Rational cutting height for large cutting height fully mechanized top-coal caving

Large cutting height fully mechanized top-coal caving is a new mining method that improves recovery ratio and single-pass production. It also allows safe and efficient mining. A rational cutting height is one key parameter of this technique. Numerical simulation and a granular-media model experiment were used to analyze the effect of cutting height on the rock pressure of a fully mechanized top-coal caving work face. The recovery ratio was also studied. As the cutting height increases the top-coal thickness is reduced. Changing the ratio of cutting to drawing height intensifies the face pressure and the top-coal shattering. A maximum cutting height exists under a given set of conditions due to issues with surrounding rock-mass control. An increase in cutting height makes the top-coal cave better and the recovery ratio when drawing top-coal is then improved. A method of adjusting the face rock pressure is presented. Changing the cutting to drawing height ratio is the technique used to control face rock pressure. The recovery ratio when cutting coal exceeds that when caving top-coal so the face recovery ratio may be improved by over sizing the cutting height and increasing the top-coal drawing ratio. An optimum ratio of cutting to drawing height exists that maximizes the face recovery ratio. A rational cutting height is determined by comprehensively considering the surrounding rock-mass control and the recovery ratio. At the same time increasing the cutting height can improve single pass mining during fully mechanized top-coal caving.

Does access to credit reduce SMEs’tax avoidance?Evidence from a regression discontinuity design

This study investigates the effect of targeted reserve requirement ratio cuts(TRRRCs)on tax avoidance among small and micro enterprises(SMEs)with operating revenues below specific cutoffs in China.Using a regression discontinuity design,we causally show that,by increasing loan availability,TRRRCs significantly alleviate the financial constraints and cash dependence of SMEs and consequently reduce tax avoidance.This is especially the case among firms with lower market power and higher entertainment and travel costs.Our findings provide evidence for the real effect of TRRRCs on corporate tax avoidance and show the inclusive effect of TRRRCs on SMEs.In doing so,we indirectly reveal a rent-seeking channel underlying bank lending,thus offering clear policy implications for regulators.

Velocity Profiles between Two Baffles in a Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger

Heat exchangers are extensively utilized for waste heat recovery,oil refining,chemical processing,and steam generation.In this study,velocity profiles are measured using a 3D particle image velocimetry(PIV)system between two baffles in a shell and tube heat exchanger for parallel and counter flows.The PIV and computational fluid dynamics results show the occurrence of some strong vectors near the bottom.These vectors are assumed due to the clearance between the inner tubes and the front baffle.Therefore,the major parts of the vectors are moved out through the bottom opening of the rear baffle,and other vectors produce a large circle between the two baffles.Numerical simulations are conducted to investigate the effects of the baffle on the heat exchanger using the Fluent software.The k-εturbulence model is employed to calculate the flows along the heat exchanger.