Effect of solidification cooling rate on microstructure and tribology characteristics of Zn-4Si alloy

The main objective of this work was to modify the microstructure and enhance the tribological properties of a new Zn-4Si al-loy through a high solidification cooling rate(SCR).According to the results,by increasing the SCR from 2.0 to 59.5℃/s the average size of primary Si particles and that of the grains reduced from 76.1 and 3780μm to less than about 14.6 and 460μm,respectively.Augment-ing the SCR also enhanced the microstructural homogeneity,decreased the porosity content(by 50%),and increased the matrix hardness(by 36%).These microstructural changes enhanced the tribological behavior.For instance,under the applied pressure of 0.5 MPa,an in-crease in the SCR from 2.0 to 59.5℃/s decreased the wear rate and the average friction coefficient of the alloy by 57%and 23%,respect-ively.The wear mechanism was also changed from the severe delamination,adhesion,and abrasion in the slowly-cooled alloy to the mild tribolayer delamination/abrasion in the high-cooling-rate-solidified sample.

Influence of B4C and ZrB2 reinforcements on microstructural,mechanical and wear behaviour of AA 2014 aluminium matrix hybrid composites

Considering their affordability and high strength-to-weight ratio,lightweight aluminium alloys are the subject of intensive research aimed at improving their properties for use in the aerospace industry.This research effort aims to develop novel hybrid composites based on AA 2014 alloy through the use of liquid metallurgy stir casting to reinforce dual ceramic particles of Zirconium Diboride(ZrB_(2))and Boron Carbide(B4C).The weight percentage(wt%)of ZrB_(2) was varied(0,5,10,and 15),while a constant 5 wt%of B4C was maintained during this fabrication.The as-cast samples have been assessed using an Optical Microscope(OM)and a Scanning Electron Microscope(SEM)with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy(EDS).The properties such as hardness,tensile strength,and wear characteristics of stir cast specimens were assessed to examine the impact of varying weight percentages of reinforcements in AA 2014 alloy.In particular,dry sliding wear behaviour was evaluated considering varied loads using a pin-on-disc tribotester.As the weight%of ZrB_(2) grew and B4C was incorporated,hybrid composites showed higher hardness,tensile strength,and wear resistance.Notably,the incorporation of a cumulative reinforcement consisting of 15 wt%ZrB_(2) and 5 wt%B4C resulted in a significant 31.86%increase in hardness and a 44.1%increase in tensile strength compared to AA 2014 alloy.In addition,it has been detected that wear resistance of hybrid composite pin(containing 20 wt%cumulative reinforcement)is higher than that of other stir cast wear test pins during the whole range of applied loads.Fractured surfaces of tensile specimens showed ductile fracture in the AA 2014 matrix and mixed mode for hybrid composites.Worn surfaces obtained employing higher applied load indicated abrasive wear with little plastic deformation for hybrid composites and dominant adhesive wear for matrix alloy.Hence,the superior mechanical and tribological performance of hybrid composites can be attributed to dual reinforcement particles being dispersed well and the effective transmission of load at this specific composition.

Comprehensive study on quasi-static and dynamic mechanical properties and wear behavior of Mg–B4C composite compacted at several loading rates through powder metallurgy

The present study aims to fabricate and evaluate the mechanical properties and wear behavior of Mg metal matrix composite,reinforced by 0,1.5,3,5 and 10 vol.%B4C microparticles.Mg−B4C samples were fabricated at 450℃ and under different loading rates by using split Hopkinson bar(SHB),drop hammer(DH)and Instron(QS)at strain rates of 1600,800 and 0.008 s–1,respectively.The mechanical properties including microhardness,quasi-static and dynamic compressive strengths and wear behavior of samples were experimentally investigated.The results show that,the hardness of SHB and DH samples is obtained to be 20.2%and 5.7%higher than that of the QS sample,respectively.The wear rate and wear mass loss of Mg–10.0%B4C samples fabricated by SHB were determined lower than those of the QS sample by nearly 33%and 39%,respectively.The quasi-static compressive strengths of Mg−5.0%B4C are improved by 39%,30%and 29%for the SHB,DH and QS samples,respectively,in comparison with the case of pure Mg.Furthermore,it is discovered that the dynamic compressive strength of samples is 51%−110%higher than their quasi-static value with respect to the B4C content.

