magic angle spinning （MAS） nuclear magnetic resonance （NMR） and by analyzing the 29Si NMR spectra with deconvolution technique. The experimental results indicate that, at curing regime of constant temperature of 20℃, the polymerization of C-S-H increases and then decreases with curing age, and the A1/Si ratio increases gradually with curing age, furthermore, the two non-bridging oxygen bonds of bridging silicate tetrahedra in C-S-H structure mainly bond to H＋. At curing regime of variable temperature, the polymerization of C-S-H firstly increases then changes slightly and subsequently decreases with the temperature from low to high and then to low, and the A1/Si ratio firstly increases then keeps invariant and subsequently slightly decreases. Moreover, the temperature decreasing is advantageous for the Ca2＋ to be bonded to the bridging silicate tetrahedra and entering into the interlayer of C-S-H structure. The polymerization of C-S-H at curing regime of variable temperature is higher than that cured at constant temperature, but the curing regime of constant temperature is more beneficial to the substitution of AP for Si4＋ than that of variable temperature.

Influence of Curing Accelerators on the Imidization of Polyamic Acids and Properties of Polyimide Films

In order to lower the imidization temperature of polyamic acids（PAA）, the catalytic activities of the curing agents p-hydroxybenzoic acid（PHA）, quinoline（QL）, benzimidazole（BI）, benzotriazole（BTA）, triethylamine（Et_3N） and 1, 8-diazabicyclo [5.4.0]undec-7-ene（DBU） were investigated in the process of thermal imidization of PAA. In addition, the effect of these various curing agents on the thermal stabilities and mechanical properties of the resultant polyimide（PI） films was determined. Quinoline was found to be an effective curing accelerator in the use of two-step method for synthesizing PI. Due to its moderate base strength, low steric crowding effect and moderate boiling point, quinoline could not only accelerate PAA to achieve imidization completely at 180 ℃, but also maintain the mechanical properties and thermal stability of the ordinary PI film. Any residual quinoline could be removed from PI films by heating at 250 ℃ for 4 h.

Optimum Calcination Condition of Waste Stabilized Adobe for Alkali Activated High Volume Adobe-Slag Binder Cured at Room Temperature

This study aims to determine the most convenient calcination temperature and calcination duration of wastestabilized Adobe(AB)to produce a new alkali-activated binder.Waste-stabilized Adobe mainly consists of soil,CaCO3 as a stabilizer,and straw(for strengthening).The availability of raw materials for making Adobe presents the waste-stabilized Adobe as a potential product for a new alkali-activated binder.Waste-stabilized Adobe collected from an abandoned damaged building in the village of Inonu in Northern Cyprus,ground and calcined at the following temperatures:450,550,650,750,850,and 950℃.The calcination at each temperature was held for different durations 1,3,5,and 7 h.Raw and calcined waste stabilized Adobe structures were investigated using XRF,TGA-DTA,XRD,FTIR,and SEM.Considering technical and environmental views related to energy consumption,waste stabilized Adobe calcined at 750℃ for 1 h presented the most promising results regarding the production of a new precursor for alkali-activated binder.This study also presents the effect of ground granulated blast furnace slag(GGBFS)usage on the fresh and hardened properties of optimum calcined AB-based alkali-activated pastes cured at room temperature.GGBFS was used to partially replace AB to form a binary composite raw material system and seven experimental groups were designed according to replacement levels of 0%,5%,10%,15%,20%,25%and 30%(by mass).Alkali-activated high volume waste-stabilized Adobe-slag pastes prepared using Na2SiO3-to-NaOH ratio of 2 and 12 M concentration of Sodium Hydroxide.The fresh property as flowability and the hardened property as the compressive strength of the alkali-activated pastes with different GGBFS contents were investigated.The results indicated that the incorporation of GGBFS increased the flowability of fresh alkali-activated pastes.A 28-day compressive strength of 43.75 MPa can be obtained by a 30%replacement level of GGBFS.

