A frequency servo SoC with output power stabilization loop technology for miniaturized atomic clocks

A frequency servo system-on-chip(FS-SoC)featuring output power stabilization technology is introduced in this study for high-precision and miniaturized cesium(Cs)atomic clocks.The proposed power stabilization loop(PSL)technique,incorporating an off-chip power detector(PD),ensures that the output power of the FS-SoC remains stable,mitigating the impact of power fluctuations on the atomic clock's stability.Additionally,a one-pulse-per-second(1PPS)is employed to syn-chronize the clock with GPS.Fabricated using 65 nm CMOS technology,the measured phase noise of the FS-SoC stands at-69.5 dBc/Hz@100 Hz offset and-83.9 dBc/Hz@1 kHz offset,accompanied by a power dissipation of 19.7 mW.The Cs atomic clock employing the proposed FS-SoC and PSL obtains an Allan deviation of 1.7×10^(-11) with 1-s averaging time.

Parameter Design of Current Double Closed Loop for T-Type Three-Level Grid-Connected Inverter

To reduce current harmonics caused by switching frequency,T-type grid-connected inverter topology with LCL filter is adopted.In view of the disadvantages of the slow response speed of the traditional current control and the failure to eliminate the influence of the LCL filter on the grid-connected current by using current PI control alone,a current double closed loop PI current tracking control is proposed.Through the theoretical analysis of the grid-connected inverter control principle,the grid-connected inverter control model is designed,and the transfer functionmodel of each control link is deduced,and the current loop PI regulator is designed at last.The simulation results show that the control strategy is feasible.

An Ultra-Low Quiescent Current CMOS Low-Dropout Regulator with Small Output Voltage Variations

An ultra-low quiescent current low-dropout regulator with small output voltage variations and improved load regulation is presented in this paper. It makes use of dynamically-biased shunt feedback as the buffer stage and the LDO regulator can be stable for all load conditions. The proposed structure also employs a momentarily current-boosting circuit to reduce the output voltage to the normal value when output is switched from full load to no load. The whole circuit is designed in a 0.18 μm CMOS technology with a quiescent current of 550 nA. The maximum output voltage variation is less than 20 mV when used with 1 μF external capacitor.

Adaptive controller design based on input-output signal selection for voltage source converter high voltage direct current systems to improve power system stability

An input-output signal selection based on Phillips-Heffron model of a parallel high voltage alternative current/high voltage direct current(HVAC/HVDC) power system is presented to study power system stability. It is well known that appropriate coupling of inputs-outputs signals in the multivariable HVDC-HVAC system can improve the performance of designed supplemetary controller. In this work, different analysis techniques are used to measure controllability and observability of electromechanical oscillation mode. Also inputs–outputs interactions are considered and suggestions are drawn to select the best signal pair through the system inputs-outputs. In addition, a supplementary online adaptive controller for nonlinear HVDC to damp low frequency oscillations in a weakly connected system is proposed. The results obtained using MATLAB software show that the best output-input for damping controller design is rotor speed deviation as out put and phase angle of rectifier as in put. Also response of system equipped with adaptive damping controller based on HVDC system has appropriate performance when it is faced with faults and disturbance.

Three-dimensional surface current loops in broadband responsive negative refractive metamaterial with isotropy

We propose a bulk negative refractive index （NRI） metamaterial composed of periodic array of tightly coupled metallic cross-pairs printed oR the six sides of a cube for applications of superlenses. The structural characteristics of the three-dimensional （3D） metamaterial consist in the high symmetry and the superposition of metallic cross-pairs, which can increase the magnetic inductive coupling between adjacent cross-pairs and realize a broadband and isotropic NRI. The proposed 3D structure is simulated using the CS~ Microwave Studio 2006 to verify the design validity. The simulation results show that the proposed structure can not only realize simultaneously an electric and magnetic response to an incident electromagnetic （EM） wave, but also exhibit a broadband NRI whose relative bandwidth can reach up to 56.7%. In addition, the NRI band is insensitive to tile polarization and the incident angle of the incident EM wave. Therefore, the proposed metamaterial is a good candidate material as three-dimensional broadband isotropic NRI metamaterial.

Symbolic Computation and Graphic Presentation of Magneto-Static Field and Its Associated Vector Potential for a Steady Looping Current

With the advent of Computer Algebra System (CAS) such as Mathematica [1], challenging symbolic longhand calcula-tions can effectively be performed free of error and at ease. Mathematica’s integrated features allow the investigator to combine the needed symbolic, numeric and graphic modules all in one interactive environment. This assists the author to focus on interpreting the output rather than exerting the efforts of relating the scattered separate modules. In this note the author, utilizing these three features, explores the magneto-static field and its associated vector potential of a steady looping current. In particular by deploying the numeric features of Mathematica the exact value of the vector potential of the looping current conducive to its 3D graph is presented.