Synergistic regulation of current-carrying wear performance of resin matrix carbon brush composites with tungsten copper composite powder

Resin matrix carbon brush composites(RMCBCs)are critical materials for high-powered electric tools.However,effectively improving their wear resistance and heat dissipation remains a challenge.RMCBCs prepared with flake graphite powders that were evenly loaded with tungsten copper composite powder(RMCBCs-W@Cu)exhibited a low wear rate of 1.63 mm^(3)/h,exhibiting 48.6%reduction in the wear rate relative to RCMBCs without additives(RMCBCs-0).In addition,RMCBCs-W@Cu achieved a low friction coefficient of 0.243 and low electric spark grade.These findings indicate that tungsten copper composite powders provide particle reinforcement and generate a gradation effect for the epoxy resin(i.e.,connecting phase)in RMCBCs,which weakens the wear of RMCBCs caused by fatigue under a cyclic current-carrying wear.

High-temperature Thermal Properties and Wear Behavior of Basalt as Heat Storage Material for Concentrated Solar Power Plants

The microstructures,components,thermal stability,specific heat capacity and thermal conductivity of basalt sample were studied.Besides,as a comprehensive result of thermal expansion and contraction process,both the friction coefficient and wear rate of the basalt sample were also characterized.Our results indicate that basalt is an excellent candidate to be used as thermal energy storage material for concentrated solar power plants,and also provide a strategy for solar energy utilization in volcanic area with excellent geographical environment.

Effect of Cooling Rate on Structure and Properties of Wear-Resistant Low Chromium Cast Iron after Hot Deformation

The effect of cooling rate on structure and properties of wear-resistant low chromium cast iron after 40% hot deformation was investigated by metallographic and scanning electron microscope. The results show that the cooling rate is closely related to the structure and properties, and for the cast iron, the best comprehensive mechanical properties were obtained by forced air cooling with a cooling rate as about 7 ℃/s. The reason and regularity for the change of mechanical properties were analyzed.

Effect of Cooling Rate after hot Deformation on Structure and Mechanical Properties of Low Alloy Wear Resistance Cast iron

The effect of cooling rate after 40% hot deformation on structure and mechanical properties of low alloy wear resistance cast iron was investigated by metallographic, scanning electron microscopes and detection of properties. The results show that for the cast steel after deformed, the amount of granular carbides of precipitation during the cooling decreased with the increase of the cooling rate, but the hardness was obviously enhanced, as a result, better mechanical properties will be obtained by force air cooling(cooling rate is about 7 ℃·s-1). And the reason of the change for structure and mechanical properties of the cast steel were analyzed.

Sintering and Wear Behavior of a FeCrCB Hardfacing Alloy Applied by Tape Casting: A Study of Cooling Rate Effect

This study presents a simple process to deposit a hardfacing coating on a steel substrate, based on the sintering of metallic powder applied by tape casting (by a slurry of metallic powder suspension onto a steel substrate) thus avoiding the use of traditional welding processes and their variants. The effect of the cooling of hardfacing after the sintering process, by air at room temperature or by quenching in water, was studied. This new method ensures a good metallurgical bonding between the substrate steel and the hardfacing layer and shows mechanical property improvement on coated pieces, similar to those exhibited by hardfacing coatings produced by several kinds of welding processes. The characterization of the hardfacing coatings was made by X-ray diffraction, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, microhardness and wear resistance according to the ASTM G65 standard. The characterization results show that the presented faces are: M7C3, M3C, MC, M2B and M23B6;there are three different phases in the micrograph glass phase, eutectic phase and hard phase with a volumetric fraction of 0.14, 0.20 and 0.66, respectively, for the air cooled and 0.15, 0.16 and 0.69 when quenched in water. The average microhardness value for the parts cooled in air was 832.5 HV and for that cooled in water was 958.9 HV, and the wear resistance was a mass loss of 0.219 and 0.128 g for parts cooled in air and water, respectively. These results show that the hardfacing coating could have twice the hardness and wear resistance than that observed for the boron steel used as a substrate.