Influence of Curing Duration on Thaumasite Formation of Portland-limestone Cement Pastes

Extensive researches have been carried out on the conventional sulfate attack, while it has been found that the thaumasite form of sulfate attack（TSA）, sulfate attack at low temperature, has just been discovered and its mechanism is not well understood so far. In this study, the sulfate attack of cement paste incorporating 30% mass of limestone powder was investigated. After 20 ℃ water cured for 7, 14, and 28 days,respectively, 20 mm cube specimens were exposed in a 5% magnesium sulfate solution at（6 ±1） ℃ for periods up to 240 days. Their appearance change, compressive strength development were examined at different storage time, and selected paste samples were examined by X-ray diffraction（XRD）, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy（FTIR）, scanning electron microscopy（SEM） and energy dispersive spectroscopy（EDS）. The results indicate that all Portland-limstone cement pastes suffer from appearance deterioration to some extent. The compressive strength of cement paste initially increases and after 120 days decreases with increasing exposed period. In addition, the cement paste with short curing time is more susceptible to sulfate attack, which directly leads to the formation of non-binder thaumasite crystal accompanied by the formation of ettringite, gypsum and brucite, and becomes a white, mushy, and incohesive matrix. Additionally, the extent of sulfate attack is greater and the formation of thaumasite is observed earlier for shorter curing time.

Robust Polystyrene/Fluorinated Silica Superhydrophobic Composite Coatings with Rapid Curing at Room Temperature Prepared by One-Step Spraying

Superhydrophobic materials are severely limited in their applications due to their weak mechanical properties and complex preparation process.In this paper,polystyrene/fluorinated silica(PS/SiO_(2))superhydrophobic composite coatings were prepared on the surface of 304 stainless steel using a simple one-step spraying method.The effects of different PS contents on the wettability as well as the wear properties of the samples were investigated.SiO_(2) was encapsulated in polystyrene to form a structure similar to cement encapsulated stones.With the addition of PS,a mound-like structure was formed on the sample surface,and a more optimized micro–nano structure was obtained when the content of PS was 0.6 g.At this time,the sample exhibited excellent wettability with a contact angle of 157.86°and a sliding angle of 0.84°.In addition,the contact angle of 151.09°was achieved after 180 cm of friction under a 100 g load and the composite coating prepared by this method also has excellent chemical stability,water impact resistance,corrosion resistance,and self-cleaning properties.This opens up new possibilities for the development of simple and robust superhydrophobic materials.

Application of silver nanoparticles in electrically conductive adhesives with silver micro flakes

This study has been conducted to evaluate the application of silver nanoparticles(NPs)in Electrically Conductive Adhesives(ECAs),filled with hybrid silver flakes and NPs,and silver flakes as a control sample,at a filler loading of 78 wt.%,83 wt.%and 88 wt.%and cured at 150℃and 180℃,respectively.The results show that the electrical and thermal conductivities of ECAs were improved with the increasing of filler loading and curing temperature.Adding silver NPs in silver flakes negatively affected the electrical and thermal conductivities of ECAs at a low filler mass fraction of 78 wt.%,because the segregation of NPs enlarged the average distance of silver flakes;while it positively influenced the electrical and thermal conductivities of ECAs at a loading ratio of 88 wt.%,probably due to NPs filling in the gaps between silver flakes or even sintering together with each other or with silver flakes,especially when curing at high temperature of 180℃.

Comparison of Setting Behaviour and Mechanical Properties of Various Silica-bonded No-cement Castables

Microsilica-gel bonded bauxite based no-cement refractory castables（NCCs）have been produced using two readily available dispersants.These NCCs were compared to NCC with Siox X-Zero,a purposely-developed product for microsilica-gel bonded no-cement castable systems to control flow properties and setting characteristics.Three mixing and curing temperatures were applied：5℃,20℃and 35℃.The results show that setting-behaviour and mechanical properties strongly vary with the type of dispersant and the curing temperature.However,both setting and strength are less temperature dependent in the castables with Siox X-Zero.Furthermore,the drying and firing of microsilica-gel bonded NCCs were investigated.Since microsilica-gel bond system contains only a small amount of bound water,the castables can be fired at very high heating rates,once the free water has been removed.