Voltage Generation by Rotating an Arbitrary-Shaped Metal Loop around Arbitrary Axis in the Presence of an Axial Current Distribution

A thin metallic wire loop of arbitrary curvature is rotated with respect to an arbitrary axis of its plane. The device is excited by an electric dipole of infinite length and constant current. The resistance of the loop is computed rigorously as function of the position of the source. In this way, the induced voltage along the wire, under any kind of axial excitation, is given in the form of a superposition integral. The measured response is represented for various shapes of the coil, with respect to the time, the rotation angle and the position of the source. These diagrams lead to several technically applicable conclusions which are presented, discussed and justified.

Development of Surface Grating Distributed Feedback Quantum Cascade Laser for High Output Power and Low Threshold Current Density

We report on the room-temperature cascade laser （QCL） at λ -4.7μm. cw operation of a surface grating Both grating design and material distributed feedback （DFB） quantum optimization are used to decrease the threshold current density and to increase the output power. For a high-reflectivity-coated 13-μm-wide and 4- mm-long laser, high wall-plug efficiency of 6% is obtained at 20℃ from a single facet producing over I W of ew output power. The threshold current density of DFB QCL is as low as 1.13kA/cm^2 at 10℃ and 1.34kA/cm2 at 30℃ in cw mode. Stable single-mode emission with a side-mode suppression ratio of about 30 dB is observed in tile working temperature range of 20-50℃.

某型地面发控点火电流异常分析和电路改进

针对某型地面发控系统在使用过程中出现的点火电流异常问题,采用数学方法研究点火电流与元器件参数的变化规律,发现地面发控点火电流在某些环境下不稳定的根本原因。最后提出一种闭环控制方案,增加电流反馈环节,解决点火电流异常问题。实际应用验证表明,改进后的点火电路能适应更大的点火负载,有效提高了点火的可靠性。

低轨倾斜轨道卫星太阳电池阵防遮挡设计与分析

低轨倾斜轨道卫星轨道面光照角周期变化,太阳电池阵受照情况复杂,其输出电流呈现波动。为此,文章分析卫星各种工况下的本体遮挡面积,结合太阳电池阵遮挡工作特性分析及阴影遮挡试验结果,开展太阳电池阵防阴影遮挡设计,并采用投影法进行卫星本体遮挡影响分析。结果表明:卫星本体遮挡时,电流损失预计值与在轨遥测电流损失值基本一致,分析误差小于2%。上述分析结果可为卫星复杂遮挡工况下电源系统能量平衡设计提供参考。

应用于储能系统的CLLLC谐振变换器控制策略研究

动态性能和运行效率是CLLLC谐振变换器的重要性能指标。针对传统电压闭环控制加入电流驱动同步整流后系统动态性能进一步变差的问题,提出一种谐振电流内环的电压电流双闭环变频控制策略,并给出双环控制和同步整流的综合控制方法。首先根据变换器的增益特性,分析电感比和品质因数对增益曲线和效率的影响,并据此进行谐振参数设计;其次根据不同谐振状态下的谐振电流特性实现同步整流;最后引入谐振电流内环控制,实现双环控制和同步整流的综合控制。仿真结果表明,所提综合控制策略能够产生精确的同步整流驱动信号,相比于传统电压闭环控制,能够显著改善变换器对负载扰动和电压扰动的动态性能。

抑制采样白噪声干扰的PWM整流器无差拍控制

无差拍控制(DBC)是一种应用于整流器电流内环的预测控制,但该算法对系统参数敏感,当采样受到持续噪声干扰时波形畸变严重。为此,此处提出了一种基于DBC的白噪声抑制算法,实验结果表明,该算法在较大电感参数偏差下能保持稳定,在白噪声干扰下能够显著降低电流畸变率。

一种进行环路隔离的大电流高电源抑制比LDO设计

针对传统带有电荷泵、以NMOS作为功率管的LDO驱动能力低下和输出纹波偏高的问题,基于Huahong 0.35μmBCD工艺,设计了一种隔离交直流环路的大电流LDO。该LDO通过将直流环路和交流环路进行隔离,降低了对电荷泵驱动能力的需求,从而保证NMOS功率管栅极驱动电压的较低纹波并实现大电流输出。通过加入纹波电流吸收电路,增强了LDO的PSRR。结果表明,在3.41~5.5V的输入电压范围内,LDO的输出电压为3.3V,输出电流最高达到3 A,压差为110 mV。LDO在轻负载下的PSRR为:111.261dB@DC,86.9005dB@1kHz,78.9472dB@1MHz;重负载下的PSRR为:111.280dB@DC,84.1231dB@1kHz,39.2638dB@1MHz。

