A Fault Current Limiting Hybrid DC Circuit Breaker

Due to the low impedance characteristic of the high voltage direct current(HVDC)grid,the fault current rises extremely fast after a DC-side fault occurs,and this phenomenon seriously endangers the safety of the HVDC grid.In order to suppress the rising speed of the fault current and reduce the current interruption requirements of the main breaker(MB),a fault current limiting hybrid DC circuit breaker(FCL-HCB)has been proposed in this paper,and it has the capability of bidirectional fault current limiting and fault current interruption.After the occurrence of the overcurrent in the HVDC grid,the current limiting circuit(CLC)of FCL-HCB is put into operation immediately,and whether the protected line is cut off or resumed to normal operation is decided according to the fault detection result.Compared with the traditional hybrid DC circuit breaker(HCB),the required number of semiconductor switches and the peak value of fault current after fault occurs are greatly reduced by adopting the proposed device.Extensive simulations also verify the effectiveness of the proposed FCL-HCB.

Current Limiting Characteristic Analysis of Magnetic-controlled Switcher Type Fault Current Limiter

A novel magnetic-controlled switcher type fault current limiter (FCL) based on the topology of the saturated iron core high temperature superconducting FCL is proposed. The magnetic field distribution of the FCL iron core is analyzed by FEA software ANSYS. The current limiting characteristic is investigated by both 3-D field-circuit coupled simulation and Matlab. The experiments on the 220 V/50 A test model show that the FCL can limit the fault current swiftly and effectively,and the FCL has the advantages of simple and reliable structure, flexible control strategy. The simulation and experimental results prove that the theoretical expectation and current limiting performance is satisfactory for practical use.

Transient Characteristics and Accommodative Current Limiting Strategy for Bidirectional Interlinking Converters in Hybrid AC/DC Microgrids

Bidirectional interlinking converter(BIC)is the core equipment in a hybrid AC/DC microgrid connected between AC and DC sub-grids.However,the variety of control modes and flexible bidirectional power flow complicate the influence of AC faults on BIC itself and on DC sub-grid,which potentially threaten both converter safety and system reliability.This study first investigates AC fault influence on the BIC and DC bus voltage under different BIC control modes and different pre-fault operation states,by developing a mathematical model and equivalent sequence network.Second,based on the analysis results,a general accommodative current limiting strategy is proposed for BIC without limitations to specific mode or operation condition.Current amplitude is predicted and constrained according to the critical requirements to protect the BIC and relieving the AC fault influence on the DC bus voltage.Compared with conventional methods,potential current limit failure and distortions under asymmetric faults can also be avoided.Finally,experiments verify feasibility of the proposed method.

A Similarity Comparison Based Pilot Protection Scheme for VSC-HVDC Grids Considering Fault Current Limiting Strategy

In the voltage source converter based high-voltage direct current(VSC-HVDC)grids,fast and reliable protections are the key technologies.The traditional protection schemes are easily affected by fault resistance,line distributed capacitance,etc.Meanwhile,the influence of fault current limiting strategy(FCLS)has not been fully considered.In this paper,the fault characteristics under FCLS and the feasibility of traditional travelling wave protections are analyzed.To improve the reliability and sensibility,a similarity comparison based pilot protection scheme is proposed,which focuses on the relationship between the fault characteristics and the state of the protected transmission line,with the establishment of a precise frequencydependent transmission line model.The criteria based on the similarity comparison calculated by cross-wavelet can identify the fault effectively.Meanwhile,the protection scheme can also endure the influence of error synchronization.Finally,the protection performance is verified in the PSCAD/EMTDC under different fault conditions.

Analysis and Control of Modular Multi-terminal DC Power Flow Controller with Fault Current Limiting Function

In order to overcome the problems of power flow control and fault current limiting in multi-terminal high voltage direct current(MTDC)grids,this paper proposes a modular multi-terminal DC power flow controller(MM-DCPFC)with fault current limiting function.The topology structure,operation principle,and equivalent circuit of MM-DCPFC are introduced,and such a structure has the advantages of modularity and scalability.The power balance mechanism is studied and a hierarchical power balance control strategy is proposed.The results show that MM-DCPFC can achieve internal power exchange,which avoids the use of external power supply.The fault characteristics of MM-DCPFC are analyzed,fault current limiting and self-protection methods are proposed,and the factors affecting the current limiting capability are studied.The simulation models are established in PLECS,and the simulation results verify the effectiveness of MM-DCPFC in power flow control,fault current limiting,and scalability.In addition,a prototype is developed to validate the function and control method of MM-DCPFC.

