A theoretical equation is developed which describes the response of the current transients to a constant potential at tubular electrodes for a reversible electrode reaction in the flowing fluid.
In order to fulfill the no-slip condition at the western and eastern boundaries of the ocean basin, introduced ＂effective wind stress＂, which has much larger spatial variations towards the boundaries than in the oce...In order to fulfill the no-slip condition at the western and eastern boundaries of the ocean basin, introduced ＂effective wind stress＂, which has much larger spatial variations towards the boundaries than in the ocean interior. The effective wind stress can thus be decomposed into spatially slow-varying and fast varying components. Careful scale analysis on the classical Munk winddriven ocean circulation theory, which consists of the interior Sverdrup flow and the western boundary current but of no eastern boundary current, shows that the wind stress curl appearing in the Sverdrup equation must have negligible spatial variations. In the present model the spatially slow-varying component of the wind stress appears in the Sverdrup equation, and the spatially fastvarying component becomes the forcing term of the boundary equations. As a result, in addition to the classical Munk solution the present model has an extra term at the western boundary which （Northern Hemisphere） increases the northward transport as well as the southward return transport, and has a term at the eastern boundary corresponding to the eastern boundary current.展开更多
Organic solar cells with inverted planar heterojunction structure based on subphthalocya- nine and C60 were fabricated using several kinds of materials as cathode buffer layer （CBL）, including tris-8-hydroxy-quinoli...Organic solar cells with inverted planar heterojunction structure based on subphthalocya- nine and C60 were fabricated using several kinds of materials as cathode buffer layer （CBL）, including tris-8-hydroxy-quinolinato aluminum （Alq3）, bathophenanthroline （Bphen）, bathocuproine, 2,3,8,9,14,15-hexakis-dodecyl-sulfanyl-5,6,11,12,17,18-hexaazatrinaphthylene （HATNA）, and an inorganic compound of Cs2CO3. The influence of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital level and the electron mobility of organic CBL on the solar cells perfor- mance was compared. The results showed that Alq3, Bphen, and HATNA could significantly improve the device performance. The highest efficiency was obtained from device with an- nealed HATNA as CBL and increased for more than 7 times compared with device without CBL. Furthermore~ the simulation results with space charge-limited current theory indicated that the Schottky barrier at the organic/electrode interface in inverted OSC structure was reduced for 27% by inserting HATNA CBL.展开更多
By using topological current theory, this paper studies the inner topological structure of disclinations during the melting of two-dimensional systems. From two-dimensional elasticity theory, it finds that there are t...By using topological current theory, this paper studies the inner topological structure of disclinations during the melting of two-dimensional systems. From two-dimensional elasticity theory, it finds that there are topological currents for topological defects in homogeneous equation. The evolution of disclinations is studied, and the branch conditions for generating, annihilating, crossing, splitting and merging of disclinations are given.展开更多
Large-scale magnetic structures are the main carrier of major eruptions in the solar atmosphere. These structures are rooted in the photosphere and are driven by the unceasing motion of the photospheric material throu...Large-scale magnetic structures are the main carrier of major eruptions in the solar atmosphere. These structures are rooted in the photosphere and are driven by the unceasing motion of the photospheric material through a series of equilibrium configurations. The motion brings energy into the coronal magnetic field until the system ceases to be in equilibrium. The catastrophe theory for solar eruptions indicates that loss of mechanical equilibrium constitutes the main trigger mechanism of major eruptions, usually shown up as solar flares, eruptive prominences, and coronal mass ejections （CMEs）. Magnetic reconnection which takes place at the very beginning of the eruption as a result of plasma instabilities/turbulence inside the current sheet, converts magnetic energy into heating and kinetic energy that are responsible for solar flares, and for accelerating both plasma ejecta （flows and CMEs） and energetic particles. Various manifestations are thus related to one another, and the physics behind these relationships is catastrophe and magnetic reconnection. This work reports on recent progress in both theoretical research and observations on eruptive phenomena showing the above manifestations. We start by displaying the properties of large-scale structures in the corona and the related magnetic fields prior to an eruption, and show various morphological features of the disrupting magnetic fields. Then, in the framework of the catastrophe theory, we look into the physics behind those features investigated in a succession of previous works, and discuss the approaches they used.展开更多