多物理场下超薄吸波磨耗层微波加热性能研究

微波加热技术在沥青路面除冰中的应用得到了广泛的关注,然而目前多对沥青路面整体进行微波加热增强,从而导致路表加热效率提升缓慢。为了进一步提高沥青路面路表的微波加热性能,采用碳化硅(SiC)微波增强集料制备了一种超薄吸波磨耗层,通过微波加热以及除冰试验分析了超薄吸波磨耗层的微波加热性能以及加热耐久性,确定了超薄吸波磨耗层的最佳厚度。并采用COMSOL Multiphysics有限元软件建立了多物理场沥青混凝土微波加热模型,分析了超薄吸波磨耗层的设置对微波加热过程中电磁场的强度与分布以及温度场的影响。研究结果表明:在2.45 GHz频率的微波加热下,超薄吸波磨耗层具有良好的微波加热性能,10 mm厚的超薄吸波磨耗层的微波加热效率相比于普通沥青混合料以及整体微波增强的沥青混合料提高了4.47倍和1.40倍。SiC稳定的微波吸收性能保证了超薄吸波磨耗层具有良好的微波除冰耐久性,在经过反复的微波加热除冰后超薄吸波磨耗层的除冰时间仍然可以保持在45 s左右。数值仿真模拟结果表明超薄吸波磨耗层较强的微波吸收能力可以局部增强试件表层的电磁场强度,从而使更高的温度分布在试件表层。超薄吸波磨耗层内部的电场强度和磁场强度分别比普通沥青混合料试件提高了50.9%和15.7%。综上可知,超薄吸波磨耗层的设置可以提高沥青路面表面的微波加热性能。

多孔含油聚酰亚胺润滑性能及其与氮化硅配副的摩擦磨损分析

目的探究多孔聚酰亚胺(PPI)对氮化硅(Si_(3)N_(4))陶瓷材料的减摩润滑效果及其自润滑机理。方法利用Retc球/盘摩擦磨损试验机在浸油和干摩擦条件下进行不同温度和载荷下的滑动摩擦磨损试验,通过泰勒粗糙度仪和3D激光共聚焦显微镜分析试样在不同润滑条件下的磨损机制与润滑机理。结果浸油条件下的摩擦因数及磨损率要明显低于干摩擦条件下的摩擦因数及磨损率,且在试验时间内PPI含油试样保持润滑持续稳定。在滑动摩擦过程中,PPI含油试样由于温度和压力作用,PPI孔隙内的润滑油逐渐向试样表面移动,形成润滑油膜,使摩擦因数处于一个持续较低的状态,对PPI试样起到良好的润滑和保护作用。随着温度和载荷的增加,润滑油黏度及出油量发生变化导致润滑油膜的质量也发生变化,使PPI在浸油条件下的摩擦因数呈现波动的趋势。结论适当的温度与载荷,有利于形成完整且稳定的润滑油膜,起到较好的润滑效果。因此,合理控制温度和载荷,可使PPI减摩润滑效果最佳,为其作为保持架材料在Si_(3)N_(4)全陶瓷轴承中润滑提供指导依据。

基于气-固两相流喷嘴实验的20G钢冲蚀机理研究

目的由天然气管道内壁减薄及穿孔导致的天然气泄漏事故频繁发生,输气管道面临着日益严重的冲蚀磨损问题。针对这一问题需要明确输气管道材料的冲蚀行为及机理,为抗冲蚀材料设计和延长管道使用寿命等工作的开展提供有效支撑。方法基于ASTM-G76测试标准,采取气-固喷嘴冲蚀试验研究方法,利用空气射流冲蚀实验机,开展不同冲击角度和冲击速度下天然气管道材料20G钢的气-固冲蚀实验;采用扫描电子显微镜、激光粒度分析仪等设备分析试样表面冲蚀形貌及特征;采用Ahlert冲蚀模型对实验数据进行拟合,建立20G钢的冲蚀率方程。结果当冲击速度(15~72 m/s)增大时,冲蚀率随之增大。当冲击角度(15°~90°)增加时,冲蚀率随之减小。冲蚀面积随着冲击角度的增加而减小。在低冲击角度下(15°、30°),固相颗粒的“犁削”为主要冲蚀及材料移除机制。在中等冲击角度下(45°、60°),冲蚀机制呈现混合形式,犁削、压实与开裂共同作用于材料表面。在高冲击角度下(75°、90°),以压实和开裂为主要冲蚀及材料移除机制。结论在气固两相流作用下,20G钢的冲蚀磨损过程符合典型的塑性材料冲蚀规律。颗粒冲击速度不会直接影响冲蚀机制,颗粒冲击能量的变化是影响冲蚀率的主要因素。建立了适用于天然气管道材料抗冲蚀性能对比和CFD冲蚀模型的冲蚀速率方程。