Statistical Modelling of Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity of Fly Ash Based Geopolymer Mortar using Response Surface Methodology

The fly ash based geopolymer has emerged as a capable and sustainable binder material in construction industry.Ultrasonic pulse velocity(UPV)method is a non-destructive technique for investigating the mechanical performance of concrete.Experimental investigation was performed for studying the effect of NaOH Molarity,Na2SiO3/NaOH and curing temperature on the ultrasonic pulse velocity of geopolymer mortar.Experiments were designed based on central composite design(CCD)technique of response surface methodology(RSM).Statistical model was developed and statistically validated and found significant as the difference between adjustable R-squared and predicted R-squared less than 0.2.Finally,the optimized mix proportion was assessed for maximized value of UPV.Experimental validation on the optimized mix reveals the close agreement between experimental and predicted values of UPV with significance level of more than 95%.The proposed technique improves the yield,the reliability of the product and the processes.

Effect of temperature on the hydration process and strength development in blends of Portland cement and activated coal gangue or fly ash

This paper describes the results of an investigation into the effect of the variation of curing temperatures between 0 and 60 °C on the hydration process,pore structure variation,and compressive strength development of activated coal gangue-cement blend(ACGC) . Hardened ACGC pastes cured for hydration periods from 1 to 360 d were examined using the non-evaporable water method,thermal analysis,mercury intrusion porosimetry,and mechanical testing. To evaluate the specific effect of activated coal gangue(ACG) as a supplementary cementing material(SCM) ,a fly ash-cement blend(FAC) was used as a control. Results show that raising the curing temperature accelerates pozzolanic reactions involving the SCMs,increasing the degree of hydration of the cement blends,and hence increasing the rate of improvement in strength. The effect of curing temperature on FAC is greater than that on ACGC. The pore structure of the hardened cement paste is improved by increasing the curing temperature up to 40 °C,but when the curing temperature reaches 60 °C,the changing nature of the pore structure leads to a decrease in strength. The correlation between compressive strength and the degree of hydration and porosity is linear in nature.

Performance development of styrene-butadiene copolymer-modified calcium sulfoaluminate cement mortar under different curing conditions

The purpose of this study was to investigate the change in the physical and mechanical properties of styrene-butadiene copolymer(SB)dispersion-modified calcium sulfoaluminate(CSA)cement mortar as it aged from 28 to 360 d,and cured at different temperatures and relative humidities.The results show that the mechanical properties of reference mortar(RM)of CSA cement,including its flexural,compressive,and tensile bond strength,showed a reduction after a certain time,but its water capillary absorption was hardly affected by age.When SB dispersion was added,there was no reduction in mechanical strength.The amount of SB added did matter.Addition of 5% SB had a negative effect on most properties compared with RM,except for tensile bond strength.However,the properties of SB-modified mortar(SBMM)were enhanced significantly as the amount of SB was increased from 5% to 20%.Temperature change had different effects on the properties of RM and SBMM.High temperature was beneficial to early flexural and compressive strength development of RM,but caused serious strength reduction at later stages.High temperature enhanced the development of tensile bond strength of RM.Increasing temperature enhanced properties of SBMM,including flexural,compressive,and tensile bond strength.Higher relative humidity improved all measured properties of all mortars.Scanning electron microscope(SEM)observations of the morphology of RM and SBMM at 360 d cured under different conditions accounted well for the changes in mechanical properties.

Low-Energy Driven Ring-Opening Behavior of Benzocyclobutene Derivatives

It's urgent to develop benzocyclobutene(BCB)-based polymers with low curing temperature for temperature-sensitive applications such as liquid crystal displays(LCDs)and flexible electronics.Herein,the effect of substituents on the ring-opening behavior of BCB derivatives was investigated.The ring-opening activation energy barriers(ΔGA)of BCB derivatives with one or two substituents on the four-membered alkyl ring were systematically calculated using the B3LYP function.Both mono-and di-substituted BCBs adopted the conrotatory ring-opening process,obeying the Woodward-Hoffmann's Rules upon heating.The mono-/di-substituted BCBs exhibited 8.2%—69%lowerΔGA compared with BCB,attributed to the electronic effects of the substituents.Disubstituted BCBs with both electron-donating and electron-withdrawing groups,e.g.,1-NH_(2)-8-NO_(2)-BCB,demonstrated the lowestΔGA.In addition,BCB derivatives with amide/ester/acyloxy group modified on C1 position were synthesized as model molecules,and their ring-opening temperature can be decreased by 20℃ compared to the unsubstituted one,also consistent with our calculation results.This work combined theoretical calculation methods with experimental results to provide valuable insights into the design and synthesis of BCB derivatives and next-generation BCB functional packaging materials with low ring-opening temperature.