A Review of Series Voltage Source Converter with Fault Current Limiting Function

The series voltage source converter(SVSC)is widely used in the power electronic equipment,such as series active power filter,dynamic voltage restorer,unified power flow controller and so on.However,while the SVSC is more vulnerable to the impact of fault current,its applications are increasing,bringing huge challenges to the safe operation of the grid.In recent years,the topology and control strategy of the series voltage source converter with fault current limiting(SVSC-FCL)are a research hotspot.In this paper,it suggests classifying SVSC-FCL based SVSC into two groups:the control scheme optimization group and the existing topology improvement group.The research challenges and perspectives of the SVSC-FCL are introduced in detail.This paper aims to illustrate current research progress on SVSC-FCL and enrich the available pool of the multi-functional power electronic equipment.

Reclosing Current Limiting for DC Line Faults in VSC-HVDC Systems

The problem of reclosing current limiting in voltage source converter based high-voltage direct current(VSCHVDC)systems is becoming more and more serious.A soft reclosing scheme for DC permanent faults is presented in this paper.Because the converter voltages of stations at both terminals of the disconnected faulty line may be different,the choice of which terminal to reclose first will affect the reclosing overcurrent.A method for selecting the terminal to reclose first is investigated to achieve a minimum peak overcurrent during the reclosing process.In order to ensure that the hybrid DC circuit breaker(HDCCB)adapts to the needs of the reclosing process better,the traditional HDCCB is improved by adding a soft reclosing module(SRM).The energy dissipated in the arresters is significantly reduced when using the improved HDCCB.The improved HDCCB will be able to reclose multiple times safely and thus increase the possibility of successful reclosing.Moreover,the recovery time after the HDCCB is successfully reclosed is very short with the improved HDCCB and its control principles.Simulation results show that this proposed scheme is capable of limiting the reclosing overcurrent when the fault still exists.

Multi-objective optimal configuration of current limiting strategies

With the level of short-circuit current of power systems growing increasingly higher,optimal allocation of current limiters has received considerable attention in recent years,especially in China.This paper analyzes two kinds of common used current limiters based on the increment of bus impedance matrix and proposes a multi-objective current limiters configuration model considering the investment of limiters,the level of short-circuit current,as well as the transient stability of power system.An innovative search space reduction technique based on sensitivity factor is introduced to choose better candidate locations for current limiters so as to avoid the curse of dimensionality.The elitist non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II is used to search the Pareto-optimal solutions of the proposed model.In order to further improve optimization efficiency,master-slave parallel modification of NSGA-II program structure is implemented.The satisfactory case study results demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed multi-objective method in power system current limiters allocation associated with cost,security and stability.

Water Dissociation Phenomena on a Bipolar Membrane──Current-voltage Curve in Relation with IonicTransport and Limiting Current Density

The water dissociation mechanism on a bipolar membrane under the electrical field was investigated and characterized in terms of ionic transport and limiting current density. It is considered that the depletion layer exists at the junction of a bipolar membrane, which is coincided with the viewpoint of the most literatures, but we also consider that the thickness and conductivity of this layer is not only related with the increase of the applied voltage but also with the limiting current density. Below the limiting current density, the thickness of the depletion layer keeps a constant and the conductivity decreases with the increase of the applied voltage; while above the limiting current density, the depletion thickness will increase with the increase of the applied voltage and the conductivity keeps a very low constant. Based on the data reported in the literatures and independent determinations, the limiting current density was calculated and the experimental curves Ⅰ-Ⅴ in the two directions were com

Identifying Diffusion Limiting Current to Unravel the Intrinsic Kinetics of Electrode Reactions Affected by Mass Transfer at Rotating Disk Electrode

Rotating disk electrode systems are widely used to study the kinetics of electrocatalytic reactions that may suffer from insufficient mass transfer of the reactants.Kinetic current density at certain overpotential calculated by the Koutecky-Levich equation is commonly used as the metrics to evaluate the activity of electrocatalysts.However,it is frequently found that the diffusion limiting current density is not correctly identified in the literatures.Instead of kinetic current density,the measured current density normalized by diffusion limiting current density(j/jL)has also been frequently under circumstance where its validity is not justified.By taking oxygen reduction reaction/hydrogen oxidation reaction/hydrogen evolution reaction as examples,we demonstrate that identifying the actual diffusion limiting current density for the same reaction under otherwise identical conditions from the experimental data is essential to accurately deduce kinetic current density.Our analysis reveals that j/jLis a rough activity metric which can only be used to qualitatively compare the activity trend under conditions that the mass transfer conditions and the roughness factor of the electrode are exactly the same.In addition,if one wants to use j/jLto compare the intrinsic activity,the concentration overpotential should be eliminated.