文摘A theoretical equation is developed which describes the response of the current transients to a constant potential at tubular electrodes for a reversible electrode reaction in the flowing fluid.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract No.40576020
文摘In order to fulfill the no-slip condition at the western and eastern boundaries of the ocean basin, introduced ＂effective wind stress＂, which has much larger spatial variations towards the boundaries than in the ocean interior. The effective wind stress can thus be decomposed into spatially slow-varying and fast varying components. Careful scale analysis on the classical Munk winddriven ocean circulation theory, which consists of the interior Sverdrup flow and the western boundary current but of no eastern boundary current, shows that the wind stress curl appearing in the Sverdrup equation must have negligible spatial variations. In the present model the spatially slow-varying component of the wind stress appears in the Sverdrup equation, and the spatially fastvarying component becomes the forcing term of the boundary equations. As a result, in addition to the classical Munk solution the present model has an extra term at the western boundary which （Northern Hemisphere） increases the northward transport as well as the southward return transport, and has a term at the eastern boundary corresponding to the eastern boundary current.
文摘Organic solar cells with inverted planar heterojunction structure based on subphthalocya- nine and C60 were fabricated using several kinds of materials as cathode buffer layer （CBL）, including tris-8-hydroxy-quinolinato aluminum （Alq3）, bathophenanthroline （Bphen）, bathocuproine, 2,3,8,9,14,15-hexakis-dodecyl-sulfanyl-5,6,11,12,17,18-hexaazatrinaphthylene （HATNA）, and an inorganic compound of Cs2CO3. The influence of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital level and the electron mobility of organic CBL on the solar cells perfor- mance was compared. The results showed that Alq3, Bphen, and HATNA could significantly improve the device performance. The highest efficiency was obtained from device with an- nealed HATNA as CBL and increased for more than 7 times compared with device without CBL. Furthermore~ the simulation results with space charge-limited current theory indicated that the Schottky barrier at the organic/electrode interface in inverted OSC structure was reduced for 27% by inserting HATNA CBL.
基金supported by the Scientific Research Foundation for the Returned Overseas Chinese Scholars,State Education Ministry of Chinathe Interdisciplinary Innovation Research Fund for Young Scholars,Lanzhou University
文摘By using topological current theory, this paper studies the inner topological structure of disclinations during the melting of two-dimensional systems. From two-dimensional elasticity theory, it finds that there are topological currents for topological defects in homogeneous equation. The evolution of disclinations is studied, and the branch conditions for generating, annihilating, crossing, splitting and merging of disclinations are given.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China.
文摘Large-scale magnetic structures are the main carrier of major eruptions in the solar atmosphere. These structures are rooted in the photosphere and are driven by the unceasing motion of the photospheric material through a series of equilibrium configurations. The motion brings energy into the coronal magnetic field until the system ceases to be in equilibrium. The catastrophe theory for solar eruptions indicates that loss of mechanical equilibrium constitutes the main trigger mechanism of major eruptions, usually shown up as solar flares, eruptive prominences, and coronal mass ejections （CMEs）. Magnetic reconnection which takes place at the very beginning of the eruption as a result of plasma instabilities/turbulence inside the current sheet, converts magnetic energy into heating and kinetic energy that are responsible for solar flares, and for accelerating both plasma ejecta （flows and CMEs） and energetic particles. Various manifestations are thus related to one another, and the physics behind these relationships is catastrophe and magnetic reconnection. This work reports on recent progress in both theoretical research and observations on eruptive phenomena showing the above manifestations. We start by displaying the properties of large-scale structures in the corona and the related magnetic fields prior to an eruption, and show various morphological features of the disrupting magnetic fields. Then, in the framework of the catastrophe theory, we look into the physics behind those features investigated in a succession of previous works, and discuss the approaches they used.