石墨烯含量对铜铁基自润滑摩擦材料组织结构及摩擦性能的影响

目的改善石墨烯与铜铁基摩擦材料的结合方式,探究不同含量的石墨烯对铜铁基摩擦材料组织结构的影响,研究加入不同含量石墨烯时摩擦材料的摩擦性能和摩擦机理。方法采用粉末冶金冷压法制备铜铁基摩擦材料,利用SEM、XRD等分析方法和手段,探究不同含量石墨烯对摩擦材料的组织结构、综合力学性能和摩擦性能的影响规律,确定最佳工艺参数。结果在铜铁基摩擦材料中加入石墨烯时,其密度和抗压强度随着石墨烯含量的增加呈下降趋势,硬度呈先上升后降低的趋势。在相同转速下,随着石墨烯含量的增加,其摩擦材料的摩擦因数呈下降趋势,磨损率呈现先下降后上升的趋势。在石墨烯的质量分数为0.5%时,摩擦材料的摩擦率最小,为2.52×10^(-9)mm^(3)/(N·m),此时摩擦材料的磨损机理为黏着磨损及少量磨粒磨损。结论在铜铁基摩擦材料中,石墨烯作为润滑组元,与基体的结合性能表现优异,对比石墨烯对铜铁基摩擦材料的影响规律可知,在石墨烯的质量分数为0.5%时,摩擦材料的性能最佳。

316L不锈钢表面激光熔覆Ni60合金涂层几何尺寸预测及组织性能分析

通过分析激光熔覆过程中金属颗粒、基体与激光束之间的相互作用,建立单层单道涂层几何尺寸理论预测模型。基于316L不锈钢表面激光熔覆Ni60合金涂层的实验结果,采用多元回归分析拟合出修正系数与工艺参数的回归方程,在理论预测模型的基础上引入修正系数,获得单层单道涂层几何尺寸修正预测模型,并在激光功率、扫描速度和送粉速率分别为1 750 W、3.5 mm/s和0.099 g/s的条件下进行验证实验。结果表明:熔宽、熔高和熔深的修正预测值与实验值的平均相对误差分别为0.85%、2.47%和6.05%,修正预测模型的预测精度较理论预测模型明显提高。激光熔覆验证实验表明修正预测模型具有可行性。Ni60合金涂层富含硬质相,其硬度可达316L不锈钢基体的3.4倍,磨损率约为基体的50%,强化效果显著。

Effect of WS_2 addition on electrical sliding wear behaviors of Cu-graphite-WS_2 composites

Four kinds of Cu-based composites with different mass ratios of graphite and WS2 as lubricants were fabricated by hot-pressing method. Electrical sliding wear behaviors of the composites were investigated using a block-on-ring tribometer rubbing against Cu-5%Ag alloy ring. The results demonstrated that 800 ~C was the optimum sintering temperature for Cu-graphite-WS2 dual-lubricant composites to obtain the best comprehensive properties of mechanical strength and lubrication performance. Contact voltage drops of the Cu-based composites increased with increasing the mass ratio of WS2 to graphite. The Cu-based composite with 20% graphite and 10% WS2 showed the best wear resistance due to the excellent synergetic lubricating effect of graphite and WS2. The reasonable addition of WS2 into the Cu-graphite composite can remarkably improve the wear resistance without much rise of electrical energy loss which provides a novel principle of designing suitable sliding electrical contact materials for industrial applications.

Microstructure, mechanical properties and wear behaviour of Zn-Al-Cu-TiB_2 in situ composites

Zn-Al-Cu-TiB2（ZA27-TiB2） in situ composites were fabricated via reactions between molten aluminum and mixed halide salts（K2TiF6 and KBF4） at temperature of 875 °C. The microstructure, mechanical properties and wear behavior of the composites were investigated. Microstructure analysis shows that fine and clean TiB2 particles distribute uniformly through the matrix. The mechanical properties of the composites increase with the increase in TiB2 content. As TiB2 content increases to 5%（mass fraction）, an improvement of HB 18 in hardness and 49 MPa in ultimate tensile strength（UTS） is achieved. The overall results reveal that the composites possess low friction coefficients and the wear rate is reduced from 5.9×10-3 to 1.3×10-3 mm3/m after incorporating 5% TiB2. Friction coefficient and worn surface analysis indicate that there is a change in the wear mechanism in the initial stage of wear test after introducing in situ TiB2 particles into the matrix.