多谐振控制的同步磁阻电机鲁棒预测电流控制系统转矩脉动抑制方法

为抑制同步磁阻电机的转矩脉动并提高系统的鲁棒性,文中提出了一种基于多谐振速度环控制与自抗扰电流环的复合控制策略。由于同步磁阻电机的磁阻变化不均匀,从而导致电机电感随着磁饱和与交叉耦合效应变化,一方面,电感参数的变化会给电流环控制带来影响;另一方面,电感参数的变化还会引起转矩的脉动。因此提出基于多比例谐振的速度环控制策略,以抑制同步磁阻电机的转矩谐波。基于超局部模型的无差拍电流预测控制,利用改进的锁相环观测器对下一拍的电流和扰动进行预测,在电机参数变化时可以很好地实现电流的跟踪,从而提高系统的抗干扰能力。

限制调频范围的不对称多模式宽输出LLC变换器

频率控制的传统LLC谐振变换器往往受限于开关频率的有效调节范围,难以实现宽输出电压范围,为此,研究了一种限制调频范围的不对称多模式宽输出LLC谐振变换器。采用双谐振腔且对应两变压器变比不同的不对称结构,能够根据原边开关组合的不同,使得双谐振腔分别工作在单半桥、双半桥和半桥+全桥3种不同的模式,从而获得3种不同的电压增益,并且保证每种模式之间归一化增益调节范围不超过1.5,可以在窄开关频率范围内实现宽输出电压范围。建立300 W的实验样机,验证了所提变换器可实现1~3倍的宽输出电压范围,并且实现了原边开关管的零电压开通和副边二极管的零电流关断,具有良好的软开关性能,验证了变换器的可行性。

考虑MAF延时和前馈补偿的高压直流快速锁相环

同步参考坐标系锁相环是高压直流(high voltage direct current,HVDC)同步触发控制系统中广泛应用的一种窄带宽锁相环,在交流系统故障引起相位跳变情况下,其动态响应缓慢。为增大锁相环的带宽,一种滑动平均滤波器(moving average filter,MAF)被前置于锁相环路,然而MAF本身存在响应延迟,制约了锁相环的同步速度。为了缓解响应延迟问题,文中提出一种考虑MAF延时和前馈补偿的HVDC快速锁相环。首先,利用MAF线性暂态特征预测相位变化,并分别针对故障接入和切除引起的相位跳变问题提出不同的补偿策略;接着,利用不变性原理对锁相环路进行前馈补偿,在负反馈控制和前馈补偿共同构成的复合校正控制系统的作用下,锁相环能够在较小PI参数下实现快速响应;最后,将所提快速锁相环在CIGRE HVDC标准模型和三峡—上海直流工程模型中进行仿真验证。结果表明,该快速锁相环能够有效缓解滤波器响应延迟的制约,缩短失锁时间,进而提高高压直流逆变侧抵御换相失败的能力。

双闭环控制的三相电压型PWM整流器的研究

针对传统的不控整流电路中网侧电流谐波很大、晶闸管相控整流电路中深控时网侧功率因数低和闭环控制时动态响应慢等问题,设计出一种引入脉冲宽度调制技术的三相电压型整流器。在完成三相电压型整流器的电压外环电流内环的双闭环控制系统设计的基础上,对其进行了仿真实验。仿真结果表明,与不控或相控整流电路相比,该三相电压型PWM整流电路中,不仅输入电流的谐波大大减小,电能可双向流动,能够实现整流和逆变状态下的单位功率因数运行,还可较好地抑制负载突变时直流侧电压的波动,从而显著提高系统的抗扰能力,真正实现绿色环保和高效节能的高度结合。

积灰性质对光伏组件输出性能影响研究

该文针对光伏电站现场的灰成分,进行不同粒径和不同成分积灰对光伏组件输出性能影响实验,基于实验数据建立积灰密度、太阳辐照度与光伏组件输出功率以及工作电流的拟合模型。实验结果表明,光伏组件开路电压和最佳工作电压受积灰性质波动较小,光伏组件最佳工作电流受积灰性质影响较大,光伏组件最大输出功率衰减主要是受到光伏组件最佳工作电流降低的影响,积灰粒径分布对光伏组件最大输出功率和最佳工作电流的影响远大于积灰成分的影响。