Space-charge limiting currents for magnetically focused intense relativistic electron beams

The self-consistent differential equations, which describe a laminar-flow equilibrium state in a magnetically focused intense relativistic electron beam propagating inside a conducting waveguide, are presented. The canonical angular momentum, Pe, defined under the conditions at the source, uniquely determines the possible solutions of these equations. By numerically solving these equations, the space-charge limited current and the externally applied magnetic field are obtained in a solid beam and a hollow beam in two cases of Pθ= 0 （magnetically shielded source） and Pθ= const. （immersed source） separately. It is shown that the hollow beam is more beneficial to the propagation of the intense relativistic beam through a drift tube than the solid beam.

Study on the formation of arc plasma on the resistive wall liquid metal current limiter

Due to its significant attributes,the liquid metal current limiter(LMCL)is considered a new strategy for limiting short-circuit current in the power grid.A resistive wall liquid metal current limiter(RWLMCL)is designed to advance the starting current-limiting time.Experiments are performed to investigate the dynamic behaviors of liquid metal,and the influence of different currents on the liquid metal self-shrinkage effect is compared and analyzed.Furthermore,the liquid metal self-shrinkage effect is mathematically modeled,and the reason for the formation of arc plasma is obtained by simulation.The laws of arc plasma formation and the current transfer in the cavity are revealed,and the motion mechanisms are explained by physical principles.The simulations are in accordance with the test data.It is demonstrated that the sudden change of the current density at both ends of the wall causes the liquid metal to shrink and depress under the electromagnetic force,and the current starts to transfer from the liquid metal path to the wall resistance path.The RWLMCL can effectively advance the starting current-limiting time.

Charge transport properties and variable photo-switching of three-terminal Cs_(2)AgBiBr_(6)device

In this study,we present an in-depth exploration of charge transport phenomena and variable photo-switching characteristics in a novel double-perovskite-based three-terminal device.The Cs_(2)AgBiBr_(6)thin film(TF)was synthesized through a three-step thermal evaporation process followed by precise open-air annealing,ensuring superior film quality as confirmed by structural and morphological characterizations.Photoluminescence spectroscopy revealed distinct emissions at 2.28 and 2.07 eV,indicative of both direct and indirect electronic transitions.Our device exhibited space-charge limited current(SCLC)behaviour beyond 0.35 V,aligning with the relationship Current(I)∝Voltage(V)^(m),where the exponent m transitioned from≤1 to>1.Detailed analysis of Schottky parameters within the trap-filled limit(TFL)regime was conducted,accounting for variations in temperature and optical power.Significantly,the self-powered photodetector demonstrated outstanding performance under illumination.The sensitivity of the device was finely tunable via the applied bias voltages at the third terminal.Notably,an optimal bias voltage of±100μV yielded maximum responsivity(R)of 0.48 A/W and an impressive detectivity(D*)of 1.07×10^(9)Jones,highlighting the potential of this double-perovskite-based device for advanced optoelectronic applications.

Nonlinear Current-Voltage Characteristics and Electroluminescence of cBN Crystal

The current-voltage（I-V） characteristics of cBN crystal sandwiched between two metallic electrodes are measured and found to be nonlinear. Over 20 samples are measured at room temperature with various electrodes, and the resulting curves are all similar in shape. When a voltage of about 560V is applied to the cBN crystal, the emitted light is visible to the naked eye in a dark room. We explain these phenomena by the space charge limited current and the electronic transition between the X and Г valleys of the conduction band.

Investigation on the Arc Ignition Characteristics and Energy Absorption of Liquid Metal Current Limiter Based on Self-Pinch Effect

The GaInSn liquid metal current limiter based on the fluid pinch effect has broad application prospects due to its particular properties. However, the limited rated current and abil- ity of power dissipation are the critical problems for its wide application. Firstly, the temperature distribution of the liquid metal current limiter （LMCL） was obtained by experiments with a rated current of 1 kA and the arc ignition phenomenon was observed with 1.5 kA, which indicates that the rated current is mainly limited by the arc rather than the high temperature compared to the traditional switchgears. Furthermore, an improved method is proposed by adding the paralleled pure resistance, impedance or another LMCL element to protect the setup from the fault energy concentration in the setup. The problem of a slower arc voltage increasing rate can be solved by adding a paralleled impedance with suitable parameters. Finally, the current limiting properties based on the improved method were investigated and the alternating oscillating current was found between two paralleled LMCL elements owing to their deviation of arc ignition in reality.