激光织构形状间距对单晶硅摩擦磨损特性的影响

目的提高单晶硅的减摩耐磨性能。方法利用紫外激光在单晶硅试样表面刻蚀不同形状,间距为0.1、0.2、0.3 mm,宽度为0.2 mm的织构。基于MRTR-1摩擦磨损实验机,研究干摩擦条件下织构参数对单晶硅摩擦学性能的影响。利用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察单晶硅表面织构的微观形貌和磨痕形貌,用电子天平称量实验前后试样的质量,并计算磨损率,通过Ansys有限元软件模拟仿真试样表面应力和摩擦生热的温度分布。结果与无织构相比,刻蚀表面织构均能不同程度地降低试样的磨损率,磨损率从0.012 mm^(3)/(N·m)降至0.008 mm^(3)/(N·m);部分表面织构试样的摩擦因数下降,低于0.14;单晶硅试样的磨损机制主要为磨粒磨损和黏着磨损。仿真结果表明,织构试样的平均等效应力均大于无织构试样,在单晶硅试样表面加工织构会影响其表面整体性,容易出现应力集中现象;织构试样表面高于环境温度的区域面积小于无织构试样,且试样表面的最高温度与摩擦因数呈正相关。结论在单晶硅表面加工织构,可以有效提高试样的耐磨性能,合适的织构参数还能够降低摩擦因数。通过加工表面织构,一方面可以影响试样的整体性,另一方面能够改善试样的散热性能。

Dry sliding wear behavior of cast Mg-11Y-5Gd-2Zn magnesium alloy

Dry sliding wear tests on as-cast and cast＋T6 Mg-11Y-5Gd-2Zn magnesium alloys were performed using a ball-on-plate configuration. The wear rates were measured within a load range of 3-15 N, sliding speed range of 0.03-0.24 m/s, test temperature range of 25-200 °C and at a constant sliding distance of 400 m. The wear tracks, worn surfaces and wear debris of the alloys were analyzed using scanning electron microscope （SEM）. The results show that the wear rate of the alloys increases almost linearly with increasing applied load and decreases with increasing sliding speed. The wear rate of the as-cast alloy is higher than that of the cast＋T6 alloy. The amount of Mg12Y1Zn1 phase, surface oxidation and retained wear debris affect the wear rate. The dominant wear mechanisms under the test condition are abrasion and plastic deformation.

Wear behavior of Mg-10Y-4Gd-1.5Zn-0.4Zr alloy

Dry sliding wear tests were performed on a Mg-10Y-4Gd-1.5Zn-0.4Zr alloy using a Ball-on-Flat type wear apparatus against an AISI 52100 type bearing steel ball counterface. The wear rates were measured within a load range of 3-25 N, a sliding speed range of 0.03-0.3 m/s and a sliding temperature range of 25-200 ℃ at a constant sliding distance of 400 m. The morphologies of the worn surfaces and wear debris were studied by scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy （EDS）. Comparatively, the wear properties of a hypereutectic Al-Si aluminium alloy under the same condition were measured. The results indicate that the wear rates of Mg-10Y-4Gd-1.5Zn-0.4Zr alloy are lower than that of cast＋T6 AC9B aluminium alloy. The dominant mechanism of cast＋T6 Mg-10Y-4Gd-1.5Zn-0.4Zr alloy is abrasion wear mixed with other wear mechanisms, which tends to be an abrasion and plastic deformation wear at high normal load such as 10-25 N, abrasion and plastic deformation wears with small participation of delamination and oxidative wears at high sliding speed such as 0.12-0.3 m/s, and an oxidative and abrasion wear at high test temperature such as 100-200 ℃. The Mg12Y1Zn1 phase in Mg-10Y-4Gd-1.5Zn-0.4Zr alloy plays an important role in the wear rate.