Current self-limitation in a transverse nanosecond discharge with a slotted cathode

A high-voltage transverse pulsed nanosecond discharge with a slotted hollow cathode was found to be a source of high-energy （few kV） ribbon electron beams. Conditions for the formation and extinction of electron beams were experimentally studied in discharges in helium at pressures of 1-100 Torr. It was found that interaction of fast electrons with a non-uniform electric field near the slotted cathode led to limitation of the magnitude of the discharge current. A physical model was developed to describe the discharge current self-limitation that was in satisfactory agreement with the experimental results. Some technical solutions that are expected to increase the upper current limits in transverse nanosecond discharge are discussed.

Study of the Fast-Closing Switch Used for Fault Current Limiters in Power System

This paper presents a new type of fault current limiter (FCL) based on fast closing switch, which is composed of a capacitor bank and a reactor in series. The main control component is a fast closing switch connected in parallel with the capacitors, which is driven by the electromagnetic repulsion force. It can response the order within 1 ms. When fault occurs, the switch closes and the capacitors are bypassed, and the fault current is limited by the reactor. Simulation analysis and experiment show that the electromagnetic repulsion force actuator can meet the demand of fast closing switch, it is feasible to develop the FCL with low cost and high reliability.

A novel fault current limiter topology design based on liquid metal current limiter

The liquid metal current limiter(LMCL)is regarded as a viable solution for reducing the fault current in a power grid.But demonstrating the liquid metal arc plasma self-pinching process of the resistive wall,and reducing the erosion of the LMCL are challenging,not only theoretically,but also practically.In this work,a novel LMCL is designed with a resistive wall that can be connected to the current-limiting circuit inside the cavity.Specifically,a novel fault current limiter(FCL)topology is put forward where the novel LMCL is combined with a fast switch and current-limiting reactor.Further,the liquid metal self-pinch effect is modeled mathematically in three dimensions,and the gas-liquid two-phase dynamic diagrams under different short-circuit currents are obtained by simulation.The simulation results indicate that with the increase of current,the time for the liquid metal-free surface to begin depressing is reduced,and the position of the depression also changes.Different kinds of bubbles formed by the depressions gradually extend,squeeze,and break.With the increase of current,the liquid metal takes less time to break,but breaks still occur at the edge of the channel,forming arc plasma.Finally,relevant experiments are conducted for the novel FCL topology.The arcing process and current transfer process are analyzed in particular.Comparisons of the peak arc voltage,arcing time,current limiting efficiency,and electrode erosion are presented.The results demonstrate that the arc voltage of the novel FCL topology is reduced by more than 4.5times and the arcing time is reduced by more than 12%.The erosions of the liquid metal and electrodes are reduced.Moreover,the current limiting efficiency of the novel FCL topology is improved by 1%–5%.This work lays a foundation for the topology and optimal design of the LMCL.

An Active Inrush Current Limiter Based on SCR Phase Shift Control for EV Charging Systems

This article gives an overview of the main passive solutions and active techniques, based on AC switches to limit inrush currents in medium power AC-DC converters （up to 3.7 kW） for electric vehicle charging systems. In particular, a strategy, based on SCR （silicon controlled rectifier） phase, shift control in a mixed rectifier bridge with diodes and thyristors, is proposed. The challenge is to help designers optimize the triggering delay of SCRs to both limit the peak value of inrush current spikes and optimize the charge duration of the DC-link capacitor. A mathematical model （Mathcad engineering tool） has been defined to point out, the interest of a variable triggering delay to control SCRs to meet the expectations described previously. Experimental measurements using an industrial evaluation board of the AC-DC converter demonstrate the robustness of the method.

Hybrid Operation of Fault Current Limiter and Thyristor Controlled Braking Resistor

The effectiveness of a combination of fault current limiter and thyristor controlled braking resistor on power system stability enhancement and damping turbine shaft torsional oscillations has been studied. If both devices operate at the same bus, the stabilization control scheme can be carried out continuously and with flexibility. As a result, the fault currents are limited, and the generator disturbances and the turbine shaft torsional oscillations are converged quickly. In this paper, the effectiveness of the combination of both devices has been demonstrated by considering 3LG （three-lines-to-ground） fault in a two-machine infinite bus system. Also, temperature rise effect of both devices with various resistance values and weights has been demonstrated. Simulation results indicate a significant power system stability enhancement and damping turbine shaft torsional oscillations as well as with allowable temperature rise.